Module 6
模組 6
Behavioural measures of
animal welfare (1)
動物福利的行為評估
This module will enable you to
此模組將使你能夠
• Describe the factors that influence animal
behaviour描述影響動物行為的因素
• Identify how behavioural indicators
contribute to our understanding of animal
welfare了解各項動物行為指標如何幫助我們理解動物福利
Introduction介紹
• Behaviour indicates how animals assess their
environment 動物行為顯示動物如何評估牠們的環境
– Choices that the animal makes 動物所作的選擇
– Reaction to a variety of stimuli 對不同刺激的反應
• Behavioural expressions reflect feelings and
motivations and indicate animal welfare 行為表
現反映出動物的感覺和動機並且指出動物福利
– Use behavioural indicators to identify factors that
are important to animals 使用行為指標來了解對動物重
要的因素
Introduction介紹
• What is animal behaviour?什麼是動物行為?
– Observable action(s) of a living organism
動物行為是可以從動物身上觀察到的 (Hurnik et al 1995)
• Some behaviour is automatic有些行為是自動的
– Reflexes e.g.反射(作用) 例如:
• limb withdrawal 四肢的收縮
• patellar reflex 膝蓋骨反射
What is animal behaviour?
什麼是動物行為?
• Most behaviour results from a choice
made following analysis of external and
internal stimuli大部分的動物行為是動物在考慮各種
內部與外界刺激後所得出的分析結果
Internal and external stimuli
內在和外在的刺激
•
Examples of internal stimuli 內在刺激的例子
– Experience 經驗
– Physiological status e.g., age, pregnancy 生理
因素(如年紀、懷孕)
– Innate responses due to species & breed
先天
性之內在反應(如品種、品系)
•
Examples of external stimuli 外在刺激的例子
– Presence of other animals e.g. predator,
conspecific 其他動物的存在(如獵食者、同種動物)
– Availability of food 食物之供應情況
– Season 季節
Role of motivation in
animal behaviour
動機在動物行為的角色
• Motivation: the urge (need) to perform a
specific behaviour 動機:做某種特定行為的欲望
– Internal neural mechanism assesses
incoming stimuli and selects the most
appropriate response 內部的神經結構評估進入的刺激
並且選擇最適當的反應 (Hurnik et al 1995)
• Conflicting stimuli result in conflicting
motivation 衝突的刺激導致衝突的動機
– Conflict behaviours 衝突的行為
Behavioural measures
in welfare science
動物福利科學的行為指標
• Behavioural observation 行為觀察
• Choices and preferences 選擇和偏好
• Work that an animal will do to gain a
resource 動物為獲得資源時之動作
• Work that an animal will do to escape
unpleasant stimuli 動物逃避負面刺激時之動作
• Deviations from normal behaviour 與正常行為
之差異
1. Behavioural observation
行為觀察
• Ethogram: list and description of patterns of behaviour
(behavioural repertoire) 動物行為表：列舉並描述行為的模式
• Time budget: how animals allocate their time to
different behaviours時間分配：動物如何分配他們的時間在不
同行為上。
– Observe time budgets in a natural environment 觀察
在自然環境的時間分配
– Observe time budgets in a restricted environment 觀
察在受限制環境的時間分配
– Alter the restricted environment and record
behaviour again 改變受限制的環境並且再次記錄行為
– Compare比較
Behavioural observation: example
1行為得觀察:舉例1
Behavioural observation:
example 2行為得觀察:舉例2
Behavioural observation:
example 3行為得觀察:舉例3
OPEN, OUTDOOR
ENVIRONMENT
開曠的室外環境
RESTRICTED, HOUSED
ENVIRONMENT
限制的房舍環境
1. 60 different behaviours in blue1. Broiler chickens showed 11 and 19
breasted quail 小鵪鶉(俗名藍胸鶉)
behaviours in different studies不同
共有60種不同的行為
的研究顯示肉雞有11~19種行為
2. Complex range of sexual, parental
2. Caged hens showed 18 behaviours
and anti-predator behaviours in
籠子飼養的雞有18種行為
domestic hens 有複雜多樣的性、
親子、與抗掠食的行為
Limitations of behavioural
observation受限制行為的觀察
• Behavioural observation does not tell us
whether particular restrictions are
important to the animal 行為觀察並無法告訴我們特
定的限制是否對動物重要
• Other methods have therefore been
developed 因此其他的方法因應而生
2. Choices and preferences
選擇和偏好
• Offer the animal a variety of options and
allow him/her to choose 提供動物不同的選項並讓牠們
選擇
• Measure and record behaviour 測量並記錄行為
– time to enter/choose option (latency), 進入/選擇選
項的時間(潛在因素)
– time spent at/in different options 花在不同選項的時
間
– frequency of visits 逗留的頻率
Choices: example 選擇:舉例
Hens have access to both
bean bag (BB) and flat
floor (FF) nests 蛋雞有入口
FF
可選擇進入豆袋(BB)型雞舍或平面
地板(FF)型雞舍。
The number of times they
chose each kind of nest
was recorded for 16 egglayings 記錄16次蛋雞在生蛋時
的選擇
BB
Food
+
water
BB
FF
Choices: example 選擇:舉例
Behaviour
patterns行為模式
Glances
匆匆一瞥
Examinations
仔細看
Entries
進去
Birds choosing Birds choosing
bean bags
flat floors
選擇豆袋雞舍
選擇平面雞舍
0.66
0.25
0.72
0.28
0.81
0.15
Choices—general conclusion
選擇 --- 一般結論
• Animals choose 動物會選擇
– plenty of space 足夠的空間
– comfortable bed 舒適的臥床
– opportunity to control their environment 控制牠們環
境的機會
– opportunity to interact with others 與其他動物互動的
機會
Limitations of choice and preference
tests受限制的選擇及偏好測試
• Gives the scientist information about an
animal’s choices or preferences 給科學家關於動
物的選擇或偏好的資訊
• Does not answer the question of whether
the animal’s welfare suffers if cannot get
what he/she prefers 不要回答如果他/她不能獲得所偏好
的是否其動物福利會有所受損的問題 (香草與巧克力冰淇淋之喻)
• Need to estimate how much the animal
values different resources 需要去判斷動物對不同的
資源有多少程度的重視
3. Work that an animal will do to gain a
resource 動物為獲得需求而會做的事
•Ask the animal to work for rewards - such as
food or a dust bath 要求動物為獎勵而工作---如食物
或沙浴
•The amount of work the animal will perform
indicates the importance of the reward to the
animal 由動物對工作付出的意願可以了解獎勵對動物的
重要性
Work that an animal will do to gain a
resource 動物為獲得需求而會做的事
An experiment measured the work that sows
were prepared to do: 由一個實驗測量母豬準備要做
的工作
1. To gain access to straw for nest building
為了築窩而進入取稻草
2. To gain access to food 為了食物而進入
Work that an animal will do to gain a
resource動物為獲得需求而會做的事
(Arey 1992)
Water
Feed
Area
Straw
Area
飼料區
稻草區
Swing doors
彈簧門
Lock
鎖
Panels
把手
Lock
鎖
Lay-out of experiment 實驗展示
Work that an animal will do to gain what he/she
needs動物為獲得需求而會做的事(Arey 1992)
Behaviour patterns
豬要按幾次把手門才會打開
No. entries
Food 食物次數
No. entries
Straw 稻草次數
Low work 低工作量
(one press 按一下門就開)
21.4
17
High work 高工作量
(按150次門才能開) (2 days
before farrowing分娩前2天)
11.4
2.6
17
16.4
High work (1 day before
farrowing分娩前一天)
Work that an animal will do to gain what he/she
needs動物為獲得需求而會做的事
• The sow’s motivation
to build a nest is very
strong in the last day
of pregnancy母豬在分娩
當天築窩動力甚強
4. Work that an animal will do to
escape unpleasant stimuli
動物為逃避不喜歡的事務會做的事
•
•
•
Measure how hard an animal will
work to avoid a stressful or painful
situation測量動物為逃避壓力或痛的動力強度
Short-term stressors only只有短期壓力刺激
Ethics?倫理問題?
Time taken for sheep to clear a raceway
綿羊通過跑道時間(Rushen 1986)
Full electro immobilisation通微量電流保定羊
Wired-up綁電線但不通電
Restraint人為保定
Free run不處理
400
300
Time
through
race (s)
通過跑道
所需秒數
200
100
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5. Deviations from normal behaviour
與正常行為不同的行為差異
Stereotypies刻板性行為
• Repetitive behaviour反覆的行為
• Constant in form持續的形式
• No obvious purpose in the context
沒有明顯的目的
• Indicate past or present frustration
指出過去或現在的挫折
– Restrictive environment受限的環境
• Adaptive?適應?
(Mason & Rushen 2006)
Deviations from normal behaviour
Giraffe observation與正常行為不同的行為差異
The time budgets of giraffe in the wild and in zoos
were compared 比較野生長頸鹿與動物園長頸鹿之時間
預算(分配)
Various environmental factors were recorded to
investigate possible correlations with behavioural
differences 記錄不同之環境因子以探討環境與二種長頸鹿
不同行為的可能連結
Deviations from normal behaviour
Giraffe observation: Results與正常行為不同的行為差異
長頸鹿觀察:結果
WILD GIRAFFE (野生)
ZOO GIRAFFE (動物園)
• Much time spent in
locomotion大部份時間都用在
• Little time spent on
locomotion 極少時間用在活動
在活動
• All show stereotypies,
• No stereotypies observed無刻
especially at night 都有刻板性
板性行為
行為，尤其在夜間
• Variation in time budgets at • In one zoo, over 60% of
different sites 在不同場所之時
nights were spent performing
間分配有變化
stereotypic behaviour 有一個
動物園，超過60%之夜間長頸鹿
都在表現刻板性行為
6. Interaction with humans
與人類之互動
• Animals learn by experience 動物會從經驗學習
• Their experience with people enables
them to associate humans either with
pleasure or with pain and fear 與人類相處的經驗
會導致對人類產生快樂或痛苦與恐懼的印象
• Human-Animal Studies have been
explored in animal welfare science 動物福利科
學已經就人與動物的研究有所探索
Variation in pig stockmen
管理人員之變數(Hemsworth 2003)
100
% negative
%
interaction
-ve
負面互動
50
interaction
0
0
10
20
stockpersons
Stockpeople
牧場管理員
30
Variation in pigs’ fear of stockpeople豬
對管理員之害怕變化(澳洲)(Australia)
(Hemsworth 2003)
160
Time to
Interact
(second)
互動時間
(秒)
120
80
40
0
Australian farms 澳洲牧場
Behavioural indicators in welfare science comparison with physiological measures
動物福利科學的行為學指標與生理測量之比較
Advantages 優點
Disadvantages 缺點
1. Easier/less invasive較沒有 1. Interpretation is difficult 解
侵入性/較簡單
釋困難
2. Requires less equipment需 2. Some consider less rigorous
要較少之設備
有人認為不嚴謹
3. Can be done away from the
lab 不需實驗室
Conclusions / Summary
結論/摘要
•
Different behavioural measures can
tell us a lot about the importance,
to animals, of having the opportunity
to perform certain behaviours
Further Reading進修書目
• Arey DS. 1992 Straw and food as reinforcers for prepartal sows.
Applied Anim Welfare Sci 33: 217-226
• Duncan IJH & Kite VG. 1989. Nest site selection and nestbuilding behaviour in domestic fowl. Animal Behaviour 37: 215231.
• Hemsworth PH, Barnett JL, Coleman GJ & Hansen C 1989. A
study of the relationships between the attitudinal and
behavioural profiles of stockpersons and the level of fear of
humans and reproductive performance of commercial pigs.
Applied Anim Behavi Sci, 23: 301-314
• Hemsworth PH. 2003 Human–animal interactions in livestock
production. Appl Anim Behav Sci 81: 185-198
P. H. Hemsworth
• Hurnik JF, Webster AB & Siegel PB. 1985 Dictionary of Farm
Animal Behaviour (2nd Ed). Iowa State University Press
Further Reading進修書目
• Mason G & Rushen J (Eds). 2006 Stereotypic Animal Behaviour,
2nd edition: Fundamentals and Applications to Welfare. CABI,
Wallingford, UK
• Nicol CJ 1986 Non-exclusive spatial preference in the laying
hen. Appl Anim Behav Sci 15: 337-350
• Rushen J 1986. Aversion of sheep to electro-immobilization and
restrain. Appl Anim Behav Sci 15: 315-324
• Stolba A & Wood-Gush DGM 1989. The behaviour of pigs in a
semi-natural environment. Anim Production 48: 419-425
• Veasey JS, Waran NK & Young RJ. 1996 On comparing the
behaviour of zoo-housed animals with wild conspecifics as a
welfare indicator using the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardis) as a
model. Anim Welfare 5:139-153