Medical Terminology
Chapter 12
Reproductive System
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Medical Terminology
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Function
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The male and female reproductive
systems include the gonads (ovaries
and testes), where sex cells and
hormones are produced, and other
organs, ducts, and glands that
transport and sustain the egg or
sperm cell.
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Female reproductive system includes:
– Ovaries produce
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Sex cells
Hormones
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Accessory glands
External genital structure
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Combining word form genit(o)
Organ of reproduction
Another word form for genitals is
Genitalia
Uro/genit/al means
Pertaining to the urinary and
reproductive system
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Combining word form means woman or
female
Gynec(o)
The medical specialty that treats disease of
the female reproductive tract is:
Gynecology
Gynecoloc/ic means pertain to gynecology
or
Study of diseases that occur only in female
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Internal structures
– Left ovary and associated left
fallopian/uterine tube
– Right ovary and associated right
fallopian/uterine tube
– Uterus
– Vagina
– Special glands
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Combining word form ovari(o)
Structure of the ovary
Suffix –an means
Pertaining to
Ovarian means
Pertaining to the ovary
Combining word form oophor(o)
Diagnostic and surgical terms
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Disease of the ovaries is
oophoropathy
Combining word form salping(o) means
Uterine tube
Surgical removal of a uterine tube is
Salpingectomy
Combining word forms uter(o) hyster(o)
and metr(o) means
Uterus
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Greeks use the word hysterikos to refer to
Suffering in the womb
Emotional upheaval caused by this suffering
Combining word forms vagin(o) and
colp(o) means
Vagina
Combining word form cysto(o) means
Bladder
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Anatomy and Physiology
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External structures
– Mons pubis
– Labia majora
– Labia minora
– Clitoris
– Prepuce
– Opening to glands
Paraurethral
 Vestibular
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Combining word form vulv(o) means
External genitalia in the female
Vulv/ar or vulv/al pertains to the
Vulva
Vestibule is
Any space or cavity at entrance to a canal
Combining word form perine(o) means
Perineum
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Combining word form cervix means
Neck
Colpo/cervic/al refers to
Vagina and cervix
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Combining word form metr(o) means
Uterus or to measure
The uterus is composed of three layers
of tissue
Perimetrium outer most layer
Myometrium middle layer
Endometrium means inner most layer
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Prefix peri- means
Around
Combining word form my(o) means
Muscle
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Monthly cycle of growth and discharge of
endometrium is
Menstrual cycle
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland secrete
hormones that act on the ovaries
– Production of ova
– Production of estrogen
– Production of progesterone
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Cyclic bloody discharge from shedding of
the endometrium
Menstruation
Female reproductive cycle begins at
Puberty
The first menstruation is the
Menarche
Natural cessation of reproductive cycle is
Menopause
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Secretion of female reproductive
hormones follows monthly cyclic
patterns that affect the ovaries and
uterus
Ovarian cycle
Menstrual (uterine) cycle
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Ovarian phase
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Follicular phase days 1-5/6-12
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Growth of follicle
Secretion of estrogen
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Ovulation is days 13-14
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Ova released by the follicle
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Luteal phase days 15-28
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Follicle becomes corpus luteum
Secretes progesterone
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Uterine (menstrual) phase
Menses days 1-5
Blood is shed form the vagina
Proliferative phase days 6-12/13-14
Growth of the endometruim
Proliferative phase continues
Secretory phase days 15-28
Continued growth of endometruim
Secretion of glycogen
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Physical assessment of female
reproductive system includes
Breasts
External genitalia
Pelvis
Instrument for examining vagina
Vaginal speculum
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Cyto/logy is
Study of cells
Cells of cervix examined to detect
vaginal infections
Yeast, Bacteria,Trichomonas
Pap smear for
Cancer cells
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Suffix –plasia means development or
formation
Prefix dys- means bad
Dysplasia mean
Abnormal (bad) development of cervical
cells
Colposcopy is using a colposcope to magnify
the mucosa of the vagina and cervix
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Cervical biopsy
Endometrial biopsy
Hysteroscopy
Direct visualization of cervical canal
and uterine cavity
Excision of cervical polyps or biopsy
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Detecting masses
– Pelvis ultrasonography
– Computed tomography (CT scan)
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Radiologic examination of uterus and
fallopian tubes
Hystersalpingography
Often done to look for obstruction of
fallopian tube
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Examination of abdominal cavity with
a laparoscope
Can be done to view pelvic cavity
Laparoscopy
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Pathologies
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Menorrhagia
Abnormally heavy or long menstrual
period
Metorrhagia
Hemorrhage of the uterus
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Pathologies
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Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation
Dysmenorrhea
Painful or difficult menstruation
Mittelschmerz
Abdominal pain in the region of the
ovary during ovulation
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Pathologies
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Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Nervous tension, irritability, edema,
headache, and painful breasts that can
occur the last few days before the
onset of menstruation
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Pathologies
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Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix
Possible Causes
– Chlamydia
– Yeast (Candida ablicans)
– Trichomonas vaginalis
– Gonorrhea
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Pathologies
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Vaginitis
Inflammation of vaginal tissues
Possible causes
– Sexual intercourse
– Following childbirth
– After taking antibiotics
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Colpitis
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Pathologies
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Vulvitis
Inflammation of vulva
Vulvovaginitis
Inflammation of vulva and vagina
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Pathologies
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Oophoritis
Inflammation of an ovary
Oophoralgia
Ovarian pain
Oophorosalpingitis
Inflammation of an ovary and fallopian
tube
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Pathologies
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Anovulation
Absence of ovulation
Possible causes
– Altered ovarian function
– Side effects of medications
– Result of disease
– Stress
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Pathologies
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Polycystic ovary syndrome
– Anovulation
– Amenorrhea
– Infertility
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Caused by
– Increased levels of testosterone,
estrogen, and lutenizing hormone and
decreased secretion of FSH
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Pathologies
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Ovarian Cancer
Leading cause of death from
reproductive cancers
Difficult to diagnose
Usually spread by the time it is found
Sonography or CT scan to look for
ovarian mass
Often requires exploratory surgery
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Pathologies
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Salpingocele
Hernial protrusion of a fallopian tube
Salpingitis
Inflammation of a fallopian tube
Ectopic pregnancy
Outside the uterine cavity
Tubal pregnancy
Implanted in the fallopian tube
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Pathologies
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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Infection that involves the upper genital tract
beyond the cervix
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
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Sudden high fever
Headache
Confusion
Acute renal failure
Abnormal liver function
Caused by staphylococcus
Most common among women who use tampons
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Pathologies
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Uterine cancer
Stage I uterus only
Stage II cervix also involved
Stage III spread beyond uterus but
still within pelvic cavity
Stage IV spread beyond the pelvis
most often spreading to liver and/or
lungs
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Pathologies
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Hysteroptosis
Uterine prolapse
Uterine displacements
– Anteversion
– Retroversion
– Anteflexion
– Retroflexion
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Pathologies
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Uterine leiomyoma
Uterine fibroid (benign tumor)
Cervical polyps
Myometritis
Inflammation of the myometrium
Endometritis
Inflammation of the endometrium
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Pathologies
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Endometriosis
Abnormal condition in which endometrium
tissue is outside the uterus, usually within
the pelvic cavity
Vulvitis
Inflammation of the vulva
Leukorrhea
Normal white discharge before and after the
menstrual period
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Pathologies
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Colpodynia
Pain of the vagina
Cystocele
Protrusion of the bladder through the
wall of the vagina
Rectocele
Rectum is displaced causing bulging of
the posterior vaginal wall
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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An agent that prevents pregnancy
Prefix contra- (against)
Contraceptive
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Combination of estrogen and progesterone
– Transition symptoms
– High risk for osteoporosis, abnormal loss of bone
density, and deterioration of bone tissue
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Treatments for infections of the vulva,
vagina, or cervix
– Oral antibiotics
– Topical antibiotics
– Vaginal creams
– Vaginal suppositories
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Suturing of the vagina is
Colporrhaphy
Surgical repair of the vagina is
Colpoplasty
Surgical fixation of an ovary is
Oophoropexy
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Oophoro/hyster/ectomy is
Removal of ovaries and uterus
Oophorectomy is
Removal of the ovaries
Oophorosalpingectomy is
Removal of uterine tube and an ovary
Salpingo-oophorectomy is
Removal of uterine tube and an ovary
Hyster/ectomy
Removal of the uterus
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Hysterectomy with bilateral
oophorosalpingectomy
Removal of the uterus and both ovaries
and both fallopian tubes
Colpo/hyster/ectomy is
Removal of uterus by way of the vagina
Laparo/hyster/ectomy is
Removal of uterus through a small
opening in the abdominal wall
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Excision of uterine tube is
Salpingectomy
Tubal ligation
Permanent sterilization
Dilation and curettage (D & C)
– Cervix dilated
– Scraping of endometrium
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Suffix –therapy means
Treatment
Treatment for dysplasia
Biopsy
Cryo/therapy
Cold treatment
Cautery
Irradiation
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Surgical fixation of a displaced uterus
Hysteropexy
Surgical fixation of uterine tube is
Salpingopexy
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Anatomy & Physiology-Male
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Male reproductive system
Produces, sustains and transport
sperm
Introduces sperm into female vagina
Produces hormones
Primary organ of male reproductive
system is
Male gonads testes
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Anatomy & Physiology-Male
 external
genitalia
–scrotum
–testicles
–penis
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Anatomy & Physiology-Male
 internal
genitalia
–vas deferens
–prostate gland
–urethra
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Anatomy & Physiology-Male
 sperm
–singular
spermatozoon
–plural
spermatozoa
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Anatomy & Physiology-Male
 urologist
 medical
doctor specializing in
treating diseases and disorders
of urinary system of females,
genitourinary system of males
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Pathology Of Male
Reproductive System
balanitis - inflammation of glans
penis
 impotence - erectile dysfunction inability to achieve or maintain an
erection
 phimosis - narrowing of foreskin
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Pathology Of Male
Reproductive System
anorchism - absence of one or
both testicles
 cryptorchidism - undescended
testicles-one testicle fails to
descend into scrotum
 epididymitis - inflammation of
epididymitis
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Pathology continued
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hydrocele - hernia in the testicles or
tubes
testitis - inflammation of one or both
testes
varicocele - varicose vein of testicle
(may cause male infertility)
azoospermia - absence of sperm in
semen
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Pathology continued
oligospermia - low sperm count
 benign prostatic hypertrophy BPH - enlarged prostate
 prostate cancer - most common
cancer in males - slow or fast
growth
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Pathology continued
prostatitis - inflammation of the
prostate gland
 prostatorrhea - discharge of
prostatic fluid through urethra
 prostatomegaly – enlarged
prostate
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Diagnostic Procedures Of
Male Reproductive System
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PSA - prostatic specific antigen - blood
screening test to check for cancer of
prostate
sperm analysis - sperm count - semen is
analyzed to determine sperm count,
shape, size and motility
TSE - testicular self-examination monthly self exam to check for
abnormalities
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Treatment Procedures Of
Male Reproductive System
circumcision - surgical removal of
foreskin
 orchidectomy - surgical removal of
one or both testes
 varicocelectomy - removal of
portion of enlarged vein to relieve
varicocele
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Treatment Procedures Of
Male Reproductive System
 castration
- bilateral
orchidectomy - surgical
removal of both testicles
 sterilization - procedure to
make individual incapable of
reproduction
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Treatments continued
 vasectomy
- portion of vas
deferens is removed to
prevent sperm in semen
 vasovasostomy - procedure
to restore fertility after
vasectomy
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Treatments continued
prostatectomy - surgical removal
of all or part of prostate gland
 radical prostatectomy - surgical
removal of entire prostate gland,
seminal vesicles and some
surrounding tissue
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Treatments continued
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TURP - transurethral resection of the
prostate - removal of all or part of
prostate through the urethra
radiation therapy - treatment to
control prostate cancer
hormone therapy - treatment to
control prostate cancer
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Medical Terminology
Chapter 13
Reproduction and Sexually
Transmitted Diseases
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Reproduction
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Gonads
– Ovaries
– Testes
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Produce ova and sperm
A gamete is a reproductive cell
– Ovum
– Spermatozoon
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Reproduction
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Zygote
The product of fertilization
Suffix –blast means
Embryonic or early form
Ooblast is
Immature ovum
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Reproduction
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Combining word form for amni(o) means
Amnion
Pertaining to amnion is
Amniotic
Combining word form chori(o)
Chorion
Pertaining to chorion is
Chorionic
Amniochorionic pertaining to 2 membranes
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Reproduction
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Placenta
Highly vascular structure that nourishes the
fetus
Oxygen, nutrients, and antibodies diffuse
from the mother to fetal blood vessels
Fetal wastes diffuse from the fetal blood
into the maternal blood
Placenta secretes progesterone to maintain
the uterus during pregnancy
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Pregnancy and Childbirth
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Prefix pre- means before
Combining word form nat(o) means
birth
Another name for pregnancy is
Prenatal period or gestation
A term that means childbirth is
Parturition
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Pregnancy and Childbirth
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Average period of gestation is 266
days from the date of fertilization. (38
weeks)
Expected date of delivery 280 days
from the first day of the last menstrual
period. (40 weeks)
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Pregnancy and Childbirth
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Suffix –gravida refers to
Pregnant female
Prefix primi- means
First
Primi/gravida is
Female during first pregnancy
Gravida I
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Pregnancy and Childbirth
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Prefix multi- means many
multi/gravida means
Female pregnant more than once
Combining word form par(o) or suffix
–para means
Producing or bearing viable offspring
Par/ous refers to
Producing viable offspring
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Pregnancy and Childbirth
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Para I means or primi/para is
Female produced one viable offspring
Prefix quadri- means
Four
Prefix nulli- means
None
Nulli/para
Produced no viable offspring
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Pregnancy and Childbirth
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Labor
Process by which the child is expelled
from the uterus
Three stages of labor
– Cervical dilation
– Expulsion
– Placental and postpartum stage
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Pregnancy and Childbirth
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4th stage – Postpartum
Hour or two after delivery when
uterine tone is established
Cesarean delivery
Surgical procedure in which the
abdomen and uterus are incised and
the baby is removed from the uterus
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Pregnancy and Childbirth
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Postpartum – after birth
Prefix ante- means before
Ante/natal refers to
Time before birth
Prenatal also means the time before
birth
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Pregnancy and Childbirth
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Postnatal means
Time after birth
Prefix neo- means new
Neo/natal refers to
First 28 days after birth
Neonate is a
Newborn child
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Pregnancy and Childbirth
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Branch of medicine specializes in care
of newborn is
Neonatology
Physician specializes in neonatology is
Neonatologist
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Hormone that is tested for in pregnancy
tests
Pelvimetry
Measurement of the pelvis used to estimate
the size of the birth canal
Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
Baby’s head too large with birth canal too
small
Most likely a cesarean will need to be done
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures




Sonography (Ultrasound)
Used to assess for structural
abnormalities and monitor fetal
development
Amniocentesis
Used to aid in the assessment of fetal
growth and diagnosis of genetic
defects or other abnormalities
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures






Chorionic villus sampling
Used for prenatal diagnosis of potential
genetic defects
Fetoscope
Stethoscope for assessing fetal heart rate
Electronic fetal monitor
Used during labor to monitor the fetal heart
and record the fetal heart rate and maternal
uterine contractions
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Pathologies


Ectopic or extrauterine pregnancy
Whenever a fertilized ovum implants
anywhere other than the uterus (outside the
usual place)
–
–
–
–

Uterine tube
Ovary
Cervix
Abdominal cavity
Products of fertilization are removed
surgically
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Pathologies





Suffix –cyesis means pregnancy
Prefix pseudo- means false
False pregnancy is
Pseudo/cyesis
May be psychogenic or caused by a
physical disorder
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Pathologies

Preeclampsia
– Acute high blood pressure
– Proteinuria (protein in the urine)
– Edema

Eclampsia
– Seizures
– Coma
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Pathologies





Abruptio pregnancy
Separation of the placenta from the
uterine wall after 20 weeks
Placenta previa
Placenta is implanted abnormally in
the uterus
Stillbirth fetus died before or during
delivery
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Pathologies



Dystocia
Abnormal or difficult labor
Down syndrome
– Extra chromosome (#21)
– Moderate to severe mental retardation
– Additional genetic defects
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Pathologies

Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Maternal-fetal blood group
incompatibility
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Immature bed blood cell

Baby born anemic



NWTC
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Pathologies




Fetal presentation entering birth
canal
Cephalic (normal) head
Breech buttocks
Shoulder
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Surgical & Therapeutic
Interventions






Amniotomy
Deliberate rupture of the fetal membranes
Oxytocin
Used as a drug to induce or augment
uterine contractions
Episiotomy
Surgical procedure in which an incision is
made in the female perineum to enlarge her
vaginal opening for delivery
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Surgical & Therapeutic
Interventions






Combining word form lapar(o) means
Abdominal wall
Incision of the abdominal wall is
Laparo/tomy
Suturing of the abdominal wall is
Laparorrhaphy
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Surgical & Therapeutic
Interventions



Contraception
Against conception
Birth control
– Oral
– Implants
– Patches
– Injectable

Intrauterine device (IUD)
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Surgical & Therapeutic
Interventions







Spermicide
Chemical substance that kills sperm
Permanent sterilization of a female is
Tubal ligation
Permanent sterilization of a male is
Vas/ectomy
vasovasostomy - procedure to restore
fertility after vasectomy
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Surgical & Therapeutic
Interventions






Hysterectomy (surgical removal of the
uterus)
Conception is not possible after surgery
Infertility
Condition of not being able to produce
offspring
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Fertilization of the ova takes place outside
of the body
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Surgical & Therapeutic
Interventions




Abortion
Termination of a pregnancy before the
fetus is capable of surviving outside of
the uterus
Spontaneous – miscarriage
Deliberate
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases




Caused by infectious organisms passed
form one person to another through
Anal
Oral
Vaginal intercourse
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases



Venereal disease (STD’s) named for
Venus goddess of love
Causes of STD’s are
– Viruses
– Bacteria
– Protozoa
– Fungi
– Parasites
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases





Gonorrhea
Caused by gonococcus bacteria (gram
negative intracellular diplococci
Heavy urethral discharge in males
Females may be asymptomatic
Treated with penicillin
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases





Syphilis caused by a spirochete
Characterized by
Lymphadenopathy
Chancre
Congenital syphilis
NWTC
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases








Chlamydia infection
symptom is
Dys/uria
Difficult (painful urination)
Complication PID
Herpes genitals
Viral infection characteristic
Genital blisters and ulceration
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases





Genital herpes during pregnancy can
cause
Spontaneous abortion
Stillbirth
Congenital birth defects
Prevented by cesarean section
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases






Condyloma acuminatum is commonly
called
Genital warts
At risk for cervical cancer
HIV virus causes
AIDS
Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C
NWTC
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases







Trichomoniasis is caused by a
Protozoan
Candidiasis is an
Fungal infection
Vulvovaginitis
Inflammation of the vulva and vagina
Pubic lice
NWTC
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Chapter 12 and 13
Class Exercises
NWTC
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









Meaning of Word Parts
Antebefore
colp(o)
vagina
metr(o)
uterine tissue or measure
cervic(o)
cervix, uteri or neck
-cyesis
pregnancy
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









Meaning of Word Parts
Prebefore
ecto
situated outside
-para
female who has given birth
hyster(o)
uterus
extraoutside
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









Meaning of Word Parts
Lapar(o)
abdominal wall
orchid(o)
testes
genit(o)
organs of reproduction
men(o)
month
gon(o)
genitals or reproduction
NWTC
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









Meaning of Word Parts
Multimany
primifirst
neo
new
post
after or behind
nullinone
NWTC
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







What is the Combining
Form?
Sperm
spermat(o)
egg
o(o)
ovary
oophor(o)
hidden
crypt(o)
NWTC
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What is the Combining
Form?
birth
nat(o)
chorion
chori(o)
uterine tube
salping(o)
NWTC
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Male - Female - Both










Laparohysteropexy
female
anorchism
male
endometrium
female
epididymitis
male
hysterosalpingogram
female
NWTC
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Male - Female - Both










Metrorrhagia
female
vas deferens
male
uterine leiomyoma
female
toxic shock syndrome
female
orchidectomy
male
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







What does it mean?
Formation of an opening into a
uterine tube
salpingostomy
outside of the uterus
extrauterine
occurring after birth
postnatal
surgical fixation of an ovary
oophoropexy
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









What
does
it mean?
Inflammation
of the
prostate
prostatitis
pertaining to the testes
testicular
inflammation of the uterine lining
endometritis
uterine prolapse
hystoptosis
suture of the ductus deferens
vasorrhaphy
NWTC
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Spelling










Prostratitis
prostatitis
menorhagia
menorrhagia
vulvektomy
vulvectomy
histerctomy
hysterectomy
varicosele
varicocele
NWTC
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Spelling








Epididimitis
epididymitis
laporoscopy
laparoscopy
trichamoniasis
trichomoniasis
urojenital
urogenital
NWTC
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What does it Mean?






Ovary
female gland
Amniocentesis
surgical puncture of the thin
membrane that covers the fetus
Myometritis
inflammation of the muscular
substance/layer of the uterus
NWTC
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What does it Mean?








Fetus
3 month old developing organism
Circumcision
surgical removal of the prepuce
Prostatectomy
excision of all or part of the prostate
gland
Aspermatogenesis
absence of sperm production
NWTC
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What does it Mean?






Cryptorchidism or cryptorchism
undescended testicle
Anorchism
congenital absence of testes unilateral
or bilateral, a synonym for anorchidism
Dilatation and Curettage
dilatation of the cervical opening and
scraping of the uterine wall
NWTC
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What
does
it
Mean?
 Laparoscopy







examination of the interior of the
abdomen with laparoscope, another
term for pelvic peritoneoscopy
Oophoropathy
any disease of the ovary
Salpingectomy
excision of an uterine tube
Hysteropexy
surgical fixation of the uterus
NWTC
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What
does
it
Mean?
 Oophoroma









ovarian tumor
Salpingoplasty
surgical repair of an uterine tube
Hysteromalacia
abnormal softening of the uterus
Colpoplasty
surgical repair of the vagina
Orchiepididymitis
inflammation of testicle and epididymis
NWTC
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What is the Combining Form?








Uterine tube
salping(o)
Chorion
chori(o)
Birth
nat(o)
Hidden
crypt(o)
NWTC
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What is the Combining Form?








Semen
semin(o)
Ovary
oophor(o)
Egg
o(o)
Sperm
spermat(o)
NWTC
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What does it mean?








Antebefore
Extraoutside
Hyster(o)
uterus
-para
female who has given birth
NWTC
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What does it mean?








Ectosituated outside
Prebefore
-cyesis
pregnancy
Cervic(o)
cervix, uteri, or neck
NWTC
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What does it mean?








Metr(o)
uterine tissue or measure
Colp(o)
vagina
Laparohysterectomy
removal of the uterus
Laparotomy
incision of the abdominal wall
NWTC
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What does it mean?




Abortion
termination of pregnancy before fetus
is capable of survival outside the
uterus
Human chorionic gonadotropin
a hormone that is present in body
fluids of pregnant females and forms
the basis of most pregnancy tests
NWTC
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What does it mean?








Neonatologist
a physician who specializes in
conditions of newborns
Postnatal
the time after birth
Ectopic
outside the usual place
Salpingocyesis
tubal pregnancy
NWTC
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