Hindlimb Imaging Quiz
Developed by: Sorcha McCaughley & Mark Brims
Approved by: Alison King & Maureen Bain
Supported by: The Chancellor’s Fund
Hindlimb Imaging Quiz
START!
Developed by: Sorcha McCaughley & Mark Brims
Supported by: The Chancellor’s Fund
Dog Hindlimb
Comparative Hindlimb
• Choose a region:
• Choose a species:
– Pelvis Q1
– Pelvis Q2
– Stifle Q3
– Stifle Q4
– Tarsus Q5
– Foot Q6
– Cat
– Horse
– Horse 2
– Ruminant
– Pig
• (i) What is A?
Dog Pelvis Q1
Canine
– Ischium
– Ilium
– Acetabulum
• (ii) What is B?
A
C
– Ischium
– Ilium
– Acetabulum
• (iii) What is C?
– Ischiatic Arch
– Acetabulum
– Pubis
D
B
• (iv) What is D?
– Acetabulum
– Obturator Foramen
– Symphysis Pelvis
 Correct 
Feline
Iliac Crest
Wing of Ileum
• Yes! A is the Ilium!
Body of Ileum
• Here is another
example.
• Try (ii)!
• Choose a new question.
Canine
Iliac Crest
Wing of Ileum
Body of Ileum
 Incorrect 
Canine
• No, A is not the
Ischium.
• The Ischium is labelled
in this x-ray.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Ischiatic
Tuberosity
Ischium
 Incorrect 
• No, A is not the
Acetabulum.
Canine
• The Acetabulum is
labelled in this x-ray.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Acetabulum &
Head of Femur
 Correct 
Canine
• Yes! B is the Ischium!
• Here is another
example.
• Try (iii)!
• Choose a new question.
Ischiatic
Tuberosity
Ischium
 Incorrect 
Feline
Iliac Crest
Wing of Ilium
• No, B is not the Ilium.
Body of Ilium
• The Ilium is labelled in
these x-rays.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Canine
Iliac Crest
Wing of Ilium
Body of Ilium
 Incorrect 
• No, B is not the
Acetabulum.
Canine
• The Acetabulum is
shown in this x-ray.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Acetabulum &
Head of Femur
 Correct 
• Yes! C is the
Acetabulum!
Canine
• Here is another
example.
• Try (iv)!
• Choose a new question.
Acetabulum &
Head of Femur
 Incorrect 
• No, C is not the Ischiatic
Arch.
Canine
• The Ischiatic Arch is
labelled in this x-ray.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Ischiatic Arch
 Incorrect 
• No, C is not the Pubis.
Canine
• The Pubis is labelled in
this x-ray.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Pubis
 Correct 
• Yes! D is the Obturator
Foramen!
Canine
• Here is another example.
• What nerve passes through
the obturator foramen and
what is its function?
• Answer
• Try Dog Pelvis Q2!
• Choose a new question.
Obturator
Foramen
Answer
• The obturator nerve
passes through the
obturator foramen.
• It supplies the adductor
muscles of the
hindlimb.
Go Back!
 Incorrect 
• No, D is not the
Acetabulum.
Canine
• The Acetabulum is
labelled in this x-ray.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Acetabulum &
Head of Femur
 Incorrect 
• No, D is not the
Symphysis Pelvis.
Canine
• The Symphysis Pelvis is
labelled in this x-ray.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Symphysis Pelvis - unfused
Dog Pelvis Q2
• (i) What is A?
Canine
– Humerus
– Femur
– Tibia
• (ii) What is B?
B
– Head of Femur
– Greater Trochanter
– Greater Tubercle
C
A
• (iii) What is C?
– Greater Tubercle
– Head of Femur
– Greater Trochanter
 Correct 
• Yes! A is the Femur!
Canine
• Here is another
example.
• Try (ii)!
• Choose a new question.
Femur
 Incorrect 
• No, A is not the
Humerus.
• Remember: the
Humerus is in the
Forelimb!
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Canine
Scapula
Humerus
 Incorrect 
• No, A is not the Tibia.
• Remember: the Tibia is
located between the
stifle and tarsal joints in
the region known as the
crus.
Canine
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
This dog has some Osteoarthritis
 Correct 
• Yes! B is the Head of the
Femur!
• Here is another
example.
• Try (iii)!
• Choose a new question.
Canine
Head of
Femur
 Incorrect 
• No, B is not the Greater
Trochanter.
• This x-ray shows the
Greater Trochanter.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Canine
Greater
Trochanter
 Incorrect 
Canine
• No, B is not the Greater
Tubercle.
Greater
Tubercle
• The Greater Tubercle is
shown in these x-rays.
– Remember: it is found
on the Humerus, in the
Forelimb!
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Greater
Tubercle
Canine
 Correct 
• Yes! C is the Greater
Trochanter!
• Here is another
example.
• Try Dog Stifle Q3!
• Choose a new question.
Canine
Greater
Trochanter
 Incorrect 
Canine
• No, C is not the Greater
Tubercle.
• The Greater Tubercle is
shown in these x-rays.
– Remember: it is found
on the Humerus, in the
Forelimb!
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Greater
Tubercle
Greater
Tubercle
Canine
 Incorrect 
• No, C is not the Head of
the Femur.
• The Head of the Femur
is shown in this x-ray.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Canine
Head of
Femur
Dog Stifle Q3
• (i) What is A?
– Head of the Femur
– Condyle of the Femur
– Trochlear Ridge
• (ii) What is B?
D
A
– Fibula
– Radius
– Tibia
• (iii) What is C?
C
B
– Fibula
– Ulna
– Tibia
• (iv) What is D?
– Trochlear Ridge
– Tibial Tuberosity
– Tibial condyle
 Correct 
• Yes! A is the Condyle of
the Femur!
• Here is another
example.
• Try (ii)!
• Choose a new question.
Condyles
of Femur
 Incorrect 
• No, A is not the Head of
the Femur.
• The Head of the Femur
is located at the
Proximal end of the
Femur.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Head of Femur
 Incorrect 
• No, A is not the Trochlear
Ridge of the Femur.
• The Trochlear Ridge of the
Femur is located on the
Cranial aspect of the Femur.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Trochlear ridge
of femur
 Correct 
• Yes! B is the Fibula!
• Here is another
example.
– Remember: the Fibula is
the smaller of the two
bones distal to the stifle.
It is non- weight bearing
Fibula
• Try (iii)!
• Choose a new question.
 Incorrect 
• No, B is not the Radius.
• Remember: the Radius
is found in the
Forelimb!
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Radius
 Incorrect 
• No, B is not the Tibia.
• Remember: the Tibia is
the larger of the two
bones distal to the
stifle! It is weight
bearing
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Tibia
 Correct 
• Yes! C is the Tibia!
• Here is another
example.
– Remember: the Tibia is
the larger of the two
bones distal to the stifle!
It is weight bearing
• Try (iv)!
• Choose a new question.
Tibia
 Incorrect 
• No, C is not the Fibula.
• Remember: the Fibula is
the smaller of the two
bones distal to the
stifle. It is non- weight
bearing
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Fibula
 Incorrect 
• No, C is not the Ulna.
• Remember: the Ulna is
found in the Forelimb!
Ulna
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
 Correct 
• Yes! D is the Tibial
Tuberosity!
• Here is another
example.
• Try Dog Stifle Q4!
• Choose a new question.
Tibial Tuberosity
 Incorrect 
• No, D is not the
Trochlear Ridge.
• The Trochlear Ridge is
shown in this x-ray.
– Remember: it is on the
femur
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Trochlear
Ridge
 Incorrect 
• No, D is not the Tibial
Condyle.
• The Tibial condyles are
shown in this x-ray.
– Remember: there are 2
of them and they form
part of the stifle joint
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Tibial
condyle
Tibial
condyle
Dog Stifle Q4
• (i) What is A?
A
– Popliteal sesamoid
– Fabella
– Patella
• (ii) What is B?
B
– Popliteal sesamoids
– Fabellae
– Patella
• (iii) Do you know what
the shock absorbing
structures found in the
stifle are called?
– Answer.
 Correct 
• Yes! A is the Patella!
• Here is another
example.
• Try (ii)!
• Choose a new question.
Patella
 Incorrect 
• No, A is not the
Popliteal Sesamoid.
• The Popliteal Sesamoid
is shown here
– Remember: it is located
in the Popliteus Muscle.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Popliteal
sesamoid
 Incorrect 
• No, A is not a Fabella.
• The Fabellae are shown
here.
• Remember: these are
located in the tendons of
origin of the
gastrocnemius muscle
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Fabellae
 Correct 
• Yes! B are the Fabellae!
• Here is another
example.
– Remember: these are
located in the tendons of
origin of the
gastrocnemius muscle
• Try (iii)!
• Choose a new question.
Fabellae
 Incorrect 
• No, B is not the
Popliteal Sesamoid.
• The Popliteal Sesamoid
is shown here
– Remember: it is located
in the Popliteus Muscle.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Popliteal
 Incorrect 
• No, B is not the Patella.
• The Patella is found on
the Cranial aspect of
the Stifle.
– Remember: it is
associated with the
quadriceps muscle
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Patella
Answer
• The shock absorbing structures inside the stifle joint
are the Menisci (*).
• Did you know: a common causes of hindlimb lameness
in dogs is Cranial Cruciate Ligament (+) Rupture.
• This often also causes the Menisci to tear although
this may go unnoticed.
• Try Dog Tarsus Q5!
• Choose a new question.
*
+
*
Dog Tarsus Q5
• (i) What is A?
– Talus
– Calcaneus
A
• (ii) What is B?
B
C
– Talus
– Central tarsal bone
– Fourth tarsal bone
• (iii) What is C?
– Third tarsal bone
– Central tarsal bone
– Fourth tarsal bone
 Correct 
• Yes! A is Calcaneus!
• Here is another
example.
– Remember: the common
calcanean tendon inserts
onto this bone
• Try (ii)!
• Choose a new question.
Calcaneus
 Incorrect 
• No, A is not Talus.
• The Talus is shown in
this x-ray.
– Remember: it articulates
with the tibia to form
the high motion
component of the hock
joint
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Talus
 Correct 
• Yes! B is the Central
Tarsal Bone!
• Here is another
example.
Central
• Try (iii)!
• Choose a new question.
 Incorrect 
• No, B is not Talus.
• The Talus is shown in
this x-ray.
— Remember: it articulates
with the tibia to form
the high motion
component of the hock
joint
• Try again!
• Choose a new region.
Talus
 Incorrect 
• No, B is not the Fourth
Tarsal Bone.
• The Fourth Tarsal Bone
is shown in this x-ray.
– Remember: it spans the
middle and distal rows of
tarsal bones
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Fourth
 Correct 
• Yes! C is the Fourth
Tarsal Bone!
• Here is another
example.
Fourth
• Try Dog Foot Q6!
• Choose a new region.
 Incorrect 
• No, C is not the Third
Tarsal Bone.
• The Third Tarsal Bone is
shown in this x-ray.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Third
 Incorrect 
• No, C is not the Central
Tarsal Bone.
• The Central Tarsal Bone
is shown in this x-ray.
Central
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Dog Foot Q6
• (i) What is A?
– Proximal Phalanx
– Middle Phalanx
– Distal Phalanx
B
• (ii) What is B?
C
A
– 3rd Metacarpal Bone
– 3rd Metatarsal Bone
• (iii) What is C?
– Ungual Process
– Proximal Sesamoids
– Digital pad
 Correct 
• Yes! A is the Proximal
Phalanx!
• Here are others
examples.
• Try (ii)!
• Choose a new question.
Proximal
Phalanx
 Incorrect 
• No, B is not the Middle
Phalanx.
• The Middle Phalanx is
shown in this x-ray.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Middle
Phalanx
Middle
Phalanx
 Incorrect 
• No, A is not the Distal
Phalanx.
• The Distal Phalanx is
shown in this x-ray.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Distal
Phalanx
Distal
Phalanx
 Correct 
• Yes! B is the 3rd
Metatarsal Bone!
• Here is another
example.
• Try (iii)!
• Choose a new question.
3rd Metatarsal
 Incorrect 
• No, B is not the 3rd
Metacarpal Bone.
• Remember: Carpal
refers to the Carpus
which is found in the
Forelimb!
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
3rd
Metacarpal
 Correct 
• Yes! C is the Proximal
Sesamoids!
• Here is another
example.
– Remember: these are
located on the plantar
aspect of the metatarsophalangeal joint
• Look at the Comparative
Section!
• Choose a new question.
Proximal
Sesamoids
 Incorrect 
• No, C is not the Ungual
Process.
• The Ungual Process is
shown in this x-ray.
– Remember: its function
is to support the
structure of the claw
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Ungual
Process
 Incorrect 
• No, C is not the Digital
Pad.
• Digital pads are shown
in this x-ray.
• Try again!
• Choose a new question.
Digital
pads
Cat Hindlimb - Differences
The
Patella, in
the cat, is
more
pointed
than in
the dog.
2
3
4
1
The cat’s pelvis is more boxshaped than the dog’s.
1. Patella – always present
2. Medial fabella – small/may be absent
3. Lateral fabella - usually present
Horse Comparative!
4. Popliteal sesamoid – may be absent
Horse Hindlimb - Differences
Ca
Ta
Ce
4th
3rd
Splint
bone
The 3rd Metatarsal bears weight.
The 1st and 2nd Tarsal
bones are fused. The rest
are present.
Horse Comparative 2!
The 2nd and 4th Metatarsal are
non-weightbearing and fused to
the 3rd Metatarsal bone - they
are known as ‘splint bones’.
Horse Hindlimb - Differences 2
Proximal
sesamoids
Distal
Sesamoid or
‘Navicular’
Ruminant Comparative!
Ruminant Hindlimb - Differences
Cow: Medial Trochlear
Ridge larger than lateral.
Pig Comparative!
Central and 4th Tarsal bones
are fused.
2nd and 3rd Tarsal bones are
fused
3rd and 4th Metatarsal
bones are fused.
3rd and 4th digits are
weight-bearing.
Pig Hindlimb - Differences
All tarsal bones present.
3rd and 4th Metatarsal are not fused.
3rd and 4th digits are weight-bearing.
2nd and 5th metatarsals present but non-weight bearing.
2nd and 5th digits non-weight bearing - do not touch the
ground!
Back to the Start!