Amniotic Sac
• The bag of membranes containing the fetus and the amniotic fluid. Its functions is to protect the “baby”.

Placenta
• A
Circular vascular structure that collects wastes.

Umbilical Cord-connects the embryo to the placenta. All nutrients flows from the mother to the embryo.

Breech
• Birth presentation in which the “baby” is not head first. It could either be buttocks or feet first.

Abruptio Placentae
• When the placenta separates from the uterus prematurely.

Placenta Previa
• When the placenta is underneath the baby coming out first.

Normal delivery
• The baby should be exiting the vaginal canal face first facing the mother’s back.

Amniocentesis
• A needle is inserted into the abdomen to detect birth defects in mother’s
35 years and older.

Ultrasound
• An instrument used to visually evaluate the baby and detect any abnormalities.

Dilated Cervix
• The baby can be delivered when the cervix is dilated to 10 cm.
Effacement is the thinning of the cervix.

Epidural
• Regional anesthesia delivered near the spinal cord between the vertebrae.

Forceps
• A tool used to help extract the baby late in labor

Vacuum extractor

Physical symptoms of a pregnant woman

Linea Nigra
• a dark line appearing on the abdomen.

Mask of pregnancy
• Spots and patches of a yellowishbrown color on the face due to the hormones of pregnancy

Extremely swollen ankles
• A pregnant woman will have two times the amount of blood in her body and therefore swelling can be the end result.

• Extreme pressure on the internal organs which may cause:
• Difficulty breathing
• Indigestion or decrease in appetite
• Constipation
• Gas
• Pain and discomfort

In Vitro Fertilization
• Surgical procedure
• Eggs are removed after fertilization drugs were administered.
• eggs are fertilized outside the body then reinserted back into the uterus.

Artificial Insemination-insert sperm into the uterus.

Multiple births
• Multiple fertilized eggs grow and develop into babies.

Ectopic Pregnancy
• The pregnancy tissue or embryo becomes implanted in the fallopian tubes or somewhere else in the abdomen besides the uterus. The embryo may die and frequently must be removed by surgery.

Ectopic Pregnancy

Toxemia
• The pregnant woman has high blood pressure, swelling, and protein in the urine. Untreated toxemia can result in convulsions, coma and the death of both mother and infant. It is most common among teenagers, older women, and women who already have health problems.

Rh Incompatibility
• A woman’s blood produces an antibody that attacks a substance in the infant’s blood cells. This may occur if the woman is Rh negative and the infant is Rh positive. The problem can be avoided by injections that prevent a woman’s blood from making RH antibody.

Cesarean Section
• If delivery through the birth canal is considered to be risky for any reason, an operation called a cesarean section is performed. An incision is made through the abdomen and uterus, and the baby is taken from the mother’s body

• The pregnancy tissue or embryo is expelled from the uterus before it is sufficiently developed. Miscarriage may be caused by a genetic defect, illness in the mother, drugs the mother has taken, or other factors.
Miscarriage usually occur during the first three months of pregnancy.