Flowers
Are modified twigs
adapted primarily for
reproduction, which
ultimately forms the
fruit and the seed.
Parts of a Complete Flower
Pistil:
Stigma
Style
Stamen:
Anther
Filament
Ovary
Floral stalk:
Receptacle
(torus)
Peduncle
Floral envelope
or Perianth:
Petal (corolla)
Sepal (calyx)
Stigma – slightly enlarged tip
of the style on which pollen is
deposited at pollination
Style – a long and thin filament
that serves as a passageway for
pollen grains to move from the
stigma to the ovary
Ovary – a swollen basal part of
a pistil which carries the ovule
or eggs (yellow); where
fertilized eggs develop
CARPEL (Gynoecium)
The female reproductive part
of a flower. It is collectively
known as the Pistil.
Types of Carpels (Gynoecium)
Avocado (Persea sp.)
If a gynoecium has a single carpel, it is called
Monocarpous or Unicarpellate Gynoecium
Types of Carpels (Gynoecium)
Unfused Carpels
Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)
If a gynoecium has multiple, distinct (free, unfused)
carpels, it is apocarpous.
Types of Carpels (Gynoecium)
Fused Carpels
Tulip (Tulipa sp.)
If a gynoecium has multiple carpels fused (connate)
into a single structure, it is syncarpous.
Anther – where pollens are
formed
Filament – a stalk holding the
pollen at its tip
STAMEN (Androecium)
The male reproductive
part of a flower
Petal (corolla) – the innermost
whorl surrounding the flowers
reproductive parts. It is usually
brightly colored to attract
pollinators
Sepal (calyx ) – usually a green
leaf-like structure that forms
the outermost floral whorl; it
protects the inner parts of the
flower before it opens.
FLORAL ENVELOPE or
PERIANTH
FLORAL STALK
Receptacle (torus) – thickened
part of a stem from which the
flower grows
Peduncle – a stalk supporting
the flower
Variable Features
and
Structures
of
Flowers
Color
Gerbera daisies (Gerbera sp.)
Day-blooming flowers are
generally brightly colored
Dutchman's Pipe (Epiphyllum oxypetalum)
Night-blooming flowers are
usually white, creamy or yellowish
Odor
Ilang-ilang (Cananga odorata)
Flower with fragrant odor
Corpse flower (Amorphophallus titanum)
Flower with stinky odor
Parts Present
Complete Flowers
 flowers are said to be complete
when the four main parts (petal,
sepal, stamen and carpel) are
present
Incomplete Flower
 flowers are incomplete when one
or more of the main parts are not
present
Sexuality
 Flowers with both stamen and carpel are
called Perfect Flowers. These flowers can
also be called bisexual or hermaphroditic
flowers.
 Flowers that have only either stamen or
carpel are called Imperfect Flowers. This
flowers can also be called Unisexual
flowers. An imperfect flower with only the
carpel or pistil is called Pistillate flower.
One with the stamen only is a Staminate
flower.
Perfect Flower
Gumamela (Hibiscus sp.)
Chichirica (Catharanthus roseus)
Imperfect Flower - Monoecious
Both male and female flowers are found on the same plant.
Corn (Zea mays)
Pistillate flower
Staminate flower
Imperfect Flower - Dioecious
Imperfect flowers are borne on separate plants
Papaya (Carica papaya)
Staminate flower
Pistillate flower
Imperfect Flower - Polygamous
Perfect and imperfect flowers are
found in a single plant.
Canadian Burnet (Sanguisorba sp.)
Nature of flowers
 Flowers are Regular when the
members of each set of organs
(sepals, petals, stamen and
carpels) are of the same size and
shape
 Flowers are Irregular when some
members of one or more sets of
organs are different in size or
shape or both.
Bleeding heart (Dicentra Spectabilis)
Regular flower
Members of each set of organs are of the same size and shape
Rose (Rosa sp.)
Cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus )
Irregular flower - Papilionaceous
Standard petal or Banner
 Outermost and the
largest part of the flower
Wings or Alae
 Two lateral petals
Keels or Carinae
 Two innermost and
smallest petal.
Chicharo (Pisum sativum)
Irregular flower - Caesalpinaceous
Wings
 Two upper lateral petals
Banner
 Innermost and smallest
petal
Keel
 Two lower lateral petals
Caballero (Caesalpinia pulcherrima)
Irregular flower - Bilabiate
Upper Lip
Lower Lip
Sage (salvia officinalis)
Snap Dragon (Antirrhinum majus)
Irregular flower - Orchidaceous
Sepals
 Three outermost whorl
Petals
 Two innermost whorl
Lip or Labellum
 Also a petal but with
different shape and
size
Cattleya (Cattleya sp.)
Fusion of flowers
Connation – when like parts are fused or united
Fused petals forming a cone
Morning Glory (Ipomea sp.)
Fused filaments
Blue eye grass
(Sisyrinchium atlanticum)
Adnation – when unlike parts are fused
Stamen is adnate to
petals
Angels trumpet (Datura wrightii)
Lip is adnate to stamen
Crucifix Orchid (Epidendrum secundum)
Number of flowers parts
Monocot
Flower parts are in 3’s or in multiple of 3’s
Benguet Lily
(Liliaceae sp.)
Giant Spiderwort
(Tradescantia gigantea)
Dicot
Flower parts are in 4’s or 5’s or in multiple of 4’s or 5’s
Monkey-flower (Mimulus lewisii)
Rosal (Gardenia jasminoides)
Symmetry
Actinomorphic
 radial symmetry
 flowers can be divided into 2
equal halves along any plane
Zygomorphic
 bilateral symmetry
 divided into 2 equal halves only
by a medial cut through the
central axis
Actinomorphic
Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa)
Water Lily (Nymphaea sp.)
Zygomorphic
Sword Lily
(Gladiolus sp.)
Dancing ladies
(Oncidium altissimum)
Ovary Position
Superior or Hypogynous
ovary
The sepals and
petals are attached
below the ovary
Kalamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)
Half-Superior /Half-Inferior or
Perigynous
The sepals and petals are attached
at the side of the ovary
Golasiman
(Portulaca oleracea)
ovary
Ground Orchid
(Spathoglottis plicata)
ovary
Squash (Cucurbita sp.)
Inferior or Epigynous
ovary
The sepals and petals are
attached above the ovary
Placentation
The places where the ovules are attached
in the ovary are known as placentae. The
arrangement of the placentae inside the
ovary is called placentation
Axile
The placentae are found at the
central axis of a compound ovary
ovaries with ovules
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Parietal
The placentae are found on the
wall of a compound ovary .
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
ovaries with ovules
Marginal
The placentae are located on the
wall of a single ovary. A single
ovary has one chamber or locule.
ovary with ovules
String Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Basal
The placentae with a single ovule
is found more or less at the base
of the ovary
ovaries with ovules
Chrysanthemums
(Chrysanthemums indicum)
Inflorescence
Flower clusters are
called inflorescence.
These may differ in the
number of flowers
borne, the sequence of
flower maturation, the
length of flower stalks,
the number and
arrangement of the
floral branches or
peduncles.
Spike
An inflorescence has an
elongated axis with sessile
(without pedicel) florets
Bottle brush (Callistemon lanceolatus)
Pancit-pancita (Peperomia pellucida)
Raceme
Aloe vera
(Aloe vera)
Golden Shower
(Laburnum anagyroides)
The elongated axis is unbranched. The flowers are provided with
stalks or pedicles of equal lengths and are called pedicellate flowers.
Panicle
Tigbi
(Coix lachryma-jobi)
The elongated axis is
branched. Flowers are
pedicellate, opening all at
the same time
Rice
(Oriza sativa)
Corymb
Caballero
(Caesalpinia pulcherrima)
Yarrow
(Achillea millefolium)
It has a more or less flat convex top because of
the pedicels bearing the outer, older flowers are
longer than the younger flowers at the center.
Umbel
The axis is
short so that
all the
pedicellate
flowers
radiate from
the apex of
the axis.
Simple
Japanese bamboo (Dracaena surculosa)
Compound
Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucus carota)
Cyme
This inflorescence is similar to a corymb
except that the inner pedicelled flowers open
first
Santan (Ixora sp.)
Shanghai beauty (Jatropha pandurifolia)
Spadix
A fleshy spike (spadix) bearing
both male and female flowers,
surrounded by a petaloid bract
called the spathe.
spadix
spathe
Anthurium (Anthurium andreanum)
Calla Lily (Zantedeschia sp.)
Syngonium
(Syngonium schottianum)
Belembe Silvestre
(Xanthosoma helleborifolium)
male florets
female florets
Catkin/
Ament
Copper plant
(Acalypha wilkesiana)
Cat’s Tail
(Acalypha hispida)
This inflorescence is a special type of spike which is hanging or
drooping . The flowers are usually unisexual.
Birds of Paradise (Strelitzia sp.)
The pedicelled or sessile
flowers are crowded at
one side of the stem
Fascicle
Deerweed (Lotus scoparius)
Head/
Capitate
It is similar to umbel but the
flowers are sessile. Usually the
flowers are of two kinds: the
disc flower at the center and
the ray flowers at the margin
ray flowers
disc flowers
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii)
Head of
Sunflower family
Thank You
for
Listening