Radiation Protection Regulations in
the UK
Craig Moore
Radiation Protection Adviser
Radiation Physics Department
CHH Oncology
But first…..
• What we do in Radiation Protection
– We are part of Radiation Physics Service (other half is
Radiotherapy Physics)
– Based in Oncology CHH
– We provide scientific and technical support in the
fields of
• Ionising (x-rays, etc.) and non-ionising (lasers, UV, MRI, etc.)
radiation safety
• Diagnostic imaging physics (including equipment quality
assurance)
• Radiotherapy metrology, treatment planning, equipment
management
• Research & development
• Teaching & training
Who are we??
• Radiation Protection Advisers
– John Saunderson – x76-1329
– Craig Moore – x76-1385
• Rad’n Prot’n Team
– Andrew Davis, Dave Strain, Tim Wood – ext. 76-1330
• Radiation Protection website
– www.hullrad.org.uk
• Trust Policy CP137
What’s the Point in Legislating?
• Ionising radiation such as X-rays can
cause the following effects:
– Tissue effects such as skin burns
and loss of hair
– Stochastic effects (per 1 mSv)
• 1 in 20,000 risk of fatal cancer
• 1 in 100,000 risk of non fatal
cancer
• 1 in 77,000 risk of hereditary
effects
• Staff receive radiation doses from X-rays
that scatter from the patient and
radiation emanating from patient
• Ionising radiation is invisible so you can’t
see or smell it, hence it can cause
damage without you knowing about it (at
first!!!)
The Ionising Radiations
Regulations 1999 (IRR99)
•
Protection of
– Staff
– Public
from ionising radiation
Authorisation
• Enforced by the Health and Safety Executive
Structure of IRR99
•
•
•
•
7 ‘Parts’
41 Regulations
9 Schedules
Approved Code of Practice - Statutory
Guidance (HSE approved)
• Non-statutory guidance (i.e. guidance
notes)
Statutory and Non-Statutory
Guidance
• Approved code of
Practice & HSE
Guidance
• Medical & Dental
Guidance Notes
So what’s included in IRR99
• General Principles and Procedures
– Risk assessment
– Dose restriction
– Dose limitation
• Arrangements for the Management of Radiation Protection
– Radiation Protection Adviser
– Radiation Protection Supervisor
– Local Rules
• Designated Areas
– Controlled Areas
• Classification and Monitoring of Persons
– Dose badges
• Control of Radioactive Substances
• Duties of Employees
– All of us have duties under these regulations
Reg 7: Prior Risk Assessment
• Must be undertaken before
work commences with ionising
radiations
– Identify hazards
– Decide who might be
harmed and how
– Evaluate risks and decide
whether existing
precautions are adequate
or not
– Record findings of risk
assessment
– Review and revise it
• By Law has to be done (or
approved) by a certified
Radiation Protection Adviser
Reg 8: Restriction of Exposure
•
•
•
•
Doses must be optimised
– As Low As Reasonably
Practicable (ALARP)
Hierarchy of protection measures:
– Engineering controls such as
the design of X-ray tubes and
shielding
– Systems of work such as local
rules
– PPE such as lead aprons
– Dose constraints (planning)
1 mSv to foetus during declared
term
Formal Investigation levels of staff
dose
Regs 9: Personal Protective
Equipment
• Should be provided
where necessary
• Should comply with
PPE regulations
• Should be properly
maintained
Lead Apron Storage
• Always return to hanger
• Do not
– fold
– dump on floor and run trolleys
over the top of them!!!
• X-ray will check annually
• But if visibly damaged, ask
X-ray to check them.
Reg 10: Engineering Controls
• All safety features of
an installation must
be maintained and
tested at suitable
intervals
• QA manual should
spell out who does
what (user, engineer,
physics etc)
Reg 11: Staff and public dose limits
BUT FIRST…..
Radiation Dose
• Absorbed Dose (Jkg-1)
– Amount of energy deposited per kilogram
– Dose to an organ or tissue
– Unit is the Gray (Gy)
• DOSE TO A CERTAIN PLACE IN THE BODY
RADIATION
TISSUE
• Effective Dose (Jkg-1)
– This is the average dose to whole body
– Unit is the Sievert (Sv)
– This gives us the risk of contracting cancer of the x ray
exposure
• THIS IS THE OVERALL DOSE TO THE WHOLE
BODY
External and Internal dose
• Dose from external sources
– X-ray
– Radiation emanating from patient (Nuclear Medicine
and Brachytherapy)
– Contamination of work surfaces etc
• Dose from internal sources:
–
–
–
–
Ingestion
Inhalation
Absorption
Committed effective dose
• Dose delivered due to deposition of radionuclide in the body
Reg 11: Dose Limits for staff &
public (mSv) per calendar year
Staff
Public
Effective dose
6
1
Lens of eye
45
15
Skin
150
50
Hands, legs etc
150
50
Possibly changing
to 6 mSv/yr in a
couple of years
Dose Monitoring
• Most employees who work
with radiation in a Hospital
Trust have radiation monitoring
badges.
• These monitor the exposure to
radiation of an employee
• Doses received are assessed
by the RPA to ensure they are
being kept ALARP
• BUT, it is also an RPS duty to
monitor results
• Please ensure your staff wear
and return it promptly
• There have been recent
prosecutions for not doing so
under these regulations
Typical Dose Monitoring Results
across the Trust
•
Physics:
–
–
–
•
Radiotherapy:
–
–
–
•
Typically less than 0.3 mSv/month
This equates to less than 4 mSv/yr
Lower than legal limit of 6 mSv/yr
Dental:
–
–
–
•
Typically less than 0.3 mSv/month
This equates to less than 4 mSv/yr
Lower than legal limit of 6 mSv/yr
Radiology:
–
–
–
•
Typically less than 0.1 mSv/month
This equates to less than 1 mSv/yr
Much lower than legal limit of 6 mSv/yr
Nuclear Medicine:
–
–
–
•
Typically less than 0.1 mSv/month
This equates to less than 1 mSv/yr
Much lower than legal limit of 6 mSv/yr
Typically less than 0.1 mSv/month
This equates to less than 1 mSv/yr
Much lower than legal limit of 6 mSv/yr
Under reg 8 we have to set dose
investigation levels
Dose Investigation Levels
• Physics:
– 0.1 mSv/month
• Radiotherapy:
– 0.1 mSv/month
• Nuclear Medicine:
– 0.5 mSv/month
• Radiology:
– 0.35 mSv/month
• Dental:
– 0.1 mSv/month
• Breast Screening:
– 0.1 mSv/month
Women of reproductive capacity
• Refers to ‘women at
work’
• But 1 mSv to foetus
during declared term
Exclusions to Dose Limits
• Comforter and Carer
– These knowingly and willingly incur an
exposure having been fully advised of the
risks
– Not as part of their job
• What about the other?
• Persons undergoing medical exposure
Reg 12: Contingency plans
•
•
Contingency plan required for
‘reasonably foreseeable’ accident
Radiotherapy:
–
•
In Brachytherapy if the source fails to
retract during treatment:
–
–
•
•
Emergency stop buttons
Nuclear Medicine:
–
•
Take out applicators and place in lead
pot
Wire cutters may be needed in some
instances!
Radiology:
–
•
Emergency stop buttons
Spills and contamination
Plan must be documented in Local
Rules
Must be rehearsed at appropriate
intervals dependent on:
–
–
–
–
–
Potential severity
Likely doses
Complexity of plan
Number of people involved
Involvement of emergency services
Part 3
Arrangements for the
Management of
Radiation Protection
Reg 13: Radiation Protection
Adviser
•
RPA must be suitably qualified
–
•
Employer must consult RPA on the following matters:
–
–
–
–
•
Implementation of Controlled and Supervised Areas (eg signage)
Prior examination of plans for installations and the acceptance into service of new or
modified sources of radiation in relation to safety and warning features
Regular calibration of equipment provided for monitoring levels of ionising radiation
Regular checking of systems of work provided to restrict exposure to ionising radiation
In addition, employer should consult RPA on:
–
–
–
–
–
•
Must be certified by HSE approved body
Risk assessment
Designation of controlled areas
Conduct of investigations
Drawing up of contingency plans
QA programmes
In this Trust:
–
–
Craig Moore
John Saunderson
Reg 14: Information, Instruction
and Training
• Employees must receive
adequate training
– Risks from ionising
radiations
– Precautions to reduce
risk
– Importance of
complying with regs
• Also need training under
the IRMER regulations
(much more physics!!!!!)
Reg 15: Cooperation between
employers
• If staff work in controlled
areas of other employers
(private hospitals for
example)
– Must be able to
demonstrate that total dose
is less than 6 mSv/yr
– Improvement notice has
been issued at another
Trust recently
• Also needs to be clear
which procedures staff
members have to follow
– HEY Trust or other
employer
Part 5
Designated
Areas
Reg 16: Designation of Controlled
and Supervised Areas
• Based on risk assessment
• Controlled
– ……..if it is necessary to follow special
procedures to restrict significant exposure to
ionising radiation in that area or prevent or
limit the probability and magnitude of radiation
accidents of their effects,
– or any person working in that area likely to
receive effective dose greater than 6 mSv or
3/10 of any other dose limit (eye, hands etc)
Reg 16: Controlled Areas
•
•
•
•
•
External Beam Radiotherapy:
– LINAC treatment room including the maze when the unit is switched on
Brachytherapy:
– Whole of treatment room whilst the treatment unit is capable of sending
source out
Radiology & BSU:
– Whole room when the unit is switched on
Nuclear Medicine:
– Radiopharmacy
– Dispensing room
– Waste Store
– Therapy Room
Dental:
– 1.5m or 2 m from the patient (depending on workload)
Reg 17: Local Rules & Radiation
Protection Supervisors
• Local rules must be provided for
controlled areas
• RPS’s must be appointed if an area is
subject to local rules
Local Rules
• Local Rules must be written and adhered to for every radiation
controlled area
• Essential contents of local rules include:
– Dose investigation level
– Contingency arrangements
– Name of radiation protection supervisor & Adviser
– Identification of area covered
– Working instructions
• Local rules may also contain management and supervision of the
work
• Testing of engineering controls
• Radiation monitoring
• Testing of monitoring equipment
• Personal dosimetry
• Arrangement for pregnant and breastfeeding staff
Reg 17: Radiation Protection
Supervisor
• There to ensure local
rules are being followed
• Knowledge of regulations
and Local Rules
• Ability to command
respect
• Understanding of
precautions required and
extent to which these will
restrict exposures
RPS must be adequately
trained
Reg 18: Additional requirements for
designated areas
• Physical demarcation
of controlled areas
• Warning signs
(controlled and
supervised)
• Entry restricted to
controlled areas
Reg 19: Monitoring of Designated
Areas
• Legal requirement to
monitor dose rates around
controlled area at
commissioning
• Monitoring at appropriate
frequencies
• Monitoring recorded and
reviewed
• Results kept for two years
by qualified person
• Monitoring equipment
maintained and tested at
regular intervals
• Also carry out monitoring
with badges stuck on walls
every couple of years
Reg 21: Dose assessment and
recording
• In this Trust, anyone
working in a radiation
controlled area must
wear a dose badge
– Unless the dose to this
employee can be
shown to be low by
other means
Regs 27 to 30
• About control of radioactive substances
• Reg 27:
– Sources should be sealed if possible
– Containers must be fit for purpose
– Suitable leak tests must be carried out
• Reg 28:
– Accounting for sources
– Must know where all sources are at any time
• Reg 29:
– Keeping and moving of sources
– Suitable stores
– Suitable receptacle for moving
• Reg 30:
– Have to notify HSE if radioactive substance is no longer under his
control
Reg 31:Duties of Manufacturers
• Design & construct X-ray
units and other articles to
restrict exposure &
ALARP
• Perform critical
examination upon
installation
• Safety features
• Consult RPA on crit ex
• Provide proper
instructions on proper
use, testing and
maintenance
Reg 32: Quality Assurance
Programme
• A suitable quality assurance
programme to be provided
ensuring that equipment
remains capable of restricting
exposure to radiation
– Adequate testing before
clinical use
– Adequate testing of the
performance throughout
lifetime of equipment
– Assessment of representative
doses
• Handover procedure(s)
– As an engineer you must
ensure that after you have
tested the equipment, it is
handed back in a clinically fit
state
All X Ray Equipment
• Should have a lights on the control panel
to show mains switched on
• Fitted with a light/indications that gives a
clear indication that an exposure is taking
place
• Exposure switches/peddles should only
function while continuous pressure is
applied
Reg 34: Duties of Employees
• Must not recklessly
interfere with sources
• Must not expose
themselves
unnecessarily
• Report immediately to
the RPS/Employer if
an incident or
accident has occurred
Duties of Employees – DO NOTS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DO NOT X-ray yourself (even if you think
you have broken a bone)
DO NOT X-ray your colleagues (even if you
suspect they have broken a bone)
DO NOT fail to use lead glass screen
properly
DO NOT fail to wear lead aprons and thyroid
collars (if you have a thyroid collar!!)
DO NOT fail to wear any other PPE correctly
DO NOT fail to report to your RPS any
defects in lead aprons
DO NOT fail to return lead aprons to their
hangers
DO NOT tamper with dose badges
DO NOT hand badges in late
DO NOT fail to wear badges UNDER your
lead apron
DO NOT fail to inform your RPS if you
believe yourself or someone else has
received an overexposure
Notification of Incidents
• Must report to external body when the
dose to a patient is ‘much greater than
intended’
– If it was a machine fault this must be reported
to the HSE
– If any other fault (e.g. radiographer) then
inform Care Quality Commission
Exposures much greater than
intended
• Diagnostic multiplying factors
• HIGH DOSE PROCEDURES
– Barium, angio, NM(>5 mSv), CT
• 3x
• MEDIUM DOSE PROCEDURES
– Lumber spine, abdo, pelvis, mammo
• 10 x
• LOW DOSE PROCEDURES
– Extremities, skull, dental, chest
• 20 x
– Radiotherapy (inc NM therapy)
• Whole course x 1.1
• One fraction x 1.2
– Also:
– Incorrect patient
– Incorrect anatomy of the correct patient
Incidents
• Any untoward occurrence
that may have resulted in
excess radiation to staff
or patients must be
referred to the RPS and
RPA
• The RPA will estimate the
dose and inform
management, HSE, CQC
etc if necessary
• Suspect equipment must
be withdrawn from
service and labelled
accordingly.
Female Staff of Child Bearing Age
• Staff working with radiation are
naturally concerned to
minimise the risk to a foetus
should they become pregnant
• IRR99 places the onus on the
employer to provide adequate
information and on the
employee to inform that they
are pregnant
• The employer must:
– ensure that the dose to the
foetus does not exceed 1 mSv
– Notify female employees
working with radiation the risk
to the foetus, and the
importance of informing the
employer in writing as soon as
they are pregnant
Doses and Risk to the Foetus
• Current legal limit to foetus is 1 mSv
• For X-ray, this corresponds to around 2 mSv to the
abdomen
• Assuming 8 months of declared pregnancy, dose to
abdomen must be kept below 0.25 mSv per month
• For X-ray, over many years, experience tells us that
these dose levels are never reached in most areas of
Trust, assuming Local Rules are followed
• Only areas that work may need to cease is when using
radioactive sources
– Dose to abdomen = dose to fetus (e.g. higher energies from
Tc99m)
Conclusions – Staff Pregnancy
• Staff should inform their RPS as soon as
they learn that they are pregnant
• RPA must then carry out a risk
assessment (if required)
• Usually, provided Local Rules are
followed, there are no grounds for
amending staff working practice during
pregnancy
Compliance with the
Regulations
• HSE Inspectorate
• Regional specialist
inspectors
• Powers of
enforcement
– Improvement notice
– Prohibition notice
– Prosecution
• Unlimited fine
• Maximum 2 years in
prison
Ionising Radiation
(Medical Exposure)
Regulations 2000 IRMER
Principles of Radiation Protection
• JUSTIFICATION
– Benefit of the radiation exposure must outweigh
risk
• OPTIMISATION
– As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)
• LIMITATION
What is IRMER?
•
•
•
•
The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2000
The regulations apply to the following medical exposures:
– The exposure of patients as part of their medical diagnosis or
treatment including any exposure of an asymptomatic individual
– The exposure of individuals as part of occupational health surveillance
– The exposure of individuals as part of health screening programmes
– The exposure of patients or other persons voluntarily participating in
medical or biomedical, diagnostic or therapeutic, research programmes
– The exposure of individuals as part of medico-legal procedures
‘Medical exposure’ means an exposure to ionising radiation, such as:
– Diagnostic X-rays, CT and DEXA
– Radiotherapy (including brachytherapy and therapy using unsealed
radioactive sources
– Radionuclide imaging (including diagnostic imaging and in vitro
measurements in Nuclear Medicine Dept)
MRI and Ultrasound are not covered by IRMER
IRMER
• IRMER specifically places duties on those
professionals responsible for the patient
exposure to ionising radiation
Main Duty Holders under IRMER
•
•
•
•
•
Employer
Referrer
IRMER Practitioner
Operator
Medical Physics Expert (MPE)
Referrer
• Registered Healthcare
professional who is entitled in
accordance with the with the
employer’s procedures to refer
individuals for medical
exposure to an IRMER
Practitioner
• Must have access to referral
criteria
• Must supply the IRMER
practitioner with sufficient
medical data to help him justify
exposure. Reg 5(5)
• In HEY, those who are allowed
to act as referrers are depends
on department – written
procedure must be in place
IRMER Practitioner
• Registered healthcare professional who is entitled in
accordance with the employer’s procedures to take
responsibility for an individual medical exposure
–
–
–
–
Must justify exposure
Must authorise exposure (or delegate)
Must be adequately trained – IRMER reg 11
May delegate practical aspects (operator)
In HEY dependent on
department and modality
– must be a written
procedure
IRMER Practitioner
MAIN ROLE IS TO JUSTIFY THE
MEDICAL EXPOSURE
BENEFITS OF THE EXPOSURE
vs RISKS
Operator
•
•
•
•
•
Any person who is entitled, in
accordance with employer’s
procedures, to carry out practical
aspects of the exposure
Functions and responsibilities of
individual operators must be
clearly defined in employer’s
procedures
Need to be adequately trained –
IRMER reg 11
No overarching responsibility
allowed
MUST optimise every exposure
Medical Physics Expert (MPE)
•
•
•
•
An MPE must be involved in every medical
exposure to which the IRMER regulations apply
and shall be:
– Closely involved in every radiotherapeutic
practice other than standardised nuclear
medicine practices
– Available in standardised therapeutic nuclear
medicine practices and in diagnostic nuclear
medicine practices
– Involved as appropriate for consultation on
optimisation, including patient dosimetry and
quality assurance, and to give advice on
matters relating to radiation protection
concerning medical exposure, as required, in
all other radiological practices
In this Trust, MPEs are:
X-ray
– Craig Moore
– John Saunderson
Radiotherapy
–
–
–
–
John Saunderson
Andy Beavis
Jenny Marsden
Pete Colley
Duties of employer
• 4(1) Written procedures MUST
be in place and adhered to by
all IRMER Practitioners and
Operators
• 4(2) Written exposure
protocols MUST be in place to
ensure consistent patient
exposure
• 4(3) The employer MUST
establish
– Referral criteria (these
must be made available to
the referrer)
– QA programmes
– Diagnostic reference levels
– Upper levels of dose for
research exposures and
make sure these are
adhered to
Duties of employer
• Reg 4(4)
– Employer shall ensure every practitioner and operator
undertakes continual education and training
• Reg 4(5)
– Exposure to ‘much greater than intended’ must be
reported
• Reg 4(6)
– Take corrective action whenever patient Diagnostic
Reference Levels are consistently exceeded
– These are upper levels of patient dose that should not
normally be exceeded
Duties of IRMER Practitioner and
Operator: Optimisation
• Practitioner and operator to keep doses ALARP
• Legally obliged to make sure this happens
• Possibly the most important aspect of these
regulations
• As an X-ray engineer:
– You are an IRMER Operator
– Must ensure that an X-ray system is fit for clinical use
– Handover procedure?
Case Study 1
• An SHO sends a
patient to the X ray
dept for chest X ray
• The radiographer
checks the request
form against
justification guidelines
written by a
radiologist and x rays
the patient
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Who is the:
Referrer?
SHO
Operator?
Radiographer
Practitioner?
Radiologist who
writes the written
guidelines
Exposures of patients for research
purposes
• Must be approved by
ethics committee
• Each exposure must be
justified by IRMER
Practitioner
• Dose constraints must be
derived by an MPE
• Dose constraints must be
adhered to
• Patient must participate
voluntarily
• Patient must be informed
of the risks in advance
Image Evaluation
• Clinical Outcome
– There MUST be a
record of the outcome
of the procedure with
radiation
Clinical Audit
• Core component of clinical governance
• Must follow national procedures
Equipment
• Inventory of equipment MUST be in place
– Name of manufacturer
– Model number
– Serial number
– Year of manufacture
– Year of installation
• Avoid unnecessary proliferation – if you
have more x ray units than you need, you
are breaking the law!!!
Training
• Adequate training must be given
– Dependent upon activity
– Lots of physics
• Records must be kept
• Continual Professional Development and
training
IRMER Legal Requirement under
Reg 4(1) & Schedule 1
Employer’s Written
Procedures
Employer’s Procedures
• (a) Procedures to identify correctly the
individual to be exposed to ionising
radiation
• If we X-ray or treat the wrong patient we
have to report it to the CQC
Employer’s Procedures
• (b) procedures to identify individuals
entitled to act as referrer or practitioner or
operator
Employer’s Procedures
• (c) procedures to be observed in the case
of medico-legal exposures
Employer’s Procedures
• (d) procedures for making enquiries of
females of childbearing age to establish
whether the individual is or may be
pregnant
Employer’s Procedures
• (e) procedures for ensuring quality
assurance programmes are followed
Employer’s Procedures
• (f) procedures for the assessment of
patient dose
Employer’s Procedures
• (g) procedures for use of diagnostic reference
levels established by the employer for
radiographic examinations stating that these are
not expected to be exceeded for standard
procedures when good or normal practice
regarding diagnostic and technical performance
applied
– DRLs are doses that you shouldn’t consistently
exceed under normal operating conditions
– DAPs, DLPs, screening times
Employer’s Procedures
• (h) procedures for the use of dose
constraints for research programmes
where no direct medical benefit for the
individual is expected from the exposure
• (i) procedures for giving information and
written instructions to radioactive patients
Employer’s Procedures
• (j) procedures for carrying out and
recording of an evaluation for each
medical exposure including where
appropriate, factors relevant to patient
dose
Employer’s Procedures
• (k) procedures to ensure that the
probability and magnitude of accidental or
unintended dose to patients is reduced as
far as reasonably practicable
Enforcing Authority
• Care Quality
Commission (CQC)
• Powers of
enforcement
– Improvement notice
– Prohibition notice
– Prosecution
• Unlimited fine
• Maximum 2 years in
prison
Further information
• HEY Trust Radiation Safety Policy
– CP137
• Radiation Physics Department website
– www.hullrad.org.uk
Quiz Time!!!!
Question 1
• What is the effective dose limit for a nonclassified radiation worker?
Question 2
• What is the dose limit to the eye for a nonclassified radiation worker?
Question 3
• What is the public dose limit?
Question 4
• In X-ray, what is the definition of an
exposure that is ‘much greater than
intended?’
Question 5
• If a patient is exposed to much greater
than intended, and it was the operator’s
fault; who does this need reporting to
– HSE?
– CQC?
Question 6
• In this Radiology Department, what staff
group acts as IRMER Practitioner?
Question 7
• What are the five elements required by law
needed in the local rules?
Question 8
• In this Trust, what function under IRMER
do Radiographers perform?
Question 9
• What ‘persons’ are exempt from dose
limits under IRR?
Question 10
• For an X-ray room, what three items are
required legally to be displayed the
controlled area sign?
Question 1
• What is the effective dose limit for a nonclassified radiation worker?
– 6 mSv/yr
Question 2
• What is the dose limit to the eye for a nonclassified radiation worker?
– 45 mSv/yr
Question 3
• What is the public dose limit??
– 1 mSv/yr
Question 4
• In X-ray, what is the definition of an
exposure that is ‘much greater than
intended?’
– High dose procedures x 3
– Medium dose procedures x 10
– Low dose procedures x 20
Question 5
• If a patient is exposed to much greater
than intended, and it was the operator’s
fault; who does this need reporting to
– HSE?
– CQC?
– CQC
Question 6
• In this Radiology Department, what staff
group acts as IRMER Practitioner??
– Radiologists
Question 7
• What are the five elements required by law
needed in the local rules?
– RPS
– Controlled Area
– Systems of work
– Contingency plans
– Dose investigation levels
Question 8
• In this Trust, what function under IRMER
do Radiographers perform??
– Operator
Question 9
• What ‘persons’ are exempt from dose
limits under IRR?
– Comforters and Carers
– Patients
Question 10
• For an X-ray room,
what are the legal
requirements of the
controlled area sign?
– Trefoil
– Controlled area
– X rays