Average percent change in heart rate
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
-26
-28
-30
-32
-34
-36
-38
-40
-42
-44
-46
-48
Caffeine
Nicotine
Drug
Alcohol
10
Average percent change in heart rate
0
-10
Caffeine
Nicotine
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
Drug
Alcohol
Average percent change in heart rate
10
0
Caffeine
Nicotine
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Drug
Figure 1. Average percent change in heart rate.
Alcohol
Average percent change in heart rate
10
0
Caffeine
Nicotine
Alcohol
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Drug
Figure 1. Average percent change in heart rate of Daphnia magna exposed to 0.1%
caffeine, 1% nicotine, and 4% alcohol. Error bars are +/- 1 S.D.
Average percent change in heart rate
10
0
Caffeine
Nicotine
Alcohol
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Drug
Figure 1. Average percent change in heart rate of Daphnia magna exposed to
0.1% caffeine, 1% nicotine, and 4% alcohol. Error bars are +/- 1 S.D.
• As you can see in Figure 1, …
Present tense!
• Figure 1 shows …
• The results for the average percent change in heart rate of Daphnia magna
were summarized in Figure 1.
Average percent change in heart rate
10
0
Caffeine
Nicotine
Alcohol
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Drug
Figure 1. Average percent change in heart rate of Daphnia magna exposed to
0.1% caffeine, 1% nicotine, and 4% alcohol. Error bars are +/- 1 S.D.
• The average percent change in heart rate for nicotine was much higher than
that for caffeine (Fig. 1).
• The application of 1% nicotine led to a large decrease in heart rate (Fig. 1).
Average percent change in heart rate
10
0
Caffeine
Nicotine
Alcohol
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Drug
Figure 1. Average percent change in heart rate of Daphnia magna exposed to
0.1% caffeine, 1% nicotine, and 4% alcohol. Error bars are +/- 1 S.D.
• The average percent changes in heart rate of the Daphnia magna exposed to
nicotine was much greater than the changes in heart rate experienced by the
Daphnia exposed to caffeine and alcohol.
Average percent change in heart rate
10
0
Caffeine
Nicotine
Alcohol
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Drug
Figure 1. Average percent change in heart rate of Daphnia magna exposed to
0.1% caffeine, 1% nicotine, and 4% alcohol. Error bars are +/- 1 S.D.
• The average percent change in heart rate of the Daphnia magna exposed to 1%
nicotine was -35%, which was greater than the changes in heart rate recorded
for the Daphnia exposed to 0.1% caffeine (-0.5%) and 4% alcohol (-21%) (Fig. 1).
Average percent change in heart rate
10
0
Caffeine
Nicotine
Alcohol
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Drug
Figure 1. Average percent change in heart rate of Daphnia magna exposed to
0.1% caffeine, 1% nicotine, and 4% alcohol. Error bars are +/- 1 S.D.
• The standard deviations for the caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol data sets were
4.0%, 9.3%, and 8.2% respectively.
•
The error bars of the caffeine and nicotine data sets did not overlap, but those
of the nicotine and alcohol data sets did.
• The error bars of the nicotine and alcohol data sets overlap. Thus, these data
are insignificant.
Average percent change in heart rate
10
0
Caffeine
Nicotine
Alcohol
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Drug
Figure 1. Average percent change in heart rate of Daphnia magna exposed to
0.1% caffeine, 1% nicotine, and 4% alcohol. Error bars are +/- 1 S.D.
• The average percent change in heart rate of the Daphnia magna exposed to 1%
nicotine was -35%, which was significantly greater than the change in heart rate
recorded for the Daphnia exposed to 0.1% caffeine (-0.5%) (Fig. 1). The change
in heart rate of the Daphnia when exposed to nicotine was also greater than the
change recorded for these organisms when they were exposed to 4% alcohol
(22%), but this difference was not significant (Fig. 1).
Average percent change in heart rate
10
0
Caffeine
Nicotine
Alcohol
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Drug
Figure 1. Average percent change in heart rate of Daphnia magna exposed to
0.1% caffeine, 1% nicotine, and 4% alcohol. Error bars are +/- 1 S.D.
• The average percent change in heart rate of the Daphnia magna exposed to 1%
nicotine was -35% (Fig. 1). Thus, nicotine decreased the heart rate of these
organisms, a result that supports my hypothesis.
• Caffeine slightly decreased (-0.5%) the heart rate of Daphnia magna (Fig. 1),
which is opposite of its effects in other organisms.
Average percent change in
weight
30
25
20
15
40%
10
60%
5
80%
100%
0
-5
0
20
40
60
80
100
-10
-15
Time (min)
Fig. 2. Average percent change in weight of Nereis virens placed in different
salinities at 15 minute intervals over 90 minutes.
120%
Average percent change in
weight
30
25
20
15
40%
10
60%
5
80%
100%
0
-5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120%
-10
-15
Time (min)
Fig. 2. Average percent change in weight of Nereis virens placed in 40%, 60%, 80%,
100%, and 120% saltwater at 15 minute intervals over 90 minutes.
30
Average percent change in weight
25
20
15
40%
10
60%
5
80%
100%
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120%
-5
-10
-15
Time (min)
Fig. 2. Average percent change in weight of Nereis virens placed in 40%, 60%, 80%,
100%, and 120% saltwater at 15 minute intervals over 90 minutes.
• The percent change in weight of the Nereis virens placed in 40%, 60%, and
80% saltwater increased steadily over the course of 90 minutes (Fig. 2).
30
25
Percent change iin weight
20
15
40%
10
60%
5
80%
100%
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120%
-5
-10
-15
Time (min)
Fig. 2. Percent change in weight of Nereis virens placed in 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%,
and 120% saltwater at 15 minute intervals over 90 minutes.
• The percent change in weight of the Nereis virens placed in 40% saltwater
increased from 6.7% to 26.2% over the course of 90 minutes. Similarly, the
percent change in weight of the worms placed in 60% and 80% increased
over the same time period (60%: 3.1% to 18.2%; 80%: 2.7% to 9.5%) (Fig. 2).
Results
• Just the facts – data
– No interpretation or conclusions
• Mention the organism used and its scientific
name
• Reference figures
– (Fig. 1)
• Figures must stand alone
Results
• Significance
– Non-overlap of error bars
– Statistical tests – p values