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Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan
CHAPTER 13 LECTURE OUTLINE
URBANIZATION & URBAN NETWORKS
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Chapter 13 Modules
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13A Urban Beginnings
13B Early Spread of Urbanism
13C Urbanization in an Era of Capitalism
13D Industrial Cities
13E The Urbanization Curve
13F Urbanization Patterns around the World
13G Agglomeration Economies and Urban Functions
13H Urban Hierarchies and the Rank-Size Relationship
13I Globalization and World Cities
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13A: Urban Beginnings
• Cities are relatively new in human history
• Domestication of agriculture led to permanent
settlements
• More food led to higher population densities
• Food surpluses led to institutions to store, tax,
distribute, and trade food
• Agriculture is on a schedule, leading to planning,
religion to predict rainfall, etc.
• More division of labor in areas with irrigation
because someone need to dig channels, etc.
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Early Urbanization
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Figure 13A.1
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13B: Early Spread of Urbanism
• After the core urban hearths were established,
the idea of cities spread
• Early cities developed hinterlands to support
themselves
• River locations were critical for farming and for
transportation, but technology changes allowed
cities in other areas to form
• City-states evolved into territorial states which
sometimes became empires
• Empires developed huge capital cities and
promoted the growth of provincial capitals
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Sumerian Cities
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Figure 13B.2
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Roman Empire in 14A.D.
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Figure 13B.4
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13C: Urbanization in an Era of Capitalism
• Urbanization
• The increase in the percentage of people who live in
cities
• Not the same as an increase in the size of a city
• A city’s situation is critical because it needs to
rely on and protect its hinterland
• Capitalism led to cities that relied more on the
activities of merchants than politicians
• Capitalist cities formed into urban networks
with strong functional linkages to other cities
and areas
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Medieval Trade Networks
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Figure 13C.2
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13D: Industrial Cities
• Industrialization
required a lot of labor
• Which required more
efficient agriculture
• Better transportation
allowed cities to get
food and resources
from farther away
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Urbanization in Europe
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Figure 13D.3
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13E: The Urbanization Curve
• A way to describe the process by which a society
becomes more urban
• An S-curve, meaning that urbanization starts
slowly, then accelerates, then levels off
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The Urbanization Curve
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Figure 13E.1
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Urbanization in Select Countries
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Figure 13E.2
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13F Urbanization Patterns Globally
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Figure 13F.1
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13G: Agglomeration Economies &
Urban Functions
• Different economic activities tend to locate
near each other, which in turn can attract other
activities (see Module 16.E)
• The linkages between urban functions within a
city were complemented by more connections
among cities
• More and more cities began specializing in a
particular industry
• Boston: Universities
• Pittsburgh: Steel
• Los Angeles: Film & TV
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Agglomeration & Rural Areas
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Figure 13G.1
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13H: Urban Hierarchies & the RankSize Relationship 1
• Within an urban network there is an urban
hierarchy, i.e. not all cities are of equal size
or importance
• Some regions have an urban hierarchy
represented by a rank-size relationship
Population of Cityr=Population of City1/r
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U.S. City Size Distribution
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Figure 13H.1
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13H: Urban Hierarchies & the RankSize Relationship 2
• Some countries have one city that is
disproportionally large, called a primate city
• Primate cities are often the cultural and economic
hub
• Primate can form because they were once the
capital of a larger area or because there is uneven
development in the country
• Other countries have binary trinary rank-size
distributions, where 2 or 3 cities dominate
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13I: Globalization & World Cities
• Globalization is a greater integration of
peoples, companies, and governments
around the world
• Today, there is a world system of cities
• A world city is a city at the top of the global
hierarchy
• New York, London, Tokyo
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World Cities
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Figure 13I.1
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