CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1) Define the following terms: Anatomy, Body system, Cell,
Homeostasis, Organ, Physiology, Tissue
2) Identify various anatomical terms commonly used to refer to body
3) Identify 4 Body Positions
4) Identify 5 Body Cavities
5) Describe fundamentals of 11 Bodily Systems
6) Homeostasis. Why is it important?

Anatomy: Study of the Human Body’s Structure
Physiology: Study of Human Mechanical, Physical,
Biological Function
Cells: basic unit of life--smallest structural and functional unity within a living thing
Tissues: distinct materials in the body made up of specialized cells (muscle tissue, epithelial tissue: lining of organs)
Organs: made up of tissues, fully differentiated (no two organs perform the exact same action)
Body system: Group of organs that work with one another to perform a function (breathing, circulating blood, reproduction)
Homeostasis: relatively stable equilibrium in all bodily systems: “the scientific definition of ‘healthy’” --John Mayer

Prone: lying face down
Supine: lying face up…..“supine, spine”
Fowler’s position: sitting up with knees bent
Trendelenburg’s position: body supine with the head lower than feet
Shock position: head and feet supine, legs are elevated, helps blood flow to brain
Recovery position: unresponsive patient, no spine injury. Lying on side, opposite knee flexed, head cushioned on hand

Superior
Lateral Medial
Proximal
Distal
Proximal
Inferior
Distal

Superficial / Deep: toward skin surface / farther inside body
Ventral / Dorsal: anterior / posterior surface of body
Palmar: palm of hand
Plantar: bottom of the foot


Terms for Movements
◦
Flexion: bending
◦
Extension: straightening
◦
Hyper: beyond normal range of motion (injury)
◦
Abduction: move extremity away from the body
◦
Adduction: move extremity toward the body

Cavity: Hollow space in the body that houses vital organs and organ systems
-Cranial Cavity
-Spinal Cavity
-Thoracic (Chest) Cavity
-Abdominal Cavity
-Pelvic Cavity

……………………………………………Are you nervous?

-controls all activities of the body via sensory input voluntary: somatic nervous system involuntary: autonomic nervous system
-Central Nervous System (CNS) brain and spinal cord cerebrum: rational thought, sensory perception cerebellum: coordinates movement brain stem: controls basic body functions (circulatory, respiratory, digestive function)
-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) cable of nerve fibers that connect the spinal cord to bodily organs (Brachial plexus, lumbosacral plexus)

Brain stem
cerebrum cerebellum
Sensory nerves: carry info from the body to the
CNS
Brachial plexus
Motor nerves: carry info from the CNS to muscles
Connecting nerves: connect sensory and motor
Lumbrosacral plexus

-33 vertebrae total, central supporting structure of the body, protects spinal cord (carries nerve messages from brain to the rest of the body)
Cervical spine: VERY IMPORTANT
“3,4,5 stay alive” C7 is most prominent
Thoracic Spine: next 12 vertebrae, one pair of ribs attached to each vertebrae
Lumbar spine: next 5 vertebrae
Sacrum: 5 sacral vertebrae fused together, joined to illiac bones of the pelvis
Coccyx: last 4 vertebrae, tailbone, commonly bruised / chipped

Liver, gallbladder
Stomach, spleen
Appendix
-small and large intestines in all quadrants
Colon

Gastrointestinal System
◦
Anatomy
• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small and large intestine
◦
Physiology: help process food and water, extract necessary nutrients / energy
• Saliva
• Hydrochloric acid
• Bile

-Contains heart, lungs, esophagus, great vessels (aorta and two venae cava)
-formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae and the rib cage
Angle of Louis
Xiphoid process
Costal arch
Floating ribs (11, 12)

“behind the chest wall” know: pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, urinary bladder
-Pelvis: closed bony ring consists of 1) sacrum, 2) ilium, 3) ischium

The Endocrine System: glands in the body that secrete hormones (regulate blood sugar levels, control reproductive process)
• Hypothalamus--secretes hormones that act on pituitary
• Pituitary--”master” gland
• Thyroid--metabolism, growth, development
• Adrenals--epinephrine (“fight or flight” response) sympathetic nervous system (part of autonomous nervous system)
-eye: promotes dilation
-heart: increases rate and force of contraction
-lungs: dilates bronchioles
-penis: promotes ejaculation
- Pancreas: endocrine NOT gastrointestinal

Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (where CO
2
O
2 exchange takes
place)

More on the Lungs
Pleura: glossy tissue lining of lungs (outside) and chest cavity (inside) space in between--->pleural space
Diaphragm: both a voluntary and involuntary muscle
(striated, voluntary on deep breath, involuntary when we’re not consciously breathing)
-inhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles (muscles between ribs) contract, ribs are raised up and out, thoracic cavity expands, low pressure allows air to rush in create vacuum
-exhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, ribs relax back in, pressure rises in lungs, air rushes out

-collection of tubes that circulate blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins) and the heart
-heart: muscular organ made of cardiac muscle
(myocardium) each side is divided into upper and lower chambers (atrium and ventricle)
-arteries carry oxygenated blood away from heart
-aorta: principal artery
-veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart
-vena cava: principal vein (superior-above heart, inferior-below heart)
-capillaries: fine end of circulatory tubes, intersect with cells in bodily tissues, feeds O waste
2 and removes CO
2
, metabolic

- Oxygen is carried primarily by the red blood cell's hemoglobin with a small amount dissolved in the blood.
-Carbon dioxide is dissolved primarily in the plasma with a small amount carried by the red blood cells. Plasma also carries nutrients to tissues, also removes waste
-White blood cells are part of the body ’ s immune system and help the body defend against infection.
Along with specialized proteins, platelets are the component of blood used to form blood clots when bleeding.

http://asweknowit.net/MIDDLE_SCH/DWA%205%20organ%20systems.htm

The Skeletal System
◦
Anatomy
• Long and flat bones
• Skull and spinal column
• Thorax
• Pelvis
• Upper and lower extremities
◦
Physiology
• Structure to the body
• Bone marrow makes blood cells
***PAGE 196 and 198: KNOW THESE BONES***

Shoulder girdle: the clavicle, the scapula, the humerus
Sternum---Clavicle---Acromioclavicular joint (A/C joint)---
Acromion process---Humerus
Foot: calcaneus (heel) metatarsal (middle foot) phalanges
(toes)
Hand: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Skeletal Muscle: attached to bone, also called striated
-voluntary muscle: under direct voluntary control paralyzed muscle: muscle lacking nerve impulse because of broken connection / damaged nerves
(voluntary control is lost)
Smooth muscle: involuntary muscle
-found in gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, bronchi of the lungs (propels flow of blood, fluids) under same nervous system
Cardiac muscle: own blood supply and it’s own electrical
(stimulus) system; heart sets its own rhythm and rate without brain’s influence

Normal Heart Rates:
Adult - 60-100 bpm, Child - 70-140 bpm, Newborns - 120-160 bpm
Blood pressure: pressure that blood exerts against arterial walls (systole: muscular contraction phase / diastole: muscular relaxation phase)
Major / important arteries: carotid (neck) radial (wrist) brachial
(under bicep) femoral (inner thigh…yeahhhh) posterior tibial
(inner heal…good for distal csms!)
Perfusion: circulation of blood within a specific tissue or organ in adequate amounts to meet the cells needs .
INADEQUATE PERFUSION = SHOCK!!!!!!!!!!!!!

The Skin You’re In: Integumentary System
-Skin: the largest organ on the human body
-3 major functions
-Protect body from environment
-Regulate body temperature
-Receive nerve signals (sensory)
-Regulates temp by vasoconstriction / vasodialation
-Epidermis and Dermis: 2 major layers
-Epidermis: sebacious glands secrete sebum, also pores
-Dermis: sweat glands, nerves

Urinary System (kidney, urethra, bladder) filters and removes liquid waste, controls pH of blood, manages electrolyte balance
Reproductive System: penis, testicles, prostate, urethra / vagina, ovaries, uterus. determines sex characteristics,
Reproduction
Lymphatic System: lymphnodes, white blood cells, spleen.
, removes excess interstitial fluid around cells into blood, removes foreign molecules / bacteria from tissues, from bloodstream, absorbs fat and fat soluble vitamins from the intestines, and produces lymphocytes, a white blood cell

Skeletal
Muscular
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Digestive / Gastrointestinal
Reproductive
Integumentary (skin)
Nervous
Lymphatic
Endocrine
Urinary