Ch.2
Relational Data Model
E. F. Codd (1969, 1970)
What to Learn
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Database System Overview
Entity-Relationship diagram
Relational Data Model
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How to use Commercial DBMS’s
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Structure & Constraints
SQL language
MS Access
MS SQL Server
Normalization (정규화)
Transaction & Concurrency (동시성)
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What to Learn
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Relational Model
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Key
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Attribute, Domain, Relation
Characteristics of a relation
Candidate key, primary key,
Foreign key
Constraints
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Domain constraints, Key constraints
Entity integrity constraints
Referential integrity constrains
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Relational data model
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Data models are different in
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Data representation structure (표현구조)
Constraints (제약조건)
Operators (연산자)
Relational data model
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Users see the data as the collection of tables
Domain constraint, key constraint,
entity integrity constraint,
referential integrity constraint
Relational Algebra
SQL operators (insert, delete, update, select)
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Structure (1)
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Student table
NAME
ST_NO
ADDRESS
DEPT
GRADE
송치윤
김구완
최재석
조미림
52015
53116
56034
52042
사당동
홍제동
양재동
역삼동
컴퓨터
정보통신
정보관리
컴퓨터
3.3
3.1
3.5
2.9
relation
tuple
attribute
Ch.2 Relational Model
table
row
column
file
record
field
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Structure (2)
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Attribute (속성)
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A characteristic of an object with which we
describe the object
Atomic vs. composite
(학년, 학과), (주소, 전화번호, 주민등록번호)
Single-valued vs. multi-valued
(학년, 주민등록번호),
(취미, 전화번호, 부양가족이름, 구독신문)
Null valued
different from zero-length string (빈문자열)
unknown : address, birthdate
not applicable : 군번, spousename
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Structure (3)
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Domain
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the set of all possible values an attribute can
have.
Domain is a type. has a meaning
학생 (학번, 학생이름, 학과, 학년, 지도교수이름)
학생이름, 지도교수이름 은 동일한 도메인을
갖는다.
학번 2010011201, 2015011214
Operators are associated with the type
학번 + 학과 (???)
판매량 + 단가 (???), 학년 * 나이 (???)
판매량 * 단가 = 총매출액
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Structure (4)
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Relation
The type of relation R is R (A1, A2, . . ., An) and
the corresponding domains for the attributes
are D1, D2, . . ., Dn.
Then the relation state(상태) is a time-varying
subset of the cartesian product of all domains.
{a,b,c}X{A,B} = {(aA),(aB),(bA),(bB),(cA),(cB)}
학생 (학번, 학생이름, 학과, 학년, 지도교수이름)
 degree (차수) : the number of attributes
 cardinality : the number of tuples
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Structure (5)
NAME
ST_NO
ADDRESS
DEPT
GRADE
송치윤
52015
사당동
컴퓨터
3.3
김구완
53116
홍제동
정보통신
3.1
최재석
56034
양재동
정보관리
3.5
조미림
52042
역삼동
컴퓨터
2.9
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relation scheme (스키마)
= relation intension (내포)
= relation type = table heading
relation state (상태, instance)
= relation extension (외연)
= relation value = table body
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Structure (6) p.69
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Structure (7)
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Properties of a relation
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There are no duplicate attributes (attribute
names are unique within the relation).
Attributes are unordered, left to right.
There are no duplicate tuples (every tuple has
a unique value).
Tuples are unordered, top to bottom.
Every tuple contains exactly one value for each
attribute (atomic , single-valued).
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Constraints (1)
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Key
a group of attributes identifying a unique
tuple in a relation (고유식별자)
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Candidate key (후보키) : unique and irreducible
학생 (학번, 이름, 주민등록번호, 학과)
composite key (복합키) :
a key with more than one attributes
수강 (학번, 과목번호, 성적)
Super key : a super set of a candidate key
Primary key (기본키) :
a chosen candidate key (exactly one)
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Constraints (2)
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Key
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Alternate key (대체키) : any candidate key
which is not chosen as the primary key
Foreign key (외래키, 참조키) :
a group of attributes whose values are
required to match values of some candidate
key of some relation
학생 (학번, 이름, 주소, 전공, 교내친구학번)
수강 (학번, 과목번호, 성적)
Employee (EmpNo, EmpName,
DeptNo,ManagerNo)
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Constraints (3) p.83
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Constraints (4)
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Integrity constraints
a boolean expression that is associated
with some database and is required to
evaluate at all times to be TRUE.
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Domain constraint (도메인 제약조건)
inserted value of an attribute must be within the
range.
학년 : 1 – 4. 학번 : 2005011xxx
Key constraint (키 제약조건)
There are no duplicate values for a key.
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Constraints (5)
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Integrity constraints
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Entity integrity constraint (개체 무결성 제약조건)
any element of a candidate key cannot have
null value.
수강 (학번, 과목번호, 성적)
Referential integrity constraint (참조 무결성 제약
조건)
The database must not contain any unmatched
foreign key values (null value is allowed)
학생 (학번, 이름, 전공, 복수전공, 교내친구학번)
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Constraints (6)
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Integrity constraints
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Referential action
학생 (학번, 이름, 전공, 복수전공, 교내친구학번)
create table 수강
(학번 varchar(10) references 학생(학번) on delete cascade,
과목번호 varchar(5) references 과목(과목번호) on update cascade,
성적 integer check ( 성적>=0 and 성적<=100 )
primary key (학번, 과목) );
ON DELETE {CASCADE | NO ACTION}
ON UPDATE {CASCASE | NO ACTION}
restricted, nullify, default
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Constraints (7) p.91
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