DOORS
AND
WINDOWS
DOORS : INTRODUCTION
•A door is a solid barrier to a doorway or opening.
•Can be opened for access and closed to deny access for privacy and
security.
•Serves as a thermal, acoustic and fire barrier, also as a weather
barrier as part of an external wall.
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A doorway is an opening in a wall or partition for access.
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A door frame is a frame or lining made of timber, metal or
plastic, fixed in the doorway to which the door closes on
hinges, pivots or runners.
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Doors are provided to give an access to the inside of the
room of a building.
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Doors should be located that gives:
-freedom of movement in and out of the room
-Maximum use of accommodation in the room
-Keeping privacy of the occupant.
Functions of a Door
Primary function :- Means of access
Secondary function:-Privacy
Functional Requirements of Doors
•Access
•Strength
•Security
•Daylight
•Ventilation
•Thermal Insulation
•Weather Resistance
•Fire resistance
ACCESS
-Adequate access relies on:
Width
clearance
STRENGTH
-External door are often subjected to harsh
treatment
SECURITY
-The degree of security will depends on:Selecting a door & frame of suitable strength.
Providing suitable hanging & locking
mechanism.
Locating the door in the least vulnerable
position.
DAYLIGHT
-Depend largely on:
Size and shape of door
Position of the door
Effects on internal & external
reflection
VENTILATION
-Small Building Regulation 1984 require habitable rooms to be ventilated
by an area of openable door/window at least 10% of the room floor area.
THERMAL INSULATION
-All doors shall be provided with thermal insulation.
WEATHER RESISTANCE
-Designed to prevent the passage of water to the
inside of the frame.
FIRE RESISTANCE
-Means of escape
-Have a specific period of fire
resistance (min. 0.5 hours)
EXTERNAL DOOR
•The external door provides access to the outside of a home or building.
In fact, the front door or external door is the first impression
someone gets of the house
•Require more strength, provide security compare to internal door.
•Most common used of timber door:
-Panelled door
-Flush door
-Boarded door
•Metal door frequently used for buildings such as shops & office.
•Standard sizes available: 1981 mm high x 762 or 838 mm width.
a)Panelled Door
•Comprising a timber frame, a solid panel & a glass panel.
•Objective of used:
-To obtain skeleton framework in which the tendency to shrinkage is
reduced.
-To provide a pleasant appearance
•The basic framework consist of:
-Stile at each side of the door (at least 10 cm wide)
-Horizontal top rail
-Bottom rail (15 cm wide)
-Intermediate rails
-A lock rail for housing the door lock (15 cm wide)
-’Mullions’ or ‘muntin’ (vertical member)
b)Flush Door
•Have flat front & back surfaces made of materials
such as:
-Plywood
-Hardboard
-Laminated plastics
•Provides a clean surface & extensively used these
days.
•The commonly used forms of construction for flush
doors:
-Solid core
-Skeleton core
-Cellular core
c)Boarded Door
Different forms of boarded door:
-Ledged & Battened Door
-Battened, Ledged & Braced Door
-Framed, Battened, Ledged & Braced Door
Ledged & Battened Door
•Simplest form of boarded door construction
•The ledges (bottom, middle & top) are horizontal timber rails which hold
together the boards
•Only used for such purposes as temporary buildings or sheds
•The door is hung on a pair of steel ‘T’ hinges, which are screwed to the top
and bottom ledges.
Ledge
Brace
batten
PLYWOOD
TIMBER
METALS
MATERIALS OF DOOR
GLASS
CONCRET
E
TIMBER
-Most commonly used for domestic external door construction.
-Good polish
-Different types of mouldings can produce an attractive
appearance.
PLYWOOD
-Useful for doors which have to made flush
METAL
-Greater rigidity, life & fire resistance
CONCRETE
-Used in areas where there is a danger of disintegration.
GLASS
-Used in panel door to admit light
-Big openings provide good appearance
WINDOW
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF WINDOW
DAYLIGHT
•Depend on:Size & shape of the windows
Size & distribution of the members of the window frame
The position of the window in relation to the room
The effect of internal & material light reflection
VENTILATION
•May be achieved by use of openable windows
THERMAL & SOUND INSULATION
•Windows are the weak link in the ability of an external wall to
provide good thermal & sound insulation.
•Providing a good seal between the openable portion & the fixed
portions of the window & improve sound insulation.
•It may be achieved by fitting metal or plastic.
Thermal
insulation
film
WEATHER RESISTANCE
•Window frames are designed to prevent the passage of water to the
middle of the frame. Design features which are often incorporated in a
frame include:-weathering:-when rainwater would lie on horizontal surfaces, the top
surface of a sill is sloped (or weathered) to spill water off the surface.
-Anticapillary grooves:-When water might be driven between the frame &
the window opening or between fixed & openable portions of the window
frame, “anti-capillary” would be needed.
-Throating Grooves:-which are made in the underside of projecting
portions of the frame to prevent water from being driven beneath them.
SECURITY
All openable window should be fitted with suitable latches or stays which
prevent from being opened from outside. Where security is important,
special security fittings must be installed.
CLEANING
Means of opening a window will affect the ease with which it may be
cleaned. Location of window is important.
Parts of a window
Frame-The combination of the head, jambs and sill that
forms a precise opening in which a window sash fits.
Glass- a framed sheet of glass within a window frame.
Grilles-any bar that divides window glass into smaller
panes.Also called a muntin, grid or windowpane divider.
Head-The main horizontal part forming the top of the
window frame.
Jamb-the main vertical parts forming the sides of a
window frame.
Sash- a single assembly of stiles and rails made into a
frame for holding glass.
Sill-the main horizontal part forming the bottom of the
frame of a window.
Stained glass window
Timber window
Type of window
FIXED WINDOW
DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW
HORIZONTAL SLIDING WINDOW
CASEMENT WINDOW
FOLDING WINDOWS
PIVOTED WINDOWS
AWNING WINDOWS
END