CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP)
SEMESTER 1 / MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Objective
• Upon completion of this module, students will be able to
perform tasks related to the following:
• Connecting to the Internet
• Network Math
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Requirements for Internet Connection
• Physical Connection
• The physical connection is used to transfer signals between PCs
within the local network and to remote devices on the Internet
• Logical connection
• The logical connection use a standard called protocols or a set of
protocols like TCP/IP
• Application that interpret the data and display the
information
• Applications work with protocols to send and receive data across
the Internet such as web browser, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and
etc.
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
PC Basics
• PC subsystems
• Motherboard CD-ROM Drive, CPU, Floppy Disk Drive, Hard Disk Drive,
RAM, ROM, Expansion Slot, Power Supply
• Backplane Components
• Backplane, Network Interface Card (NIC), Video Card, Audio Card, Parallel
Port, Serial Port, Mouse Port, Power Cord
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
NIC and Modem Installation
• Connectivity to the internet requires an adapter card which may be NIC
or Modem (Modulator-demodulator)
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Overview of high-speed and dial-up connectivity
• In early 1960s, modems were introduced to provide connectivity for
dumb terminals to a centrally based computer
• In 1970s, BBS (Bulletin Board Systems) allowed users to connect and
post or read messages on a discussion board
• In 1980s, the transfer of files and graphics became desirable
• In 1990s, modem speed increased up to 56 kbps
• In 2000, high-speed services such as DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) and
Cable Modem became desirable
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
TCP/IP
• TCP/IP is a set of protocols or rules developed to allow computers to
share resources
• TCP/IP can be configured using the operating system tools
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Testing Connectivity
• By using “Ping” command which is a utility used to verify the connectivity
• Ping is used to test NIC transmit/receive function, TCP/IP configuration
and network connectivity
• Ping command works by sending multiple IP packets to the specified
destination and waiting for the packet replies
• The following examples describe the types of ping tests that are
commonly used in a network:
• ping 127.0.0.1 - called an internal loopback test.
• ping IP address of host computer - verifies connectivity to the host.
• ping default-gateway IP address - verifies whether the router that
connects the local network to other networks can be reached.
• ping remote destination IP address - verifies connectivity to a remote host
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Testing Connectivity
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Binary Presentation of Data
• Computers work with and store data using electronic switches that are
either ON or OFF
• ON state represents bit “1” and OFF state represents bit “0”
• The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is the
most commonly used code for representing alpha-numeric data in a
computer
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Bits & Bytes
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Base 10 number system
• Base 10 or decimal number uses the 10 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
• The decimal number system is based on powers of 10
• Each column position of a value, from right to left, is multiplied by
the number 10
• Example: 2134 = (2x103) + (1x102) + (3x101) + (4x100)
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Base 2 number system
• Base 2 or binary number uses the 2 symbols: 0 and 1
• The binary number system is based on powers of 2
• Example: 101102 =
(1 x 24 = 16) + (0 x 23 = 0) + (1 x 22 = 4) + (1 x 21 = 2) + (0 x 20 = 0) = 22
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Base 16 number system
• Base 16 or Hexadecimal (hex) number use 16 symbols: 0-9, A, B, C, D, E and F
• Hex can be used to represent binary numbers in a more readable form
• For example, 0010000100000010 in binary equals 2102 in hex. The word
hexadecimal is often abbreviated 0x when used with a value as shown with the
above number: 0x2102
• all possible combinations of four binary digits have only one hexadecimal
symbol
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Decimal, Binary and Hexadecimal
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Converting decimal numbers to 8-bit binary number
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Converting decimal numbers to 8-bit binary numbers
Use the example below to convert the decimal number 168 to a binary number:
• 128 fits into 168. So the left most bit in the binary number is a 1.
168 - 128 leaves 40.
• 64 does not fit into 40. So the second bit in from the left is a 0.
• 32 fits into 40. So the third bit in from the left is a 1. 40 - 32 leaves 8.
• 16 does not fit into 8 so the fourth bit in from the left is a 0.
• 8 fits into 8. So the fifth bit in from the left is a 1. 8 - 8 leaves 0. So, the
remaining bits to the right are all 0.
Result: Decimal 168 = 10101000
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Converting 8-bit binary numbers to decimal numbers
Example:
Convert the binary number 01110000 to a decimal number.
Right
0 x 20 = 0
0 x 21 = 0
0 x 22 = 0
0 x 23 = 0
1 x 24 = 16
Note: Work from right to left. Remember
that anything raised to the 0 power is 1.
Therefore 20 = 1
1 x 25 = 32
1 x 26 = 64
Left
0 x 27= 0
–––––––––––
112
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Binary Number and Hexadecimal Number Conversion
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Four-octet dotted decimal representation of 32-bit binary numbers
• Addresses assigned to computers on the Internet are 32-bit binary numbers
• Make it easier to work by breaking 32-bit binary numbers into a series of
decimal numbers
• To do this, split the binary number into four groups of eight binary digits
• Then convert each group of eight bits, also known as an octet into its decimal
equivalent
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Boolean or Binary Logic (NOT)
If x is 1 then f is 0 otherwise f is 1
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Boolean or Binary Logic (AND)
If x is 1 and y is 1 then f is 1 otherwise f is 0
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Boolean or Binary Logic (OR)
If x is 1 or y is 1 then f is 1 otherwise f is 0
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
IP Address & Network Mask
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
IP Addresses & Network Masks
• The 32-bit binary addresses used on the Internet are referred to as Internet
Protocol (IP) addresses
• The subnet mask is a guide that indicates how the IP address should be
interpreted by identifying how many of the bits are used to identify the network
of the computer
• A subnet mask will always be all 1s until the network address is identified and
then be all 0s from there to the right most bit of the mask
• The bits in the subnet mask that are 0 identify the computer or host on that
network
• Example:
11111111000000000000000000000000 written in dotted decimal as 255.0.0.0
or
11111111111111110000000000000000 written in dotted decimal as 255.255.0.0
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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM
SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 1
Introduction to Networking
Summary
• Three requirements for an Internet connection are physical connection,
a logical connection, and interpreting application
• Computer recognize and process data using a binary numbering system
• The number system used most frequently is the decimal number system
• The hexadecimal number system is used when working with computers
because it can be used to represent binary numbers in a more readable
form
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