Structure of a Graphics Adapter
Color Representation
Video Memory
Graphics Accelerators
3D Accelerators
Graphics Processing Units
Digital Interfaces for Monitors
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Graphics Processing Units
Overview
GPGPU Computing
The CUDA Architecture
The Kepler GK110 Architecture
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GPU – Graphics Processing Unit
Dedicated graphics processors for PCs,
workstations, and game consoles
Initially used to accelerate the rendering
stage for 3D graphics (e.g., texture mapping)
Later also used to accelerate the geometric
computations (rotation, translation)
GPUs contain shader units, modules for
texture mapping, anti-aliasing etc.
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Vertex shader units
Transform the 3D position of each vertex to
the 2D coordinates on the screen and to the
depth value for the z-buffer
Modify the attributes of vertices: position,
color, texture coordinates
Geometry shader units
Generate geometric figures or add
volumetric details to objects
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Pixel/fragment shader units
Determine the color, z depth, and alpha
value for each pixel or fragment
Unified shader units
Programmable units
Able to perform various shading operations
(vertex, geometry, pixel)
GPUs contain an array of computing units
and a unit that distributes the operations to
be performed
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The architecture with programmable units
allows a more flexible use of the hardware
resources
The programmable units can also be used for
other types of computations
A flexible parallel architecture is obtained
GPUs also include modules for 2D
acceleration, MPEG compression, highdefinition video decoding
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GPUs can be dedicated or integrated
Dedicated GPUs
Used in graphics cards  interfaced with the
motherboard via a PCI Express bus or AGP
(Accelerated Graphics Port) interface
Have a dedicated memory to the card use
Examples
AMD Radeon HD 8xxx (e.g., 8970)
NVIDIA GeForce GTX 7xx (e.g., 780)
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Integrated GPUs
Are integrated into a chipset or processor
Use a portion of the system memory
Have lower performance compared to
dedicated GPUs
Examples
Intel HD Graphics (e.g., HD Graphics 4600)
AMD Radeon HD 8xxx in APU
(Accelerated Processing Unit) processors
NVIDIA in Tegra 4 and Tegra 4i processors
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The design of GPUs was influenced by the
2D and 3D programming interfaces
Implement API functions in hardware
OpenGL (Open Graphics Library)
For various platforms and languages
Functions to draw 3D scenes from primitives
Direct3D (component of DirectX)
Only for the Microsoft operating systems
Low-level interface to the 3D hardware
functions
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Technologies for connecting multiple GPUs
on different graphics cards
NVIDIA: SLI (Scalable Link Interface)
2 .. 4 identical graphics cards are connected
via a motherboard (PCIe x 16)
AMD: CrossFireX
Up to 4 graphics cards can be connected
The graphics cards do not have to be identical
The cards have external connectors
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Graphics Processing Units
Overview
GPGPU Computing
The CUDA Architecture
The Kepler GK110 Architecture
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GPGPU (General Purpose computing on
GPU)
The GPU processing cores provide massive
FP computational power
Example: a single NVIDIA Tesla K40 GPU
(2,880 cores) achieves 4.29 TFLOPS
The graphics pipeline can also be used for
general-purpose applications
The performance can be orders of magnitude
higher than that of conventional CPUs
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GPUs can process independent vertices
and pixels/fragments  stream processors
Stream: set of records that require similar
computation
Kernel function: applied to each element in
the stream
Shared memories cannot be used
Ideal GPGPU applications: large data sets,
high parallelism, reduced dependencies
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Disadvantages of GPGPU computing:
The programmer needs to be familiar with
the graphics APIs and the GPU architecture
Problems need to be expressed in terms of
coordinates, textures, shader functions
The need to use graphics programming
languages: OpenGL, DirectX, Cg
API extensions for running some program
functions on GPU's processors: CUDA
(NVIDIA), OpenCL (Khronos Group)
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Graphics Processing Units
Overview
GPGPU Computing
The CUDA Architecture
The Kepler GK110 Architecture
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CUDA (Compute Unified Device
Architecture)
Software and hardware architecture
Enables GPUs to execute programs written in
C, C++, Fortran, OpenCL languages
Allows to use Microsoft's DirectCompute API
Allows to access directly the GPU resources
for general-purpose computing
Exploits the GPU's capability to operate on
large matrices in parallel
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A CUDA program calls kernel functions 
executed by threads
Threads are organized into blocks and
groups of blocks (grids)
Thread block:
Set of concurrent threads
Communicate via a shared memory
Each thread has an identifier, registers,
private memory, inputs, outputs
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Grid of blocks:
Group (array) of thread blocks
The blocks execute the same kernel function
Ensure synchronization between dependent
kernel functions
Results are shared in a global memory
allocated to an application  global
synchronization
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The hierarchy of threads is executed on a
hierarchy of processors on the GPU
Threads: executed by CUDA cores and other
execution units
Thread blocks: executed by a streaming
multiprocessor (SM, SMX)
Group of 32 threads: warp
Grids of blocks: executed by the GPU
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Graphics Processing Units
Overview
GPGPU Computing
The CUDA Architecture
The Kepler GK110 Architecture
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The Kepler GK110 Architecture (1)
Improvement of NVIDIA’s previous Fermi
GPU architecture
Contains 7.1 billion transistors
Increased number of CUDA cores and
double-precision arithmetic units
Improved power efficiency  up to 3x the
performance/Watt of the Fermi architecture
New architecture for the streaming
multiprocessor (SMX)
Enhanced memory subsystem
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The Kepler GK110 Architecture (2)
A full implementation contains:
15 SMX units with 192 CUDA cores each
(15x192 = 2,880 cores)
Six 64-bit memory controllers (384-bit
interface)
Common L2 cache memory for the SMX
units
PCI Express 3.0 interface to the CPU
Global scheduler GigaThread Engine
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The Kepler GK110 Architecture (3)
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The Kepler GK110 Architecture (4)
Each CUDA core contains:
Integer arithmetic and logic unit
Floating-point unit  IEEE 754-2008
Fused multiply-add instruction (FMA) 
more accurate
64 double-precision (DP) units
32 Load/Store units (LD/ST)
32 special-function units (SFU) 
transcendental functions
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The Kepler GK110 Architecture (5)
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The Kepler GK110 Architecture (6)
Threads are scheduled in groups of 32
(warps)
Each SMX unit contains:
Four warp schedulers
Eight instruction dispatch units
From each warp, two instructions can be
dispatched in each cycle
Each thread can access up to 255 registers
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The Kepler GK110 Architecture (7)
Memory subsystem
Each SMX unit contains 64 KB of memory 
can be used as shared or L1 cache memory
Configurations (shared/L1): 48 KB/16 KB; 16
KB/48 KB; 32 KB/32 KB
48 KB of read-only data cache memory
1536 KB of L2 cache memory: allows to share
data between the SMX units
The register files and memories are
protected by an ECC code
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Structure of a Graphics Adapter
Color Representation
Video Memory
Graphics Accelerators
3D Accelerators
Graphics Processing Units
Digital Interfaces for Monitors
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Digital Interfaces for Monitors
DVI
HDMI
DisplayPort
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DVI – Digital Visual Interface
Developed by DDWG (Digital Display
Working Group)
Intended for liquid crystal monitors and
digital projectors
Based on the PanelLink technology of
Silicon Image  serial interface for
uncompressed digital video data
Partially compatible with HDMI (digital
mode) and VGA (analog mode) interfaces
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Contains signals for a DDC (Display Data
Channel) between the monitor and computer
Implemented with the ACCESS.bus serial bus
(based on I2C)
DDC2 provides bidirectional communication
between the monitor and computer
Allows for automatic system configuration
The format of the configuration data is defined
by the EDID (Extended Display Identification
Data) standard  EDID EPROM
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The TMDS Protocol
Transition Minimized Differential Signaling
Developed by Silicon Image
Differential signaling is used
Minimizes the number of transitions for the
signals from 1 to 0 and conversely  8b/10b
encoding
A TMDS link consists of a TMDS transmitter
and a TMDS receiver
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Contains three identical encoders
The inputs of each encoder are 8 bits for
pixel data and 2 control bits
In each clock cycle, the encoder generates
a 10-bit character:
From the 8 data bits, or
From the 2 control bits
The output of each encoder is a continuous
stream of serialized TMDS characters
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Maximum pixel clock frequency: 165 MHz
The binary data rate of a TMDS channel: 10 x
pixel clock frequency
For a TMDS link: 3 x 1.65 = 4.95 Gbits/s
Maximum pixel rate: 165 megapixels/s 
2.75 megapixels/frame at 60 Hz
Maximum resolution: 19201440 (4:3) or
20481152 (16:9) at 60 Hz
Increasing the resolution: dual TMDS link
The connector contains pins for two links
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Refresh Rate
Single TMDS Link
Dual TMDS Link
60 Hz
1920  1080 (HDTV)
2048  1536 (QXGA)
75 Hz
1280  1024 (SXGA)
2048  1536 (QXGA)
85 Hz
1280  1024 (SXGA)
1920  1080 (HDTV)
Maximum resolutions supported by DVI
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Types of connectors
DVI-I (DVI-Integrated): contains the digital
signals for a single- or dual-link and the
analog signals (a)
DVI-D (DVI-Digital-only): contains only the
digital signals (b)
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Digital Interfaces for Monitors
DVI
HDMI
DisplayPort
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HDMI – High-Definition Multimedia
Interface
Audio/video interface for uncompressed
digital data
For connecting A/V sources to computer
monitors, digital TVs, digital audio devices
Enables to send on a single cable:
Various TV and PC video formats
Up to 8 digital audio data streams
Auxiliary data and control information
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Uses the TMDS protocol
HDMI signals are electrically compatible with
the DVI signals  passive adapter
Video period: for the pixels of an active video
line (8b/10b); includes horizontal and vertical
blanking intervals
Data period: for audio and auxiliary data
packets (4b/10b)  audio mute, color depth,
color space
Control period: between video and data
periods
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Version 1.0 (2002)
Maximum bandwidth of 4.95 Gbits/s (165
MHz)  resolution of 19201200 (WUXGA)
at 60 Hz
Version 1.1 (2004)
Supports the DVD Audio format
Version 1.2 (2005)
Supports the SACD (Super Audio CD) format
Allows PC applications to only support the
RGB color space
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Version 1.3 (2006)
Bandwidth of 10.2 Gbits/s (340 MHz) 
resolution of 25601600 (WQXGA) at 60 Hz
Supports video images with more colors: 30,
36, or 48 bits/pixel (Deep Color, optional)
Supports the Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD
Master Audio formats (optional)
Two types of cables:
Category 1: up to 74.25 MHz (720p or 1080i)
Category 2: up to 340 MHz (1080p or more)
A smaller connector: type C
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Version 1.4 (2009)
The same bandwidth
Resolutions of 4K2K: 38402160p (Quad
HD) at 24, 25, or 30 Hz; 40962160p at 24 Hz
HDMI Ethernet channel (100 Mbits/s)
Audio return channel (ARC)
Stereoscopic 3D formats
Micro HDMI connector (type D)
Automotive connection system
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Version 1.4a (2010)
Specifies two new mandatory 3D formats
Version 1.4b (2011)
Support for resolution of 19201080p, 120
Hz
The HDMI Forum (www.hdmiforum.org)
has been created in 2011
Version 2.0 (2013)
Bandwidth has increased to 18 Gbits/s 
4K2K resolutions at 60 Hz
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HDMI connections
Single-link: pixel rate of 25 MHz .. 340 MHz
Dual-link: pixel rate of 25 MHz .. 680 MHz
Audio formats
Uncompressed audio: PCM (Pulse Code Modul.)
Sampling rates: 32; 44.1; 48; 96; 192 KHz
Sample sizes: 16, 20, or 24 bits
Compressed audio: Dolby Digital, DTS
Lossless compressed audio: Dolby TrueHD,
DTS-HD Master Audio
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Video formats
Color spaces: RGB, YCbCr, xvYCC (optional)
YCbCr: Y  luminance and synchronization;
Cb and Cr  chroma (Cb = B  Y, Cr = R  Y)
xvYCC: chroma values may correspond to
negative RGB values  more saturated
colors
Deep Color option: 10 bits, 12 bits, or 16 bits
per color component
12 bits per color component: 68.7 billion colors
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CEC (Consumer Electronics Control)
One-wire bidirectional serial bus used to
transfer remote control commands
One Touch Play, System Standby, Tuner Control
The user can control several devices
connected through HDMI with a single
remote control
Devices can command each other without
user intervention
Alternative names: Anynet+ (Samsung),
BRAVIA Link (Sony), EasyLink (Philips)
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Connectors
Type A: 19 pins, single-link
connection
Type B: 29 pins, dual-link
connection
Type C: mini-connector, 19
pins; can be connected to a
Type A connector
Type D: micro-connector, 19
pins (similar to micro-USB)
Type E: for automobiles
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Digital Interfaces for Monitors
DVI
HDMI
DisplayPort
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DisplayPort
Overview
DisplayPort Architecture
Embedded DisplayPort (eDP)
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Developed by VESA (Video
Electronics Standards Association)
Intended to replace the DVI and VGA
interfaces, and the LVDS (Low-Voltage
Differential Signaling) protocol
DisplayPort and HDMI interfaces may coexist
in consumer electronics devices
Versions of DisplayPort specifications
Version 1.0: published in 2006
Version 1.2: published in 2009
Version 1.3: published in 2014
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Main link (unidirectional)
1, 2, or 4 lanes
The transmission protocol is based on micro
packets  pixel and audio data
8b/10b encoding  the clock signal is
embedded into the data stream
Auxiliary (AUX) channel (bidirectional)
For device control and auxiliary data
Default (standard) mode: Manchester encoding
Fast mode: 8b/10b encoding
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Allows external and internal connections
For internal connections of portable
computers: Embedded DisplayPort (eDP)
Copper or fiber optic cables
DisplayPort signals are not compatible
with DVI and HDMI signals
Optional dual-mode: DVI/HDMI signals
can be generated with a simple converter
The main link and AUX channel transmit 3
TMDS signals, a clock signal, and DDC data
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Video data
18, 24, 30, 36, or 48 bits per pixel (bpp)
High resolutions, refresh rates, and color
depths (up to 4096  2160, 24 bpp, 60 Hz)
Audio data
1..8 channels, uncompressed data
Sampling rates: 48; 96; 192 KHz
Sample sizes: 16 or 24 bits
Maximum bit rate: 6.144 Mbits/s
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Improvements in version 1.2
The bandwidth is doubled to 5.4 Gbits/s per
lane  higher resolutions
Multiple independent audio/video streams
Up to 63 A/V streams across a single connection
Higher speed of the auxiliary channel
USB peripherals, video cameras, touch panel
data
Support for stereoscopic 3D images
Addition of the Mini DisplayPort connector
(Apple)
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Improvements in version 1.3
Bandwidth has been increased to 8.1 Gbits/s
per lane (with 4 lanes: 32.4 Gbits/s)
The bandwidth allows:
Two 4K monitors (4096  2160) at 60 Hz
A 4K stereo 3D display
A combination of 4K display and USB 3.0
A 5K display (5120  2880) in RGB mode
An UHD 8K television display (7680  4320)
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Connectors and cables
20 pins for external
connections
Powered connectors 
3.3 V, 500 mA (~1.5 W)
Cable length: up to 2 m
for full bandwidth; 15 m
for reduced bandwidth
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DisplayPort
Overview
DisplayPort Architecture
Embedded DisplayPort (eDP)
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Hot Plug Detect signal: 0 V or 3.3 V
Indicates the presence or absence of a monitor
May signal an interrupt from the monitor
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Main link (version 1.2)
Clock signal frequency: 162; 270; 540 MHz
Raw bit rates: 1.62; 2.7; 5.4 Gbits/s per lane
Actual bit rates: 80% of raw bit rates (with 4
lanes: 5.18; 8.64; 17.28 Gbits/s)
No. of displays supported (24 bpp, 60 Hz)
Resolution
Resolution name
No. of displays
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1280x768
1680x1050
1920x1080
2560x1600
4096x2160
WXGA
WSXGA
HDTV
WQXGA
4 K x 2K
10
5
4
2
1
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Auxiliary channel
Default mode: 1 Mbit/s (200 Kbits/s duplex)
Fast mode: 720 Mbits/s (200 Mbits/s duplex)
Used by the video source (GPU) to identify
the capabilities of the monitor
Rendering capabilities: reading the monitor
EDID memory
Support of video content protection: HDCP
(High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection)
key exchanges
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Allows to maintain link integrity
The monitor can notify the video source if
data errors have occurred on the main link
Can transport auxiliary data
Camera and microphone data, USB 2.0 data
Can be used to control monitor setting and
operation
Supports the VESA MCCS (Monitor Control
Command Set) standard: commands to
control the properties of monitors  I2C
channel
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Example of application using AUX data transport
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DisplayPort
Overview
DisplayPort Architecture
Embedded DisplayPort (eDP)
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Interface for connecting video adapters to
display panels of portable computers
Typically, an interface based on the LVDS
electrical protocol is used (e.g., LDI)
Based on the DisplayPort standard
Same electrical interface
Same basic digital protocol
Can use the same GPU video port as
external DisplayPort connections
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Data transferred in main link:
Pixel data and timing (e.g., pixel clock)
Video format information (e.g., color space,
bpp)
ECC (Error Correction Code) for video data
Data transferred in AUX channel:
EDID information
Display control: brightness control; dynamic
backlight control; frame rate control (FRC)
Power state control
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Advantages compared to LVDS interfaces
A single connector (data, control, power signals)
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Reduced wire count  simplified cable
Example for a resolution of 19201080, 24 bpp: 4
signal wires vs. 20 signal wires
Lower electromagnetic interference
Enables new display panel control
capabilities
Reduced power consumption (e.g., display
panel self-refresh feature)
The packet-based protocol is extensible
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Enables highly integrated display controllers
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GPUs are used to accelerate the geometric
stage and the rendering stage of 3D graphics
Can be dedicated or integrated in a chipset
GPUs contain a large number of processing
cores, programmable for various shadings
The processing power of GPUs can also be used for
applications that require vector operations
The CUDA architecture allows to access directly
the GPU resources for general-purpose
computing
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The DVI interface has been designed for liquid
crystal displays and digital projectors
Uses a serial interface for uncompressed video
data and the TMDS signaling protocol
The HDMI interface is intended especially for
consumer electronics devices
Allows to send video data, audio data, and control
information over a single cable
Uses the same signaling protocol as the DVI
interface, while providing a larger bandwidth
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The DisplayPort interface will replace the VGA
and DVI interfaces
Uses a new protocol based on micro packets
Video and audio data are sent on a main link with
up to 4 lanes
Control information is sent on an auxiliary channel
The eDP interface is intended for internal
display panels
Uses the same protocol as DisplayPort
Has several advantages compared to LVDS
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Types of shader units contained by GPUs
Unified shader units
Dedicated and integrated GPUs
Advantages and disadvantages of GPGPU
computing
The CUDA architecture
Thread block in the CUDA architecture
Grid of blocks in the CUDA architecture
The DDC channel used by the DVI interface
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The TMDS protocol and link
Overview of the HDMI interface
Features of HDMI version 1.4
The CEC (Consumer Electronics Control) bus
Overview of the DisplayPort interface
Improvements in version 1.2 of DisplayPort
Functions of DisplayPort auxiliary channel
Overview of the eDP interface
Advantages of the eDP interface
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