7, 19. The HMS Challenger was the first major oceanographic expedition. It occurred in what time period? a 1801-1826 . b 1827-1850 . c 1851-1876 . d 1877-1900 The Hawaiian Island chain, including the Emperor Seamounts, have been formed through the action of ? a plate tectonics . b a hot spot . c volcanism . d all of these Old lithosphere is destroyed in association with: a spreading centers. . b mid-ocean ridges . c fracture zones . d deep-sea trenches . On abyssal plains (deepocean basins), red clays accumulate at about mm/1,000 years or m/1,000,000 years? a tenths . b 1's . c 10's . d 100's By far the majority of landderived sediments originate from . a erosion by wind and rain . b rivers . c glaciers . d volcanoes The longshore movement of sand is most directly driven by . a river runoff . b offshore winds . c the beach slope . d the longshore current