What is Scientific Productivity ?
INPUT
OUTPUT
Publications
Scientists
Buildings
Equipments
Communication Tools
Salary etc.
=
Patents
Books
Technology Transfers,
Instruments Designed,
Royalty earned etc.
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Factors that affect Productivity
Environment
Resources
Mentors
Age of Researchers
Experience
No. of Researchers
Mobility of Researchers in search of
better prospects
Avenues for individual growth
Sociological factors like …
2
Why Evaluation?
In an age when Private or Govt. Bodies are asked
to award large sum to scientists for research
activity.
Those in-charge of making such decisions
(Policy Makers) feel uneasy about having to base
their decisions only on guess and on the personal
experiences of previous science administrators.
In true scientific spirit, these decision makers
would like to have more objective knowledge
and understanding human activity in order to
improve the efficiency and impact of their
3
operations.
Who wants Evaluation?
Science Policy Makers
Science Fund Managers
Institutes for rewarding outstanding contributions
Awarding the scientific projects for conducting
research
4
What can be Evaluated?
Country
Departments/Divisions
Institutes
Universities
Individuals
5
Methods of Evaluations?
Quantitative Analysis
Qualitative analysis
No. of scientific publications
Peer Review (Judges Rating)
No of Patents filed
Citation Analysis etc.
No of Technology transfers etc.
6
Examples of Scientific Productivity
Some of the examples of Scientometric
studies that we have conducted in SIRD,
BARC will prove…
Publication productivity is one of the
important indicators to help us to
know
the scientific standing of a country among
other countries of the world,Institutions
among
other
institutions,
Individual
scientists among other scientists.
7
300000
United-States
Japan
Germany
United-Kingdom
France
USSR
India
Russian Federation
Italy
China
Canada
Brazil
Switzerland
Poland
Netherlands
Australia
Sweden
Czechoslovakia
Austria
Mexico
Number of publications
Nuclear S & T : A Global Perspective
(INIS 1970-2002)
400000
350000
India is at 7th position
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
C ountries
Countries
Australia (2.2%)
China (2.32%)
Russia (2.51%)
India is at 2
Italy (2.64%)
Canada (2.85%)
England (5.02%)
Japan (5.66%)
Germany (5.68%)
1000
France (7.64%)
India (10.51%)
USA (21.11%)
Number of publications
Thorium Research : A Global Perspective
(SCI 1982-2004)
Thorium research nd
as per SCI (1982-2004)
position
800
600
400
200
0
PHWR related research :
A Global Perspective (1966-2002)
600
400
Germany (4%)
800
Rep.of Korea (4%)
1000
Canada (30%)
1200
India (35%)
Number of publications
1400
Argentina (7%)
INDIA
1600
Romania (10%)
1800
st position
India
is
at
1
PHWR related research (1966-2002)
200
0
India Canada
Romania
Argentina
Rep.of Korea
GermanyUSA
UK Pakistan
Austria
Other countries
Countries
India’s Position in Mass Spectrometry Research in
Nulear Science & Technology
United State
Germany
Japan
France
India
United Kingdom
Canada
Russian Federation
Australia
USSR
Austria
China
Brazil
Switzerland
Italy
Sweden
Belgium
The Netherlands
Korea
Romania
India is at 5th
Position
0
200
400
600
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Number of Publications
Lists top 20 countries
81 countries actively engaged in research
Produced 10913 publications- USA is the top producing country with 2247
(18.11%), followed by, Germany with 1333 (10.74%), Japan with 820
(6.61%), France with 525 (4.23%) India with 460 (3.71%), and 11
United
Kingdom 440 (3.55%) publications .
India’s Position in Electrochemistry
Research as per SCI (1982-2005)
India is at 11th position
12
2200
2000
2014
PLD: A Global Perspective
1553
1600
India is at 9th position
1400
1106
1200
175
174
172
155
142
115
105
TAIWAN
ROMANIA
CANADA
RUSSIA
SWEDEN
NETHERLANDS
253
SPAIN
200
SINGAPORE
291
INDIA
363
400
297
615
FRANCE
600
ENGLAND
694
800
SOUTH-KOREA
1000
763
Number of publications
1800
ITALY
GERMANY
PEOPLES-R-CHINA
JAPAN
USA
0
Countries
Lists top 17 countries with 100 or more number of publications
84 countries actively engaged in PLD research and produced 8534 publications.
USA is the top producing country with 2014 publications, followed by, Japan with 1553 publications,
People’s-R-China with 1106 publications, Germany with 763 publications, South Korea with 694
13
publications, France with 615 publications, Italy with 363 publications, England with 297 And
India with 291 publications.
12000
Global View of Research
in Raman Spectroscopy
8000
India is at 11th position
6000
4000
2000
Country
POLAND
INDIA
SPAIN
CANADA
RUSSIA
ITALY
ENGLAND
PEOPLES-R-CHINA
FRANCE
GERMANY
JAPAN
0
USA
Number of publications
10000
14
1400
USA
GERMANY
ITALY
PEOPLES-R-CHINA
FRANCE
ENGLAND
JAPAN
RUSSIA
BRAZIL
NETHERLANDS
AUSTRALIA
ISRAEL
SPAIN
POLAND
AUSTRIA
CANADA
NEW-ZEALAND
DENMARK
FINLAND
SWEDEN
SCOTLAND
INDIA
BELGIUM
Number of publications
1800
1600
Global View of research in
Bose-Einstein Condensation
1200
1000
800
India is at 22nd position
600
400
200
0
Country
15
India’s Position in Vacuum Science & Technology In
Nuclear Science &Technology INIS (1982-2005)
United State
Japan
Germany
Russian Federation
China
France
United Kingdom
Italy
Austria
India
Korea
Canada
Poland
Brazil
Ukraine
Switzerland
Spain
Australia
Taiwan
Sweden
India is at 10th position
0
200
400
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Number of Publications
 Lists top 20 countries
 110 countries actively engaged in research
 produced 12027 publications-USA is the top producing country with 1936,
followed by Japan with 1770 publications, France with 8929 (8.63%)
publications, Germany with 1147 publications, Russian Federation with
971, Peoples-R-China with 808 publications, and England with 16474.
India ranked tenth among other countries with 400 publications.
16000
Neutron Scattering Research: A Global perspective
(as per scopus 1991-2006)
12000
10000
8000
India position is at 11th
6000
Country
India 1808
Canada 2019
China 2109
0
Switzerland 2331
3404
6366
UK
Italy
8155
Japan
4967
9560
France
Russia
10704
Germany
2000
16519
4000
USA
Number of publications
14000
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Scientometric Studies on Various
Divisions of BARC
Some of the examples of Scientometric studies on
Various Divisions of BARC
Chemistry Division (Productivity)
Chemistry Division (Citation Analysis)
Analytical Chemistry Division
Bio-Organic Division
Radiochemistry Division
Technical Physics & Prototype Engineering
Division (Under Progress)
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Conclusion
We are in the age of globalization.The world is becoming more and more competitive
in every sphere of human activity which demands standardization of tools and
techniques. A lot of research is being conducted all over the world in
standardization of Scientometric techniques. Bibliometric techniques and laws may
not always follow in all the situations as this depends on so many parameters
which affect the studies or analysis such as amount of data for the study, scientific
development in a particular subject or a country etc. One should be very careful
while conducting such studies using Scientometric techniques as the bibliographic
data may contain some inaccuracies. One has to thoroughly check the
bibliographic errors in databases before proceeding ahead of analysis such as
homonyms, errors in references, authorship sequence, same author appearing
differently, maiden names and married names, year of publication, source of
publication, type of documents etc.
In spite of all these pit falls mentioned above, still the Scientometric indicators
are being used widely all over the world for taking various policy decisions.
If one uses these technique intelligently combining with other available
methods, Scientometrics may prove to be one of the best tools available for
science evaluators, policy makers, science administrators and librarians.
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