50 m
Figure 28.1c Too diverse for one kingdom: a slime mold (Physarum polychalum)
Figure 28.4 A model of the origin of eukaryotes
Plastid
Alveolates
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Secondary
endosymbiosis
Cyanobacterium
Ciliates
Red algae
Primary
endosymbiosis
Stramenopiles
Heterotrophic
eukaryote
Plastid
Euglenids
Secondary
endosymbiosis
Green algae
Chlorarachniophytes
Excavata
Chromalveolata
Cercozoa
Rhizaria
Ancestral eukaryote
Unikonta
Plants
Charophyceans
Chlorophytes
Red algae
Metazoans
Choanoflagellates
Fungi
Cellular slime molds
Plasmodial slime molds
Entamoebas
Gymnamoebas
Plantae
Chlorophyt
Rhodophyt
Animalia
Fungi
Radiolarians Radiolaria
Foraminiferans
Euglenozoa
Stramenopila
Chlorarachniophytes
Brown algae
Golden algae
Diatoms
Oomycetes
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Dinoflagellates
Euglenids
Kinetoplastids
Parabasalids Parabasala
Diplomonads Diplomonadid
Alveolata
Amoebozoa (Opisthokonta)(Archaeplastida)
Figure 28.9 Giardia lamblia, a diplomonad
Figure 28.10 Trichomonas vaginalis, a parabasalid
Figure 28.3 Euglena: an example of a single–celled protist
Flagella
0.2 µm
Crystalline rod
Ring of microtubules
Figure 28.11x Trypanosoma, the kinetoplastid that causes sleeping sickness
9 m
Figure 28.12 A dinoflagellate
Flagella
Figure 28.12x2 Swimming with bioluminescent dinoflagellates
Figure 28.14c Ciliates: Paramecium
CONJUGATION AND REPRODUCTION
1 Two cells of compatible
mating strains align side
by side and partially fuse.
2 Meiosis of micronuclei
produces four haploid
micronuclei in each cell.
3 Three micronuclei in each cell
disintegrate. The remaining micronucleus in each cell divides by mito
MEIOSIS
4 The cells swap
one micronucleus.
Macronucleus
Compatible
mates
Haploid
micronucleus
Diploid
micronucleus
Diploid
micronucleus
MICRONUCLEAR
FUSION
The original macro- 7 Three rounds of
9 Two rounds of cytokinesis
8
mitosis without
nucleus disintegrates.
partition one macronucleus
cytokinesis
Four micronuclei
and one micronucleus
produce eight
into each of four daughter cells.become macronuclei,
micronuclei.
while the other four
remain micronuclei.
5 The cells
separate.
6 Micronuclei fuse,
forming a diploid
micronucleus.
Key
Conjugtion
Reproduction
Hairy
flagellum
Smooth
flagellum
5 µm
Figure 28.16x2 Water mold: Oogonium
Figure 28.x2 Powdery mildew
Figure 28.17 Diatoms: Diatom diversity (left), Pinnularia (left)
Figure 28.18 A golden alga
Figure 28.20x1 Kelp forest
Blade
Stipe
Holdfast
Figure 28.21 The life cycle of Laminaria: an example of alternation of generations
Figure 28.28 Foraminiferan
radiolarian
Axopodia
200 µm
Figure 28.26 Use of pseudopodia for feeding
Figure 28.29x1 Plasmodial slime mold
Figure 28.30x2 Stages of Dictyostelium
Figure 28.22 Red algae: Dulse (top), Bonnemaisonia hamifera (bottom)
Figure 28.23 Colonial and multicellular chlorophytes: Volvox (left), Caulerpa (right)