PWM
• What is PWM signal?
• A square wave form with two parameters:
• 1. PWM period (TPWM) and 2. Duty cycle (d)
• The duty cycle is defined as the percentage of digital
‘high’ to digital ‘low + high ’ signals present during
a PWM period. It is shown in the figure below, (10%,
50%, 90%).
• The PWM resolution is defined as the maximum
number of pulses that you can pack into a PWM
period.
• The PWM period is an arbitrarily time period in which
PWM takes place. It is chosen to give best results for
your particular use.
Duty cycle/ Duty Time
• Duty time is the ‘ON’ time in one period.
(td).
• td<TPWM
• Duty cycle can be determined using
following eq.:
t
td
d=
T
Uses of PWM
• 1) Create an analog output voltage level
digitally. PWM can adjust the average value
of the output voltage.
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Thermal system
DC Motor speed controllers
Lighting control
Any application where you need a variable DC voltage
• 2) To digitally create analog signals for
arbitrary waveforms, sounds, music and
speech.
SMPS application
• System is a DC-DC converter that regulates the output
power. Power-electronic switch is used as a chopper to
adjust the average value of the output voltage. PWM
signal is applied to the control input (for MOSFET: gate).
• System has high efficiency, high performance and
smaller size if it is compared to linear regulators.
• Duty ratio of the pwm signal is controlled by uC
according to the output voltage feedback.
• The higher PWM frequencies produce smoother output
DC voltage. However high PWM frequency increases the
susceptibility to voltage noises.
Produce a Sine-Wave Using PWM
Signal
Produce a Sine-Wave Using PWM
Signal
PWM Signal Generation
Before&After Filtering
The filter output for
higher frequency PWM input.
STM32F4x PWM operation
• The timer modules are used to generate PWM signals
• Most of timer modules has output channels that are
assigned to I/O pins.
• Most of them are defined as Auxiliary Function pins.
Output Pins of Timer Module Channels
The channel list fot TMR1 and TMR2 can be seen below. The
complete channel list can be seen on table.9 in the STM32f4x
datasheet (Doc#: DocID022152 Rev 4 ).
Adjusting the PWM Signal
1. A PWM output channel should be selected
2. Proper clock signals are applied
–
RCC_APB1PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB1Periph_TIM4, ENABLE);// IO PD15 is selected and
it is PD15 is connected to TMR4 channel4.=> corresponding timer should be clocked
– /* LED is on GPIOD, We want the LED connected to PD15 should blink*/
– RCC_AHB1PeriphClockCmd(RCC_AHB1Periph_GPIOD, ENABLE);
–
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_15; //PD15 is selected
–
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode = GPIO_Mode_AF; //Auxiliary mode is seleceted.
// (Not input or not output or not Analog)
–
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_100MHz;
–
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_OType = GPIO_OType_PP; // push pull output (not open
//drain).
–
GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_PuPd = GPIO_PuPd_UP ; // Pull up enable
–
GPIO_Init(GPIOD, &GPIO_InitStructure);
–
GPIO_PinAFConfig(GPIOD, GPIO_PinSource15, GPIO_AF_TIM4);// PD15 is connected
to TMR4 channel4. => Configure PD15 auxiliary mode for TIM4. (GPIO_AF_TIM4)
2. The corresponding timer is adjusted according to
the required PWM period:
– /* Time base configuration */
– TIM_TimeBaseStructure.TIM_Period = 1000;// a timer period is divided into 1000
pieces.
– TIM_TimeBaseStructure.TIM_Prescaler = (int) ((SystemCoreClock /2) / 50000) - 1;
– TIM_TimeBaseStructure.TIM_ClockDivision = 0;
– TIM_TimeBaseStructure.TIM_CounterMode = TIM_CounterMode_Up;
– TIM_TimeBaseInit(TIM4, &TIM_TimeBaseStructure);
• Here timer4 is adjusted to 1/50msec x1000=1/50
sec. Therefore PWM period is adjusted as 20
msec. and 20 msec is divided into 1000 A PWM
period has 1000x0.02 msec. time slots.
3. Set the output channel of the timer:
Use TIM_OCInitStructure, TIM_OCXInit function and TIM_OCXPreloadConfig
function. Here X is channel number.
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/* PWM1 Mode configuration: Channel4 */
TIM_OCInitStructure.TIM_OCMode = TIM_OCMode_PWM1;
TIM_OCInitStructure.TIM_OutputState = TIM_OutputState_Enable;
TIM_OCInitStructure.TIM_Pulse = 0;
TIM_OCInitStructure.TIM_OCPolarity = TIM_OCPolarity_High;
TIM_OC4Init(TIM4, &TIM_OCInitStructure); // The settings are loaded to output channel4 (OC4) of TIMER4.
(Remember PD15 is connected to TMR4-OC4)
TIM_OC4PreloadConfig(TIM4, TIM_OCPreload_Enable);
4. Adjust the Duty cycle:
Use TIM_SetCompareX function. Here X is channel number. Remember
a timer period is divided into 1000, if 25% duty is required 250 of them
should be ‘1’ and the rest should be ‘0’
–
TIM_SetCompare4(TIM4, 250); // 25% duty cycle
Examine the test_PWM.c file in detail…