ABDOMINAL CONTENT
-Cavity is lined by a thin serous
membrane called the Peritoneum
- Parietal layer – lines abdominal wall
- Visceral layer – covers organs
- Encloses; liver, gal bladder, ovaries,
spleen, stomach, most of
intestines..etc..
PERITONITIS – inflammation of the
peritoneal cavity caused by infections
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
PLANES, QUADRIENTS AND REGIONS…
4 QUADRIENT METHOD
1 - RUQ
2 – RLQ
3 – LUQ
4 – LLQ
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
PLANES, QUADRIENTS AND REGIONS…
4 QUADRIENT METHOD
1 – RUQ - Liver, gal bladder,
2 – RLQ - Liver
3 – LUQ – spleen, pancreas
4 – LLQ – spleen, ovaries
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
Nine Region Method
-Divided by (2) horizontal (transverse) lines
-Divided by (2) vertical lines
- (2) vertical planes are parallel to the MSP
- Run vertically up both ASIS’s
-(1) transverse plane runs horizon. through
L-1
-(1) transverse plane runs horiz. through L-5
- divides the abdominopelvic cavity into (9)
regions
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
9 REGIONS
SEE
HANDOUT
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
Body Habitus
Hypersthenic - massive proportions (5%)
Sthenic – normal proportions (50%)
Hyposthenic – combination of hypersthenic and
sthenic (35%)
Asthenic – long thin body cavity and structures
(10%)
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VARIOUS BODY TYPES…
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
PLANES
1. Transpyloric plane – through L-1
2. Subcostal plane – lowest point of
costal margin, L-3
3. Intertubercular plane – level of
tubercles of iliac crest @ SP. of L-5
4. Lateral planes – vertical planes on either
side of MSP which bisect inguinal
ligaments
5. Interspinous plane – through rt. and lt.
ASIS, @ level of 2nd sacral seg,
6. Supracristal plane – highest point of iliac
crest, L-4
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
1. STOMACH
-Organ of digestion
- breaks down food
- located just under diaphragm
- divided into body and pylorus
- lies in epigastric and lt. hypogastric region (LUQ)
- size and shape vary from patient to patient
- little to no liquid absorption, except…..
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
1. STOMACH
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
1. STOMACH
MARKINGS
-Cardiac orifice level of 7th CC 1” lt. of MSP
- Pylorus – transverse plane of L-1
- Fundas – 5th intercostal space
- Duodenum – above umbilicus
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
2. PANCREAS
- stretches obliquely against posterior abdomen wall
- more to lt. than rt. of MSP
- level of L-1 – L-2
- head of pancreas lies within loop of duodenum
- epigastric and hypochondriac regions
- 13 cm long (adults)
- exocrine and endocrine gland
- accommodates CBD
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
2. PANCREAS
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
3. LIVER
-RUQ
- largest endocrine gland
- triangular shaped, mostly on rt., some
crosses over to the lt.
- mostly in rt. Hypochondrium and epigastric
regions
- produces approx. 1 pt. of bile per day
- holds approx. 1. pt. of blood
- divided into (4) lobes
- very complex organ
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
3. LIVER
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
4. Spleen
-LUQ
- posterior and along long axis of 10th rib
- highly vascular organ, between the
stomach and diaphragm
- lt. hypochondriac region
- part of the lymphatic sys.
- defense
- 12 cm long, 7 cm wide and 3 cm thick
- function has baffled physiologists for
over 100 years
- dark purple in color
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
4. Spleen
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
5. Gallbladder
- RUQ
- fundas at level of transpyloric plane
- pear shaped gland, stores bile
- receives bile from the liver
- adult holds 32 mL of bile
- during digestion of fats the GB contracts
- gallstones
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
5. Gallbladder
ABDOMINAL CAT SCAN
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 1
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 1
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 2
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 2
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 3
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 3
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 3
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 4
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 4
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 5
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 5
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 6
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 6
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 7
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 7
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 8
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 8
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 9
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 9
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 10
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 10
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 11
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 11
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 12
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 12
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 13
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 13
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 14
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CT ABDOMINAL AXIAL 14
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
5. Common Bile Duct (CBD)
- Begins at level of 8th intercostal space
- approximately 1in. from MSP (rat)
- approximately 3in. long
- formed by the juncture of the cystic and hepatic
ducts.
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
5. Common Bile Duct (CBD)
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
5. Common Bile Duct (CBD)
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
Small Intestine – Absorption
6. Jejunum
-Intermediate or middle portion of the S.I.
- slightly larger the ileum
- absorption of nutrients
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
6. Jejunum
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
6. Ileum
-Third lower distal portion of the small intestine
- opens up into medial side of cecum (valve)
- absorption
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
6. Ileum
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
7. Duodenum
-shortest, widest and most fixed portion of the S.I.
- connects to pyloric valve of stomach
- 25 cm long
- divided into superior, descending, horizontal and
ascending portions
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
7. Duodenum
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
8. Ascending Colon
- Rt lower quadrant
- connects to transverse colon at Hepatic flexure
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
Large bowl excretion and some absorption
9. Transverse Colon
- rt. to lt. in midline
- dips down to umbilical region
-ends at level of 8th cc on lt. side
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
10. Descending Colon
- runs along lt. plane of abd. Cavity
- ends in inguinal ligament
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
11. Recto-Sigmoid Colon
- hypogasrtic region
- behind the bladder
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
Review Small Bowl
(3) portions
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
ABSORPTION…..
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
Review large Bowl
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Recto-Sigmoid colon
Excretion …..some absorption
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12.Kidneys
- (2)
bean shaped organs
- Filter waste from urine
- rt. is lower than lt.
- upper poles opposite T-11
- lower poles opposite L-3
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
Kidneys
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
13. Ureters
-Lie on either side of ml.
- turn medially entering
bladder at a point 1 and
¼ in. above s.p.
- connect kidneys to
bladder
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
13. Ureters
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
14. Bladder
- Hypogastric region\
- Stores urine
- contains trigone area
- lower border corresponds with s.p.
- The urinary bladder
usually holds 400–620 mL
of urine
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
14. Bladder
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
15. Ovaries
-(2)
- level of S-2, iliac spines
- interspinous plane
An ovary is an egg-producing
reproductive organ found in
female organisms. They are
usually purple. It is often found
in pairs as part of the vertebrate
female reproductive system.
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
15. Ovaries
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
15. Uterus
The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive
organ of most mammals, including humans. One end, the
cervix, opens into the vagina; the other is connected on
both sides to the fallopian tubes.
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
15. Uterus
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
15. Testicles
The testicle (from Latin testis, meaning "witness",[1] plural
testes) is the male generative gland in animals
Function
Like the ovaries (to which they are
homologous), testicles are components of
both the reproductive system (being
gonads) and the endocrine system (being
endocrine glands
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
15. Testicles
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
16. Prostate
The prostate is a compound tubuloalveolar
exocrine gland of the male mammalian
reproductive system.
The prostate differs considerably among species
anatomically, chemically, and physiologically.
Function
The main function of the prostate is to
store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline
(pH 7.29) fluid that constitutes 10-30% of
the volume of the seminal fluid that, along
with spermatozoa, constitutes semen. The
rest of the seminal fluid is produced by the
two seminal vesicles.
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
16. Prostate
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
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VESSELS
Abdominal Aorta - T-12 to bifurcation @ L-4
- slightly to the left of the MSP
- transversely along supracristal plane
The abdominal aorta is the largest
artery in the abdominal cavity. As part
of the aorta, it is a direct continuation
of descending aorta (of the thorax).
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
Abdominal Aorta
Angio. MRI
Angio. CT
Axial CT
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
Celiac Artery
- anterior to aorta
- T-12
-1 inch above transpyloric plane
The celiac artery, also known as the celiac
trunk and also spelled as coeliac, is the first
major branch of the abdominal aorta and
branches from the aorta around the level of
the T12 vertebra in humans.
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
Celiac Artery
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
Celiac Artery Branches
1. Gastric Artery – lt. of cardiac orifice @ 7thcc –
stomach
2. Spleenic Artery – lt. of cardiac orifice, 4in,
above celiac – spleen
3. Hepatic Artery – rt. of cardiac orifice - liver
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
Celiac Artery Branches
1. Gastric Artery
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
2. Spleenic Artery
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
3. Hepatic Artery
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
4. Hepatic Artery - from the rt.
Of the aorta – supplies liver
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
5. Superior Mesenteric Artery
starts in midline of transverse plane
½” below celiac artery @ L-1
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
6. Inferior Mesenteric artery
starts a ¼ in. above the supracristal
plane.
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
7. Renal artery
from aorta ½ in. below transpyloric
plane at L-2
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
8. Common Iliac Artery
starts @ L-4, bifurcation and runs
into femoral point.
1/3 down the brim of the iliac bone
divided into internal &external iliacs
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
9. IVC runs parallel to aorta more to
the rt. of the MSP.
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
10. Portal Vein - Formed by the junction
of the Spleenic and superior mesenteric
veins. @ L-2 it runs to the rt. Enters the
liver @ the Porta Hepatis. Runs along
the hepatic art. And the CBD.
The porta hepatis or transverse fissure of the
liver is a short but deep fissure, about 5 cm long,
extending transversely across the under surface
of the left portion of the right lobe of the liver,
nearer its posterior surface than its anterior
border.
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
VESSELS
10. Portal Vein
Transverse fissure of liver
Inferior surface of the liver.
ABDOMINAL CONTENT
Abdomen Muscles
any of the muscles of the anterolateral walls of the abdominal
cavity, composed of three flat muscular sheets, from without
inward: external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse
abdominis, supplemented in front on each side of the midline
by rectus abdominis.
ABD/PELV. CORONAL/FEMALE
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END OF ABDOMAN
CAVITY