13
BIBLIOTHEEK
Dienst Weg- en Waterbouwkunde
Van der Burghweg
Postbus 5044, 2600 GA Delft
Tel. 015-699111
I H E
international institute for hydraulic
and • n v i r o n m e n t a l m g i m e r i n g
ooastal zone conference
Long Beach, july 1991
report of observed opinions (H.J. Verhagen)
Introduction
The Coastal Zone conference was held in 1991 in Long Beach. This conference
is for coastal zone managers in a relatively wide neaning of the word
"coast" and the word "management. Legal, social, environmental and technical
matters were discussed, as well as the political implications. There were
approx. 1200 participants, nainly from the United States. There have been
presented approx. 500 papers. Most papers are available in the four volumes
of "nonnal" proceedings and in the five additional special proceedings. The
specials deal with: Coastlines of California, Coastlines of Japan, Coastlines of the Caribbean, Coastal Wetlands and the Georgia dredging experience.
The proceedings are available in the IHE-library.
Besides the technical sessions a number of "keynote speeches" were presented, nainly on U.S. coastal and environment policy.
General Inpression
This year the number of coastal engineering presentations was somewhat less
that two years ago. More attention is paid to the mitigation of coastal
works. In the US for every acre of lost wetland (e.g. caused by harbour
expansion) somewhere else an "equal" quantity of wetland should be created.
In this way a big quantity of noney is now available for the creation of
wetland projects. The problem is of course how to deternine what is "equal".
One of the most active groups in the field of CZM is the University of Rhode
Island. They also publish at this noanent the "intercoasf-bulletin. I have
informed the editor, Steve Olsen, that we will supply hom regularly with
information from the Netherlands.
In the last Intercoast issue is also a list of education programs on CZM
(table 1). Only the university of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) has a program for
CZM in tropical countries. All other programs are more directed towards the
US approach. It is also remarkable that the institutional arrangement is
mainly in some kind of biological or ecological department. There seems to
be no programme with a clear technical background (naybe the program of the
Florida Institute of Technology).
The organiser, Orville Magoon, invited us to préparé for the next conference
(in New Orleans) a special volume "coastlines of the southern North Sea". We
(=Hillen and Verhagen) have promised to investigate if this is possible. In
september/october we will make a plan and approach potential authors of
papers on this subject. It is our intention to get contributions from all
aouthorn North-Ses atatee (Denmark, Schleawig-Holatein, Niedersachsen,
Netherlands, Flanders and Anglia).
International coastal nanagenent aeninar
organised by the Coastal Resources Center of the Univ. of Rhode Island
(CRC/URI)
This seminar was originally planned on saturday and sunday, but was
shortened and completely given on monday.
After a Welcome by Summa Amarasinghe (in his function as chairman of ICO
(International Coastal Organisation) a presentation was given by Steve
ParcelIs (National Audubon Society) on the proposed Voting Standards for USdelegates to international funding organisations (like the World Bank). In
this standards environmental requirements are given for projects. If
projects do not fulfil these requirements, US-delegates should not approve
them. A copy of these proposed voting standards is added to this report
(annex 1).
Jan Post of the Horld Bank (ecologist) explained that the World Bank has socalled "Operational Directives", e.g. on Wild Land Developments, on High
Dam.s, on Ports and Harbour development (in which also the disposal of
dredge-mud and oeean dumping are dealt with), on Environmental Impact
Assessment. All projects have to pass these Operational Directives, and he
preferred that the voting standards should not be used as voting standards
for one country, but should be re-edited to an Operational Directive. Also
his op in ion is that these voting standards are too descriptive and too
specific. On this point he got approval from several representatives,
especially from developing countries. One of the effects of this kind of
detailed regulations is that e.g. authorities in developing countries no
langer areas will define as "protected areas", because than any development
in such areas will be forbidden by international agencies.
The Operational Directives are available from the World Bank.
Now at the World Bank a source book for EIA is in preparation. In this book
of approx. 1000 pages information is available for the various task managers
of the World Bank.
A discussion followed on sustainable development. This is a contradictory.
Any development is a change, and not sustainable. Instead of sustainable
development one nay talk about sustainable use. But sustainable use can
never be the basis of development. This is caused by the fact that both
economical development and population growth are exponential functions.
Lynne Hale of CRC/URI presented several case studies of CZM-projects in the
USA. She proposed to expand the number of case studies presented in this way
so that the experience from elsewhere becomes available in some kind of a
standard format. Everyone is asked to look for examples and to fill in the
questionnaire.
Af ter lunch a simulation game was played on decision making in CZM-problems.
This game is developed by Sea-grant Florida (Diane BariIe). This game «as
fully based upon the decision making process in the USA, so with a lot of
public meetings and lobbying. Basic point in this process is that one does
not try to get consensus on arguments, but to find a maximum support to
reach the own goal, even if unrealistic arguments have to be used.
pre-conference aession en international CZM
Presentations were from Ecuador, Australia, Holland and several international organisations.
A big problem in Ecuador is the transfer of nangroves to shr imp-ponds. The
water quality decreases, and the (nonnal) fish-production decreases.
In Queensland quite an extensive CZM-programme has been developed. The
coastal memorandum of 1991 overrides local authorities in the field of
coastal management.
USaid finances three programs on CZM in Thailand, Sri Lanka and Ecuador. The
execution of the programs is done by CRC/URI. One tries to send experts to
the countries with the explicit task to educate their local counterparts and
to set up Centres of Excellence in order to concentrate the knowledge in
these countries. This was done successfully in Thailand (Prince of Songkla
University).
technical sessians
Not all technical sessions will be discussed. Reference is made to the
proceedings. Some important items will be highlighted.
In South-Africa a program (CLEO) is developed for gathering coastal data in
bulk on a relatively low level. Beaches are monitored by school-classes.
They perform simple observations. This system has two advantages. First a
big set of data becames available, and second the public becomes more aware
of the problems of the coast. Especially the educational effect is very
important. Naterial on CLEO will be sent to us by mail.
Charles Johnson presented a picture story of the noving of a nourished
quantity of sand along the coast of the great lakes. From an educational
point of view this was a very clear presentation. A better copy of the
pictures should be requested.
Fara Courtney presented an interesting paper on the (non-) cooperation
bet ween state and counties. Her job is to be a liaison officer between these
two levels. Her main task proved to be translation of reports to local
circumstances and local effects.
In Alaska the area of CZM is defined quite wide. Also spawn areas of salmon
(high up in the mountains) are coastal zone.
The mitigation-rules in California creates new entrepreneurs. A conpany
owned a part of San Francisco bay, and is now developing this area as a new
wetland-area. The development is paid from tipping-fee. Also it is investigated if this area can be used as a "mitigation bank"; thus that developers
can buy wetland-creation in this area to mitigate their own urban or
industrial development.
pnpprs on educstion
A few papers were directed to education in Coastal zone management. These
papers were all by lectures from CRC/URI.
Brian Crawford and Niels West stated that: "graduate degree programs in
coastal zone management have been created. Such programs are growing not
only domestically but internationally as well. Some of these are eentred on
the natural sciences while others are largely based on the social sciences.
The course offering within these two clusters also vary considerably. Given
the growth and the wide ranges of the present programs a needs assessment
was done to determine how well existing educational programs are meeting the
needs of the state coastal programs."
Lynne Hale summarized: "If initiatives in coastal resources management (CRH)
are to succeed and be effective, not anly must they be technically sound but
they must be accepted as necessary, reasonable and fair. Well conceived
public education and participation programs are essential in creating a
context in which effective resource management is possible.
Public participation and education have been essential ingredients in US CRM
programs for alnost 20 years. In developing countries, such programs are
less common and certainly less accepted by the government agencies responsible for resources management.
Through a cooperative program between The University of Rhode Island and the
US Agency for International Development, the Coastal Resources Center has
been assisting Ecuador, Sri Lanka and Thailand to fornulate and implement
strategies to manage their coastal resources. In all three nations, initial
scepticism about the essential role of public education and participation in
such programs has been overcome and robust and diverse programs implemented.
In this paper the approach and role of public education an participation in
each of these three nations' programs is reviewed.
inventory of CZM-experiences in developing countries
CRC/URI is developing several projects in Thailand. One of the studies is
the island of Phuket (42 x 12 km). West coast is tourism, East coast is tinmin ing. The reasan to start with Phuket is that it is a relatively small
area, with a booming development, and with a lot of importance for the
national government (development of tourism). CZM in Phuket is mainly a
planning problem.
The approach was not starting with a detailed plan, but starting to combat
the worst symptoms of development (deterioration of coral reefs, waste water
quality, domestic refuse). For the coral reef problem the approach was
mainly educational. An education program for local boatmen was set up.
At Pak Phanang especially the relation between people and their surroundings
were studied (a more sociological approach). Reasons to choose this area was
the vicinity to the Prince of Songkla University (2 hours by car). A heavy
over-fishing was found, also nuch of the mangrove area was transformed into
shrinp-ponds. Rice production had decreased. Because local fish-quantities
decrease fisherman now go to the territorial waters of Indonesia and
Malaysia. They have big problems with the authorities in those countries
(ships are regularly confiscated).
Japanese development aid has build a new fish terminal, which is hardly
used. It cannot be reached by big trucks, because there is no paved road to
the terminal. There are plans to make a new access channel to the town. This
charme1 will completely change the morphology of the system, causing much
erosion of mangrove area and causing a lot of extra dredging work. No
morphological impact study has been dane.
The Pak Phanang study is a typical University study. It studies and
describes the problems, but does not give any solutian.
In Thailand an Environmental Impact Assessment is required for hotel
complexes of more than 80 rooms. Consequently nearly all new hotels in
Thailand have 79 rooms.
Jonathan Hatondo from Tanzania presented a nice presentation, stating that
in his country there are quite good regulations for Coastal Zone Management.
However, the coast is not a prime item for the government. So there is no
enforcement of the rules. Dynamite fishing is prohibited, but it is done
everywhere along the Tanzanian coast. Also he stressed that coastal defence
structures in developed and developing countries are essential the same. But
the optimum solution is mostly an other one. For developing countries one
should choose cheap, labour intensive solutions.
Ivica Trumbic from Yugoslavia (UNEP mediterranean action plan) was very
interested in the IHE coastal seminar. His opinion is that several people of
the project should attend the seminar. Financing is a problem, UNEP is not a
funding organisation. Honey has to cose from the World Bank or EC.
Summa Amarasinghe from Sri Lanka stated that more attention has to be paid
to the perspective of the local people, and less to the perspective to the
manager. Thus "teach sustainable fishing nethods" and not "ban destructive
fishing gear". He also likes to have Centres of Excellence (CRC/URI seems to
create such a center also in Sri Lanka).
Kenneth Atherley presented a paper on the problems of accessibility of the
coastline. Privatization of beaches is a hot item on Barbados. Tourist
entrepreneurs and foreign home owners try to sake public beaches as private
as possible.
In the Virgin Islands new legislation regarding the coastal zone will be
effective starting 1991. The main point is the definition of the beach,
which is public, and the adjoining land. It is expected that this law will
solve a number of access problems.
David Freestone gives the following problems specifie for the caribbean
area:
Safety for the public, related to watersports. Uniform and enforced
national safety standards are overdue.
There is no active protection of nangrove areas, wetlands and seagrass
areas.
Waste and sewage discharges uncontrolled in the surface water.
Sea-borne pollution is a thread to all countries. Marpol-regulations
should be enforced more rigorously.
Building regulations are scarce. Building practices have contributed
to environmental damage to the coast.
Colm Imbert presented a case were the government of Trinidad and Tobago
leased the full economie right of a public beach to a private company,
without any guarantee for access-prices and level of service. Public action
made the government come back on this decision. Imbert advises to create
some kind of a Park Authority, which leases the rights, but also controls
prices, levels of service, etc.
Jessica Blok-Meeuwig presented an every-day case. A snip with containers,
containing bobbins of cotton thread sank 15 miles N.E. of Anguilla. Some of
the containers came on the coral reefs. Some broke and the bobbins were
released in the water. Although the material is absolutely non-toxic, it was
quite dangerous for wildlife. Fish was trapped in the treads. So everything
had to be salvaged, which is quite difficult in a vulnerable area like a
coral reef.
Kenneth Green described the problems of sand-min ing. Oh the caribbean
islands sand for construction industry is scarce (no big rivers) and
therefore sand is Bined on the beach, eausing cansiderable beach erosion.
Awosika from Nigeria presented some problems with the Lagos Nourishment.
Planners and local authorities handIe problems without good knowledge of the
processes.
Premaratne from Sri Lanka stated in his paper that Sri Lanka has tremendous
problems in implementing a good Coastal Zone Management Plan. One of the
problems is that not all important issues are included in the official
regulations and in the plans. An other significant problem is that the
official boundary of the Coastal Zone is quite narginal. Host of the
nangrove areas are officially outside the coastal zone. So recently a
developer could develop 1000 acres of nangrove-area without Environmental
Inpact Assessment, because only 10 acres were officially in the coastal
zone.
Also the regulations are build up very theoretically, without paying respect
to local economy and social system. It is a "beginning of the world attitude". For example there is an official ban on coral mining. The coral miners
were sent to new agricultural areas, and got a one-day training in agriculture. After some time 90 X went back and resumed coral mining.
Also the definition of set-back lines is a problem. "Temporary" houses are
generally build seaward of the set-back line. Official permits are too
expensive and too difficult to obtain for lower class people. Enforcement of
building regulations proved to be impossible.
Virgilio Papaganas presented a paper on the danage caused by anchors in the
Philippines. Growing tourism causes nuch boating and scuba-diving. Regulations are nostly violated. Also a lot of refuse is left by the visitors. On
the average each diving trip causes 0.3 n 2 of damaged corals caused by the
anchors.
L.H. Chou from Singapore reported the same type of problems. There a start
is made with training of reef users.
A.K. Armah from Ghana reported a considerable coastal erosion, causing
conflicts in using the coastline. Solutions should be found in artificial
beach nourishment.
excursions
Three excursions were made. A tour around the harbours of Long Beach and Los
Angeles was interesting, but revealed no special infornation.
A trip to the north included a visit to the beaches of Santa Monica, Ventura
and Santa Barbara. These are all classical examples of coastal engineering
(see the Shore Protection Hanual). The beach at Santa Honica is remarkable
wide, probably it is an artificial nourished beach. The beach slope is quite
steep, the sand has a medium grain-size. At Ventura the entrance to the
Harina is remarkable, because of the detached offshore breakwater. This
breakwater causes a lee area, which stops the sediment transport along the
coast. The breakwaters are built up with Tribar units.
At Santa Barbara there is a beautiful exanple of the effect of a breakwater
on longshore transport. The breakwater is somewhat perneable for sand. Big
clouds of sand can be seen inside the harbour. The harbour-entrance is
regularly dredged, the dredged naterial is duoped downstream.
A trip to the south included visits to the newly created wetlands in the
framework of the nitigation prpjects. Most of these wetlands have been nade
by the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. In fact wetland-creation
consists of dredging out former tidal inIets and small areas. So the
subaquatic area becomes bigger. In some cases the intertidal range decreases
by these works. In all cases one tries to have sufficient flushing by the
tides. At Carlsbad one will try to reopen an inlet by construction of short
groins and some dredging. Foreign experts on the excursion (i.e. from the
Netherlands and from South-Africa) agreed that this will certainly fail,
because of the huge longshore transport, and because of the fact that the
resistance of the inlet is too big for the ineoming flow (due to a number of
bridges with a lot of piles underneath).
On this project an international audit was nade. An expert fron Delft
Hydraulics ("Van Kreek ??") should have approved the project !! This is
highly questionable.
The beach itself was a cobble beach, slope 1:2.
The beach of Long Beach looks also artificial. There is a wide sandy area,
in which it is impossible to dog a hole deeper than 20 cm. Then one reaches
a layer of grains "glued" together. Various experts gave different explanations.
exhibition
On the exhibition a number of conpanies and adainistrations presented
products. Ho real news was observed. One conpany presented a ehemical
injection of beach sand in order to stabilize the beach (cost US 2 per n 3
only for chemicals), without knowing what is the effect of such a hard core
in the beach on norphology.
DHI presented the ir azoerican branch office.
Exxon presented the results of their clean-up operation with regards to the
Exxon-Valdez disaster. According to Exxon all problems are solved now. Many
publications on this subject are ovailable. (They are placed in the IHElibrary).
Inportance of the conference for Rijkswaterstaat
From various presentations one nay conclude that the Dutch know-how on
technical natters regarding the coast is still a leading one. However, Dutch
knowledge is not promoted very nuch. US knowledge is nuch nore promoted.
Coastal legislation is in development everywhere. Also nore regulations are
nade regarding the coast. Because in the Netherlands no clear Coastal Zone
Management policy exists, it is difficult to conpare legislation (In the
Netherlands all management is in f act coastal nanagenent. According to US
regulations only counties at seacoasts, tidal rivers or big basins should be
subjected to CZM. In the Netherlands this neans that only Drente and Limburg
are not subjected to CZM-policies. So in fact our whole country is coastal
zone).
eomDarison of technical level
From a (coastal engineering) technical point of view cnly the beach by-pass
systems using fluidisaticn were interest ing. Jet-pumps are used to create
craters of 6 o deep in the beach front. The pump hangs on a big moving
crane. The paper of Robert Henry on this subject is not available in the
proceedings, but will be sent to us by mail.
In the field of beach nourishment (design, execution and evaluation) there
was no news to observe. The technical level of the Netherlands in this field
is still leading in the norld.
I did not follow the presentatians an modelling. From the proceedings I did
not get the idea that the technical level of the nodels Ras higher than the
usual level in the Netherlands.
export
There was much interest for the Dutch approach to a coastal policy. The
English version of the coastal policy plan was a best-seller. Also nuch
people told us that they received a copy and that they did appreciate it
very nuch. The export of this approach is for the Netherlands maybe an
important iten, especially because the approach in the US is completely
different.
•iinpnrt
Import of computer models is not necessary, in principle all know-how is
available. However, some models are more user-friendly than the models
applied in the Netherlands. They are also more easily to obtain.
Although I personally did not follow the presentations of Japanese know-how,
it is clear that one can import from Japan much knowledge in the field of
hard constructions. The Japanese published on this conference a special
volume "Coastlines of Japan", edited by Yosihimi Nagao, containing 35 papers
on Japanese cases. Especially because in the Netherlands we do not favour
hard solutions, we have not a lot of experience in this field. It is worth
knowing the japanese experience, in order to keep up-to-date also in this
field. This can be done by simple studying the Japanese publications. It is
worth to do this (a good literature survey is much cheaper than doing
research).
Huch experience can be imported in the field of the creation of wetlands,
etc. In the proceedings much information on this subject is available.
dutch reoresentatives
There were 9 dutchmen, two representing international organisations (Jan
Post from the World Bank and Peter Schreuder from UNEP/Nairobi). Delft
Hydraulics had sent three representatives (Cees Hulsbergen, Herman v.d. Host
and Frank Hoozemans). Rijkswaterstaat/DGW was represented by Roeland Hillen,
Rijkswaterstaat/Noordzee was represented by Jos van Alphen and both
Rijkswaterstaat/DtfW and IHE were represented by Henk Jan Verhagen.
Jan Post and Peter Schreuder gave general presentations and were members in
panels on "coastal Issues of the 90's" and "Towards an ocean and coastal
Agenda at Unced (UN Conference on Environment and Development)". Cees
Hulsbergen presented a paper on CZM and Sea level rise, Jos van Alphen
presented a paper on the Voordelta-project and Henk Jan Verhagen presented a
paper on Coastal Maintenance. Roeland Hillen gave a presentation in a preconference session on the Dutch Coastal Policy and presented a poster on the
8
same subject. Herman v.d. Host presented a poster en the North Sea Management projects (MANS).
Inportsnce of the conference for I.H.E.
Because the leading role of CRC/URI in international CZM it is very useful
to intensify the contacts with URI, especially in the field of exchange of
inforaation and technical reports. CRC/URI is also the publisher of
"Intercoast". Annex 2 gives a overview of people and publications of CRC/URI
as far as they are known to se.
The conference also gave a good view of the international problems in the
field of CZM, also in developing countries. The problems in developing
countries are quite different fors the problems in the US and Europe. So,
also different solutions are necessary.
The conference provided us with a good overview of people from the
developing world, working in the field of CZM. This overview can be used for
future mailing and other marketing activities. (Hote: I requested from the
organisation a list of participants (with addresses) on floppy disk).
9
Table 1 • Selected university educational programs with opportunities for specialization in coastal management
Program Attributes
Degree Awarded
University
Rarhekr's
Graduate
Mvdtr't
DoctonU
Dip w ut «vCert.
Univenity of Drlaware
MPP • 2 yean
Duke Unrv. Sch. of Por. A Env. Studies
MUM • 2 years
Easl Carolina Univenity
Univenity of Hawah'
M S - 2 yean
Univenity of M i m i
PhD.
M.A.-1.Syn.
Univenity of North Carolaa
Sdcncc
rorCM.SptdaliaL
X
No
College of Mvine Studies
itiivti uinKiiisl MmtjiciUCnl Proitrvo
X
X
Ycs
X
r
Undetermined
X
M.S. -2ye*n
BS. proposed
Required Curriculum
Scteocc
X
Cotif. w/ Bdib.'l Ocean Policy Cert.
Univeniiy of Matsadtuseas
Nalural
Sotlal
PhD
Pb.Drroponcd
Honda Insuute of Tedmology
X
MS. - 2yean
Univfnity of Rbode Liland
BA
Teias A A M Univenif y
X
X
MRP • 2 yn.
Oregon State University
Institutional Arrangement
Curriculum Emphasis
ContWDcpL/Protra Naw«
» / <;<MMtal M|L Emphaah
Coaxul Zone Studies Plouiain
Yes
Depanmeni of Ooeawfraphy
No
Marine Opiinn Program
No
Drpartment of Environmental Sciences
X
No
Marine Afliirs ProRrtni
X
Yes
Dept. of City and Reftional Pitntiin»
Yes
Col. of Ocean./ Mar. Res. Mgi Program
X
M A - 2 ytm* Ph.D.proposed
X
No
Department of Marine Affain
MMA -1 year
X
No
Department of Marine Affain
MPA - 2 yean
X
No
Depanment of Political Science
MS/MBA-2 yn
X
No
ColleRe of Busmess Admuustralioa
Univenity of Vrgini»
M A • 2 yean
X
No
Marine Affain ProKram
UoJvcnily of Washington
MMA • 2 yean
X
No
School of Marine Affain
Univenily of West Fiorida
MPA -2 yean
X
M.S. - 2 yean
Col. of WUU«n * Mary. Vir. hst of Mar. Scl
MS. -2yean
Univ. of Newcaale upoo Tyne, UK
M.Sc • 1 year
Dtlhousie Univenity, Canada
Si Mary'f Univenity, Canada
Chublongkora Univcnity, Thailand
Prince of Songkla Univ. Thailand
MES • 2 y e n
PhD.
Ye»
Dept of Politica) Science
X
Ye»
Dept of BiolotyXxMstal Studies P«rm.
X
No
Marine Resources Manajtement Proaram
X
Ye»
Department of B»lo(ty
X
No
Sch. of Resources * Enviroo. Studies
X
PhD.
BA
• ^••••••••ll
W
pivpOSCO
pfoposcd
Pl.O. |HU|IUKO
C
[•••IIIMll
M.S. propoKo
Ye»
Department of Geograph y
X
No
Departmeat of Marine Science
X
Ye»
undetermined
Note: Program» litied in thi» table were chosen if they met the following criteria: (1) The program is truly mterdisciplinary and indudef a mix of course* in both the «ocial and
natural sciences, (2) the program •dvenisu at explicit cotsul management specialization Ihrough the selection of elective course» and/or •
reqtnred coasul management curriculum. There may be other programs we are unaware of that meet these criteria. Lel ut know if there are morel
DfTERCOAST Ifetwork, baoe f 14. April 1990, Bducatlnf Coaatal Managen, Brian Crawford, Coaatal Reaoutcea Center
onnex ±
Standards for Evaluatino MDB PRoiects
vith Potential Impact on Marine Ecosystems
1.
U.S. policy regarding the protection of marine
ecosystems is reflected in Federal legislation including the
Clean Water Act, the Coastal Zone Management Act, the Ocean
Dumping Act, and the Ocean Dumping Ban Act. These laws
provide a framevork for strictly regulating shoreline
development and polluting activities that threaten the marine
environment and human health and welfare. This policy should
be reflected in the use of U.S. funds to finance
international development projects.
2.
U.S. policy regarding international development should
support the conservation of coastal marine ecosystems and
should avoid or minimize physical disturbances and pollution
that would degrade these ecosystems.
3.
Many inland as veil as shoreline and marine development
projects have the potential to degrade marine ecosystems.
Therefore, the U.S. decision to support or not support such
projects should be based on prior knowledge of their
potential effects and a thorough evaluation of the likely
severity of those environmental effects. Furthermore, plans
for thorough environmental monitoring should be integrated
into the implementation process from the initiation of such
projects. The folloving are examples of types of projects
that may impact marine ecosystems.
A.
Inland-based projects. such as forestry,
agriculture or mining causing runoff into rivers
and estuaries; dams and irrigation projects
diverting river flov from estuaries; projects that
utilize or contaminate groundvater.
B.
Shoreline proiects. including residential and
industrial development; port and harbour
development; coastal agriculture or forestry;
coastal mining; desalinization and salt production.
C.
Proiects in coastal vaters. including dredging and
dredged material disposal; jetty or sluicevay
construction; coastal pover generation;
aguaculture; fisheries development; oil and gas
exploratión; seabed mining.
4.
The folloving general guidelines should form the basis
of the reviev of any development agency project that could
affect marine ecosystems.
A.
Projects should preserve the water quality and
resources of marine environments that support the
health and welfare of local inhabitants and the
- 2 people of the nation(s) housing the project and
affected by it.
(1)
Projects should preserve environments
supporting local and export fisheries
including nursery as veil as fishing grounds.
(2)
Projects should preserve water and shoreline
guality and the biological diversity of marine
ecosystems supporting a tourist industry.
(3)
Projects should not degrade marine
environments so that human health is
compromised.
B.
Projects should preserve the biological functions
of affected marine ecosystems.
C.
Projects should preserve the species and the
ecological and genetic resources in the region.
5. Before the United States commits its vote to any
financing of projects that may affect one or more marine
ecosystems, it should review the following issues and raise
relevant issues with the MDBs.
A.
Protection of critical marine ecosvstems. No
project with potential direct or indirect impact on
critical marine environments should be approved
before evaluations have been made of: (1) the
short- and long-term environmental effects that
will result from the project and (2) the short- and
long-term economie, social and environmental
benefits of the affected marine ecosystems.
B.
Policv dialooue. Within the project brief and the
appraisal report, there should be a description of
the dialogue between the bank and the borrowing
government to determine whether the bank is taking
appropriate steps to influence that government's
overall coastal policy, including the promotion of
national conservation plans, a stringent policy of
pollution control, and comprehensive coastal zone
management plans.
C.
Distribution of costs and benefits. The project
design should be based upon a careful analysis of
the functions and values served by the marine
ecosystems potentially affected, and of the
geographical distribution of the environmental and
economie costs and benefits of development, both
- 3 regionally and transnationally. The short- and
long-term economie effects of the project on the
environment and natural resources should be an
explicit component of this calculation.
D.
Consistencv vith the established socio-economic
system. The project should be firmly rooted in
knovledge of the social, economie, and biophysical
setting of the affected areas and should proceed
only after consultation with the affected human
population. The project should support, or be
consistent vith, the existing or historical systems
for natural resources management, at both national
and local levels, vhen these systems are judged to
be viable. In cases in which the management
strategies are shovn by the socio-economic analyses
to be in transition, a substantial monitoring and
evaluation of the management strategies should be
built into the project to allov mitigation of
negative effects that may accrue to either the
population or the resource base.
Where appropriate, a pilot project that has been
completed and evaluated, or a long-term research
activity should have been carried out before a
large-scale project is initiated. The follov-up
design should reflect the research results, or
lessons learned from the pilot efforts, as
appropriate.
E.
Sustainability of the proiect. The project must be
based on evidence of sound economie, human,
technical, and scientific capabilities to sustain
the project and its benefits vithout adverse
environmental impacts. Once completed, the project
should continue vithout reguiring a higher level of
outside support or subvention than is justified by
the returns from the project and vithout degrading
directly or through associated infrastructure the
physical or biological resource base that sustains
it. To ensure this result, project approval should
be conditional on efficiënt maintenance procedures.
F.
Protected areas. The U.S. vill not support the
financing of projects that affect the ecological
functions and biological diversity of marine
ecosystems lying vithin domestically or
internationally protected areas.
G.
Critical habitats and sensitive species. The U.S.
vill not support the financing of projects that
adversely affect marine habitats and/or particular
- 4 marine species that are recognized by the
national/international scientific community and/or
are identified by the United Nations as endangered,
rare, or sensitive, or critical to the support of
other species or ecosystems.
H.
Ecoloaical inventories. Projects with potential
effects on marine ecosystems should first be
preceeded by inventories of all coastal marine
ecosystems, including the valuable species,
keystone species (species crucial to maintaining
the biological structure of the ecosystem),
exceptionally senstive species and useful indicator
species found in each ecosystem. If necessary, the
banks should fund the research and identification
studies necessary for the compilation of such
inventories and the inventories should be completed
prior to decisions on funding of projects that
vould affect coastal ecosystems.
I.
Sustainable yield. The project should be
consistent with sustainable utilization of
biological resources. If the project involves
harvesting of such resources form marine
ecosystems, measures to ensure a sustainable yield
must be included. If the project affects marine
ecosystems containing valuable biological
resources, it must not result in reduced
production of such resources.
J.
Mitioation. If the project includes plans for
mitigation of adverse effects on a marine ecosystem
or on individual marine species, it is essential
that the mitigation be effective in sustaining the
functions and yields of the ecosystem or species.
K.
Environmental monitorina and evaluation. Before
financing can be approved, there must be a
comprehensive plan for monitoring and evaluating
the environmental impacts of the project as it is
undertaken, completed, and maintained. The plan
should include proven mitigation methods or
contingency plans in the event that monitoring
reveals adverse environmental impacts.
L.
Project monitorina and evaluation. the project
goals should be succinctly stated and have
measurable indicators.. The project documentation
should provide for close monitoring. Reviews
should be conducted with borrowing govemments
authorities, based on at least two outside
evaluations during project implementation. The
- 5 project should be designed to allov for
modification based on the findings of the ongoing
monitoring process.
M.
Training. If training for govemmental units and
private producers is needed to continue the
economie activities after project implementation,
the project should include such training. In
addition, if training for sustained monitoring
tasks is needed, the project should include that
training as veil.
N.
Conditionality. The project agreement must
explicitly reserve to the bank the right to
terminate project funding if conditions applying to
the environment, natural resources, and indigenous
peoples are violated.
BACKGROUND PAPER ON GUIDELINES FOR PROJECTS AFFECTING
COASTAL MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
I. Introduction
Coastal marine ecosysterns are defined here as the
natural communities between the high tide line and the edge
of the Continental shelf. Coastal marine ecosystems — such
as estuaries and lagoons, mangrove swamps/forests, salt
marshes and seagrass meadows, intertidal zones, coral reefs,
and subtidal benthic shelves (see Appendix A for
descriptions) — are a major repository of biological
diversity, and perform a variety of biological and physical
functions essential to life and to human welfare. Ninety
percent of all commercial fisheries species spend at least
some portion of their life cycle in a coastal marine
ecosystem. Coastal marine systems provide humans vith food,
energy, employment, and recreation. They also include the
major upvelling areas of the vorld — such as those off the
coast of Peru and the western coasts of North America and
Africa — where highly productive waters support major
fisheries.
While the coastal marine environment extends shoreward
only to the inland influence of high tide, the coastal zone
has a broader range which includes the "transition" between
terrestrial and marine environments and includes upland
watersheds draining into coastal waters. (The coastal zone
extends to the outer limit of the continental shelf.)
Coastal marine ecosystems are most affected by activities,
often land-based, within the coastal zone. Alteration of the
hydrological regime of a river — the quantity, quality, or
timing of its flow, including its dissolved and particulate
loads — has particularly significant effects on the marine
environment it enters.
The wise planning and sustainable economie development
of coastal zones are important because such zones:
Are home to over fifty percent of humankind, and
planners have good reason to believe that these
coasts will absorb most of the estimated doubling
of the earth's population, primarily in developing
countries, that is projected to occur by 2025.
•
Contain a high proportion of the best alluvial
soils for agriculture.
•
Include the most productive fishing grounds, and
commercially valuable nursery grounds.
Support water-dependent and water-enhanced industry
and manufacturing.
- 2 •
Are the major focus of tourism — a major revenue
source for developing countries, but also one of
the planet's most overbuilt industries.
Support the world's most naturally productive
ecosystems; estuaries and lagoons, brackish and
salt water vetlands (salt marshes, sea grass
meadovs, mangroves), and coral reefs.
Contain a significant portion of the world's
biological diversity.
However, coastal marine systems are coming under
increasingly intensive economie development and population
pressures, and are becoming the major recipiënt of human
society's by-products. Wastes enter from sewage outfalls,
cursory or accidental dumping, land run-off, river discharge,
and atmospheric deposition. Four hundred million metric tons
of industrial wastes, sewage sludge, and dredge material are
dumped directly into the oceans from developed countries
annually. The recorded amount of toxic substances dumped
represents only a small percentage of total substances
entering marine ecosystems from pipeline discharges, runoff,
and atmospheric deposition.
Yet, one of the most serious threats to the world's
coastal marine systems may be the result of a separate
phenomenon — global warming. Rapid increases in
consumption of fossil fuels caused by proliferation of the
human population and rapid industrialization, combined with
extensive destruction of tropical rainforests, is creating
massive emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide and other pollutants — notably
chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, and methane — trap heat
in the earth's atmosphere and could cause warming.
Warming of the Earth's atmosphere may cause radical
climatic changes and a significant rise in the ocean levels.
Rapid climatic change also is likely to bring more frequent,
more intense hurricanes and tropical storms to coastal
regions and to produce huge effects on certain coastal
ecosystems such as beaches and salt marshes. For these
reasons and others described below, coastal marine ecosystems
are vulnerable to human perturbations.
The multilateral development banks (MDBs) — the World
Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the African
Development Bank, and the Asian Development Bank — have a
major influence on development assistance in the Third World.
Together these institutions provide loans of over $26 billion
to developing countries annually. Project which the banks
support — such as mining, port construction, road
construction, urbanization, energy production, fisheries,
agriculture, and forestry — often have significant impacts
- 3 on coastal marine ecosystems of not only the borrowing
country but neighboring countries as veil.
Marine systerns are dynamic and do not heed either
political boundaries or boundaries of protected areas.
Oceanic currents and oigrating marine species make resource
management a truly international challenge. The MDBs are in
a key position to assist developing countries in coordinating
their development activities to ensure the vise use of marine
resources, particularly those shared by more than one
country.
Changes in policies of the MDBs could do much to improve
prospects for conserving marine ecosystems and the
sustainable benefits they bring to people. Therefore, the
MDBs should do the folloving:
(1)
refuse to finance projects vhich have a significant
adverse effect on marine ecosystems and vhich do
not explore all alternatives and safeguards;
(2)
redesign proposed and existing projects to ensure
that the functions and values of affected marine
ecosystems are maintained;
(3)
promote, through economie incentives, the
protection of marine ecosystems that are important
to the short- and long-term sustainability of a
country or region, especially in the maintenance
of biological diversity and valuable ecological
processes;
(4)
facilitate the transfer of environmentally
protective technology and management practices to
developing countries;
(5)
support the formulation of national and regional
marine conservation strategies and research on
sensitive ecosystems; and
(6)
promote the preservation of local customs that
favor environmental protection.
II. The Importance of Coastal Marine Ecosystems to
Development
Coastal vaters are important to developing countries as
sources of food; ports are needed for increasing trade and
communication vith the rest of the vorld; oil and gas
development and mining in and around the coast may be an
important economie resource; and tourism, in some Third World
countries, is already the leading industry. Coastal marine
resources are simultaneously a very important asset and very
vulnerable to poorly designed development.
- 4 Maintenance of the physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics of coastal ecosystems is critical to
fisheries and other natural benefits vhich these systems
provide. Most coastal developing countries rely heavily on
fisheries for their subsistence, and some export fish to
improve their balance of payments. Under the pressure of
rapidly expanding fish markets and "advanced" fishing .
technology, many tropical fish communities and associated
ecosystems are severely threatened. The concomitant threat
to the fisheries has not yet given rise to effective fishing
regulations in most cases. An example of this is the use of
drift nets in the South Pacific, a practice vhich results in
the massive over-harvesting of numerous target and non-target
species.
Well-managed single-species fisheries in areas of
coastal upwelling may be able to support an export market,
but fisheries have often collapsed as a result of
mismanagement. One of the most famous examples is the
anchovy fishery off the coast of Peru, vhich drastically
declined during the 1970's.
Coral reef fisheries, upon vhich many tropical countries
depend, are even more vulnerable to overfishing. . Where
multiple species are harvested for local consumption in
accordance vith long-standing native customs determining vho
fishes vhen and for how much, the fisheries may remain
stable. with populations burgeoning in most of these
nations, hovever, it is impossible to maintain such age-old
customs. When the fishery expands to feed large populations,
traditional management practices are abandoned, and fishing
methods become overexploitive. Whole communities of reef
fish are devastated. When the export factor is introduced,
a few species are targeted for harvesting in great
quantities, a practice vhich fev reef-associated species can
survive.
As a result of over-fishing, coral reef fisheries
the vorld over are in crisis.
Without developing altemative food sources, many
developing countries risk destroying their fisheries.
Aguaculture has been proposed as a means of relieving the
pressure upon natural fish and shellfish populations.
Hovever, this altemative must be approached vith caution.
It is essential that such ventures be carefully located and
planned for, and that by-products be properly disposed of
and/or managed. Innovative approaches to aguaculture, such
as those vhich utilize the vaste vater from the operation to
fertilize field or seaveed crops, are desirable.
Development of ports for trade and transportation, vhile
boosting economies, often threatens sensitive marine
environments. In addition to accidental spillage of cargo,
hazardous materials associated vith port maintenance
activities and vessel operations pose a direct threat to
- 5 estuarine and coastal areas. Since ports are often the
center of urban development, the associated sevage discharge
and runoff are potential threats to the receiving coastal
ecosysterns. The employment of pollution-limiting technology
from developed countries may help limit the negative impacts
of urban development upon the marine environment.
Tourism in tropical coastal areas is often dependent
upon healthy marine ecosystems. Tourism, however, can
quickly destroy the health of the surrounding marine
ecosystem and the attractiveness of the coastal community
unless there are strict regulations on development and on
recreational and commercial activities. Sevage from large
hotel complexes, automobile congestion, and overharvesting of
wildlife such as fish, shells or coral can ruin tourist
ventures. Poorly planned coastline development can aggravate
and fall victim to beach erosion, shifting sands, and storm
damage. The potential effects of sea-level rise must be
evaluated.
Although nearshore coastal waters are a very small part
of the oceans, they often harbor areas of high productivity,
based primarily on the concentration and cycling of nutrients
from adjacent land masses. Complex, intimate links between
neighboring communities result in this high productivity of
biomass and biodiversity. Projects must recognize and take
into consideration these important links.
Additional functions of coastal ecosystems include the
critical role of moderating coastal erosion and large
salinity changes. Coral reefs, for example, act as barriers
dissipating wave and current energy; and mangroves, by
occluding and absorbing terrestrial freshvater runoff,
buffering salinity changes in coastal waters. These
functions can be critical to human populations living in the
coastal zone, and if destroyed, these functions are not
easily restored.
III. Maior Threats to Coastal Marine Ecosystems
The potential impacts of various human activities on
marine environments need to be evaluated on three levels —
local, regional and global. Specific projects may contribute
to environmental degradation on one or more of these levels.
Because of the nature of water, dispersal of Chemical and
physical impacts, such as oil spills, can be extensive,
following water circulation patterns or becoming concentrated
as they move up the marine food chain. Zn some cases,
ecological community structures can be affected by actions
taken on marine coastal ecosystems separated by hundreds of
miles.
Generally, there are three major vays in which human
activities may adversely affect marine environments:
- 6 -
pollution, overharvesting of living resources, and habitat
destruction.
A.
Pollution
Pollution can enter marine ecosystems from direct
discharge, runoff from land, or atmospheric deposition.
Direct discharges include pipeline discharges of municipal
and industrial vastes into marine environments, discharge
into rivers vhich then flow into marine environments, and
discharge from vessels. Runoff (often called non-point
source pollution) from agricultural and forest lands and
from urban areas and areas of coastal building may be the
greatest threat to marine ecosystems, as veil as the most
difficult one to stop. Pollutants from industrial discharge
into the air may be deposited in ocean waters, and this has
been identified as a major source of nitrogen pollution in
coastal ecosystems of industrialized areas (e.g., eastern
U.S.) .
There are several types of contamination that fall under
the category of pollution. Nutrients, such as phosphate and
nitrogen, are elements and compounds essential to plant
grovth and are found naturally in soil. They are also
applied in large guantities in agriculture as fertilizers.
In excess, however, nutrients vill cause eutrophication in
shallov marine ecosystems by stimulating bursts of grovth in
photoplankton, algae, and submerged, nearcoastal vegetation.
As plants die in large numbers, intensive decay uses up much
of or all of the oxygen in the water, giving rise to hypoxic
or anaërobe conditions which most plants and animals cannot
tolerate. The result is the replacement of a rich diversity
of life vith a fev species that can survive these conditions.
Nutriënt "pollution" commonly results from agricultural
runoff and from atmospheric deposition.
Hazardous or toxic substances form another category of
pollutants. They include heavy metals, pesticides and
hydrocarbons vhich are harmful to marine species and to
humans. Many of these are persistent contaminants vhich may
be concentrated in "hotspots" or dispersed throughout the
receiving marine ecosystem and beyond. The effects of these
substances may be lethal or chronic, including maladies as
tumors, skeletal deformations, and shell diseases.
Accumulation of these substances throughout the food chain is
common and must be considered a major effect of polluting
activities. "Bioaccumulation" often results in threats to
human health, when toxic substances ar concentrated in
tissues of marketable fish and shellfish. Toxic pollution
has been a major by-product of industrialization, and strong
measures must be taken by developed and developing countries
alike to significantly diminish the sources — through
recycling, proper disposal, and reduced use of toxic
materials.
- 7 A third type of pollution is marine debris, vhich
includes degradable materials such as food and fiber vastes,
as veil as non-degradable litter including the ubiquitous
plastics. Besides littering coastlines, the non-degradable
debris contaminates food chains and kills animaIs that try to
ingest the debris or that become entangled in it. Organic
debris, such as food vastes, increases the nutriënt load in
coastal ecosystems, and in addition to causing
eutrophication, can lead to public health problems.
Finally, increased loads of suspended sediment from land
erosion and dredge vaste disposal also cause pollution.
They cloud vaters, reducing the penetration of sunlight,
thereby reducing normal levels of photosynthesis. Excessive
sedimentation may smother benthic ecosystems, including coral
reefs. Seventy percent of the coral reefs of the Philippines
have died as a result of coastal logging, soil erosion, and
subsequent suffocation by sediments in the nearshore vaters.
Suspended sediments also may be contaminated vith toxic
substances. This can produce a persistent source of
contamination as these substances slovly leach from sediment
deposits.
There are several common impacts on marine ecosystems.
One consistent and serious effect is the loss of species
diversity in the affected ecosystem. Sensitive species die
out leaving only the most tolerant — often in great
abundance. This destabilizes the ecosystem and makes it more
vulnerable to further degradation. The functions
characteristic of the healthy ecosystem, many of vhich may be
of direct value to the human populations causing the trouble,
are lost.
B.
Overharvestina
Overharvesting of mammals and fish has resulted in the
collapse of populations of many of these species. The result
in the case of marine mammals has been the need to cease
nearly all hunting in order to save species. It is important
that fisheries vorldvide be managed to allov sustainable
yields so that humans can continue to count on that source of
protein. In many tropical coastal countries, this vill mean
developing and enforcing strict management plans, developing
alterative food sources, and controlling human population
grovth. Fishing of eertain species, especially some coral
reef species, should probably be stopped altogether to save
species.
The development of nev fishing technologies vill have to
be done vith an eye tovard ecological impacts. Indiscriminate
large-scale fishing methods, such as use of drift nets,
result in a dangerous vaste of marine resources.
- 8 -
C.
Habitat Destruction
Habitat destruction has been a monumental problem in
coastal vetlands, vhich are filled, dredged, channelized,
flooded, and paved over. Because they are based upon a
fragile physical structure, coral reef ecosystems are also
highly vulnerable to habitat destruction, as previously
described. Direct habitat destruction has been less severe
in other marine ecosystems, but there is reason for concern.
Dredging and dredge disposal activities have destroyed
habitat in many estuaries, and more recently in off-shore
environments. Proposals for seabed disposal of vaste and
seabed mining for mineral poses threats to deep-vater benthic
ecosystems. Large spills of hazardous substances, such as
oil, can cause instantaneous habitat destruction vith a long
recovery period. Habit destruction can also occur
indirectly, as a result of the cumulative effects of severe
water pollution and water diversion.
IV.
General Review Criteria for Evaluatina Proiects for
Fundina
Below is a list of projects that normally vould have a
high potential for significant negative effects upon coastal
marine ecosystems. A list of positive projects also is
included. A third section provides review criteria in the
form of questions that should be asked about all projects and
loans that have potential effects on coastal marine
ecosystems, with more specific questions targeting projects
within sectors.
A.
Proiects With High Potential for Neqative Impacts
on Coastal Marine Ecosystems
•
Projects that involve dumping of various types of
vastes (solid or liquid) into marine waters. Rates
of dilution are only a part of the picture; even
more important are total amounts of hazardous
materials, their potential for biological
concentration through the food chain, and their
ultimate physical, chemical, and biological impacts
on the ecosystem.
•
Dredging in water bodies, such as harbors and
navigation channels, containing contaminated
sediments and/or disposal of contaminated sediments
in marine environments. The dangers of suspended
hazardous materials at dredge sites as veil as the
dangers to benthic (bottom) biological communities
at proposed disposal sites must be considered. The
effects of turbidity from contaminated and
uncontaminated sediments should be taken into
account vhen selecting a disposal site.
- 9 -
Drilling and/or vessel transport of oil or oil
products in coastal waters and estuaries. The
threat of oil spills must be honestly evaluated.
Proposed projects must include measures to avoid
spills and adequate response measures for spills
that do occur.
Dans and large river structures. Large water
structure projects, such as dams and barrages, are
notorious for their deleterious effects on downstream estuarine systems and off-shore fisheries.
Irrigation projects. Projects that take
significant amounts of water from major drainage
basins (and ultimately from rivers and estuaries
downstream) upset estuarine communities and
fisheries by changing salinity regimes and water
volumes.
Mining. Mineral mining can lead to runoff of
sediments and toxic mine tailings into rivers,
estuaries and coastal waters. Coral mining should
be avoided at all cost. Mining of sand can have a
major impact on neighboring communities. Seabed
mining destroys benthic communities and can cause
widespread turbidity and toxicity beyond the
immediate vicinity of the project area.
Fishing technology development. Fishing technology
should be appropriate for the ecosystem in which it
is to be used and should not lead to long-term,
irreversible depletion of fish populations.
Aguaculture projects. Aquaculture in marine
environments can have both positive and negative
effects on local marine ecosysterns, so aquaculture
projects should be evaluated to make eertain they
avoid the negative and promote the positive
effects.
Forestry projects. Forestry activities too often
lead to extensive erosion and subsequent siltation
of rivers, estuaries and coastal waters. One
consequence is the suffocation of coral reefs.
Agriculture projects. Similarly, poorly designed
agriculture projects jeopardize marine ecosystems
through runoff of soils, fertilizers, and
pesticides.
B.
Positive Proiects Which Should Be Promoted
•
Construction of sewage plants. Zt is important
that the quality of discharge into coastal or
- 10 estuarine waters be assessed and appropriate
treatment and pretreatment standards be applied.
Sewage content, effects of storm overflovs, and
physical, chemical, and biological fates of
discharged materials should be carefully evaluated.
Restoration projects, such as restoration of
damaged wetlands, or clean-up of contaminated
harbor sediments.
Construction of affordable, appropriate-technology
recycling facilities for industrial and domestic
wastes.
Construction of aarina/port facilities for
receiving ship-board generated vastes for eventual
recycling or proper disposal. Wastes received
vould be those prohibited from at-sea disposal by
international or national regulations.
Development of environmentally sound, costeffective fishing technology as an alteraative to
destructive, indiscriminate, large-scale
techniques.
Development of innovative, integrated food
production techniques, such as aquacultureagriculture systems that use aquaculture waste
water to fertilize field crops.
Projects to encourage end-use energy efficiency and
alternative energy technologies to reduce need for
dams and fossil fuels.
Development of integrated coastal resource
management plans.
Establishment of marine/coastal sanctuaries for
education, research and protection of species.
Inventories of coastal ecosysterns, keystone species
and biological processes, designed for use by
managers and policy makers in implementing
integrated management plans and monitoring their
effectiveness.
Education programs designed to teach the public
about coastal marine ecosystems and their
fragility.
Training programs for government agencies that
monitor development projects, including training in
marine ecosystem inventories and field ecosystem
assessments.
- 11 •
Projects consistent with implementation of
international agreements for protection of the
marine environment in vhich the borrowing nation is
a participant — for example, Regional Seas
agreements.
•
Long-term coastal monitoring programs in critical
and vulnerable coastal ecosystems.
C.
Questions to be Asked about Proiects Affectina
Coastal Marine Ecosystems
General Questions to be Asked about all Proiects;
•
Does the project promote increased consumption of
fossil fuels, or does it promote reductions in
fossil fuel consumption?
Does the project jeopardize the short- or long-term
supply or quality of food and/or water resources
for human health?
Has an integrated coastal resource management plan
been developed for the borrowing nation? If so, is
the project consistent with that plan? If not,
does the project provide for such a plan to be
develcped?
Does the area of impact include marine ecosystems
critical to fisheries productivity or marine
biodiversity?
Will the project result in increased runoff of
chemical nutrients or toxic substances into marine
ecosystems?
Will the project adversely affect surface waters or
groundwater and, therefore, adversely affect the
marine waters that they feed?
Will the project harm coral reefs?
Does the project take into account historical and
existing uses of and restrictions on the ecosystem?
Does the project provide economie incentive for
maintaining or, where needed, improving the
condition of the ecosystem?
Does the project maintain the physical structure of
the marine basin and/or biological substrate?
•
Does the project place at risk an aquatic system
which may be critical for the functioning of an
- 12 adjacent marine ecosystem, such as a vetland
serving as a nursery ground for an estuarine or
other coastal fisheries?
Does the project offer an alternative to
overharvesting or pollution or habitat alteration
that nay be occuring already?
Will the project result in any demographic trends
associated vith environmental degradation? (e.g.,
Does the project affect rural to urban migration?
Will the project result in increased unemployment,
displacement or marginalization?)
If the project increases human productivity, vill
it increase demands on natural resources? If so,
does the project provide for sustainable use of
those resources?
Does the project promote local capabilities for
environmental management?
If the project results in an increase in Standard
of living for a group of people, is that Standard
sustainable? Does it jeopardize the Standard of
living of any other group of people?
If recycling options are applicable to the project,
have provisions been made to implement all possible
opportunities to recycle?
Does the project provide for monitoring to assess
the short- and long-term environmental and economie
effects?
Nearshore and Littoral Coastal Development Proiects;
•
Does the project aggravate coastal erosion in
either the short-term or the long-term?
Does the project interfere vith natural beach
replenishment?
•
Does the project involve building in locations
highly vulnerable to natural disasters such as
hurricanes and tropical storms? Does the project
interfere vith the coast's natural ability to
buffer the effects of such disasters?
Will the project have an impact on vater and
sediment guality in neighboring marine «cosystems?
•
Will the project destroy existing marine
ecosystems?
- 13 Does the project generate sevage? Has appropriate
collection and treatment technology been included?
Does the project interfere with aesthetic,
historical and/or ethnic values of coastal
environments?
Is the project consistent with any plans for
tourism development? The need for pristine
environments should be veighed against the need for
facilities.
•
Does the project displace or destroy the livelihood
of native cultures? Or does it enhance those
livelihoods?
Urbanization Proiectst
•
Does the project protect marine ecosysterns from the
effects of pollution generated by urban
development?
•
Does the project involve sevage collection and
treatment? If so, has it incorporated affordable
and appropriate technology and innovative
recycling mechanisms that reclaim hazardous
materials and utilize nutrient-rich water where is
needed on land? Are storm overflows for sewage
systems constructed so that raw sewage does not
flov directly into aguatic ecosystems?
•
Does the project contribute to increased sewage
loads, and if so, are there adequate facilities to
handle that sewage?
•
Does the project involve construction of or
expanding industrial facilities? If so, does it
incorporate mechanisms and technology for maximum
possible reclamation of hazardous waste for either
recycling or environmentally sound disposal?
Larae Water Structure and Hydroelectric Proiectst
Does the project result in the loss of fresh water
inflow into any coastal marine ecosystem? If so,
have mitigation measures been specified to prevent
biological impoverishment of the «cosystem?
Will the project adversely affect fr«sh-water
habitats and/or coastal farmland?
Will the project adversely affect fresh-water or
marine fisheries, or other living marine resources
- 14 (by habitat destruction or reduction of
productivity)?
Will the project aggravate pollution in coastal
marine ecosystems?
Will the project aggravate natural coastal erosion?
Does the project naximize short- or long-term
energy efficiency? Does it encourage use of
alternative energy technologies?
Fisheries and Aquaculture Proiects:
Does the project promote the development and/or use
of fishing technology that can result in
overfishing? If so, are there enforceable
management regulations that prevent such
overfishing?
Does the project provide for the development of
enforceable fisheries management programs that will
promote sustainable fisheries?
If an aquaculture project, will it cause the
destruction of productive marine habitat, such as
mangroves, or the degradation of neighboring marine
ecosystems?
If an aquaculture project, will it allow
sustainable yields of products that will reduce
demands on other species that are being
overharvested?
Aariculture. Forestrv and Mining Proiects:
Will the project rèsult in increased loading of
nutrients and/or toxic Chemicals into rivers or
directly into marine ecosystems? If so, have any
restrictive measures been specified to reduce or
eliminate the threat?
Does the project promote erosion and runoff of soil
into rivers or neighboring coastal marine
ecosystems?
Does the project directly destroy coastal marine
habitat, such as mangroves, salt marshes, coral
reefs?
Will the project result in increased turbidity and
siltation in sensitive coastal marine ecosystems?
Will the project provide long-term benefits to
- 15 local populations, without destroying or depleting
coastal resources upon vhich they depend?
V. Coastal Marine Ecosvstem Conservation Strateaies that
Borrowinq Nations Should Adopt for Sustainable Economie
Developineht
The MDBs are in a unique position to encourage
developing nations to adopt measures that protect against
costly degradation of marine ecosystems and should encourage
borrowing nations to develop and adopt coastal marine
ecosystem conservation strategies.
A.
Adoption of National and Reaional Coastal Marine
Ecosvstem Policies
The MDBs should encourage borrowing countries to adopt
marine conservation policies for the public and private
sectors. The policies should reflect the following goals:
•
Protection of sensitive marine ecosystems and their
diversity of functions and values;
Development of management plans for individuals
coastal ecosystems;
•
Development of research and monitoring plans for
managed coastal ecosystems;
Reduced usage of pesticides and implementation of
methods to control soil erosion and fertilizer
runoff;
Development of regulations goveming commercial
fisheries, sport fisheries and other harvesting of
marine species;
Development of land use plans with respect to
marine ecosystems, such as establishment of buffer
zones, prevention of runoff from development, and
use of effective sewage disposal technology.
Recognitión of the interdependency of agriculture,
forestry, mining, and fish and wildlife management,
as they pertain to marine ecosystems.
B.
Desianation of Protected Marine Areas
Critical sensitive marine ecosystems should be placed
under forma1 protection by officially designating them marine
reserves. This could be done on a local level or through
participation in regional or international programs such as
the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Program. Local expertise and
- 16 institutions should be developed to effectively administer
these reserves.
C.
initiation of National and Reaional Marine
Ecosystem Inventories
Forma1 ecosystem inventories should be encouraged as a
method to catalog information and design research on marine
ecosystems in developing countries. Ecosystess could be
cataloged in a manner useful to managers as veil as
scientists. Included in the catalogs should be key
functions and key species of each ecosystem. Ongoing species
lists should be established but vith the realization that
they vill not be complete for many years because of the lack
of knowledge about so many of the species.
D.
Promotion of Education and Coordination Programs
The MDBs should promote the establishment of
environmental education programs in developing nations. In
coastal nations, programs are needed to educate the public,
producers, developers, and policy-makers to the importance of
maintaining healthy coastal ecosystems. The MDBs should
recommend a tiered approach that would:
first, identify the functions, values and human
benefits provided by particular coastal ecosystems;
second, describe how various human activities
(e.g., agriculture, mining, forestry, fishing) can
have adverse effects on coastal ecosystems;
third, explain hov those activities can be modified
to reduce the negative impacts and preserve the
functions and values of the coastal ecosystems; and
finally, recommend alternative activities that have
positive economie value and at the same time have
positive or neutral effects on marine ecosystems.
In addition to these general education programs, an
exchange of information on successful coastal management
practices should be encouraged among developing nations that
share similar marine environmental problems. A transfer of
management technology from developed to developing nations
should be promoted vhen that technology is applicable to
existing problems and compatible vith the established socioeconomic system in the developing nation(s).
E.
Establishment of Research Programs
The MDBs should promote the creation of research
programs to collect information about local and regional
marine ecosystems and to assist in performing environmental
- 17 assessments. These projects vould employ local scientists
vhen possible to identify local envirorunental characteristics
and values, and their relationship to the regional and global
environment.
F.
Establishment of Land Use Assessment Process
The MDBs should encourage borroving nations to adopt
marine assessment criteria for all land-based projects. This
vould include efforts to develop agriculture and forestry
practices that operate efficiently to reduce erosion, reduce
water and energy requirements, reduce the use of toxic
substances, and maintain long-term guality of the resource
base. Coastal development should also be subject to this
assessment process through zoning regulations that vould
take into account beach erosion, effects of runoff and
sevage outfall or leaching.
G.
Enter into International Aareements for Preventina
Damaae to Ecosystems in Reaional and Global Comaons
The MDBs should encourage borroving countries to enter
into international treaties aimed at the vise use of marine
resources and at sustainable economie development, and vhich
regulate and protect the global commons, such as the London
Dumping Convention and the International Convention of the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).
Appendix A
TYPES OF COASTAL MARINE. ECOSYSTEMS:
DEFINITIONS, FUNCTIONS, AND VALUES
Coasul marine ecosystems include a wide variety of distinct but interacting natura! systems
nu gingfromestuaries and inland seas to the depths of the outer Continental sheif. The boundaries
of these ecosystems may be physical barriers such as basin or coastline topógraphy, or structural
water barriers, such as currents or vertical stratification. Often anificial boundaries are introduced
by humans utilinng and regulating these ecosystems. These may include national borders, the
limits of temtorial seas, or exclusive economie zones (EEZs). Boundaries are convenient and
often essential for managers, but it must be understood that marine ecosystems do not honor them.
The fluidiry of the environment is responsible for the free exchange of biologicaJ and chemical
components within an ennre ecosystem and berween ecosystems. Thcrefore, regional programs for
cooperative management of coastal ecosystems should be encouraged. For the common oceans
outside temtorial seas and EEZs. broader international agreements must be developed, and these
agreements must enforceable, and thus go beyond the level of voluntary pararipation.
Each ecosystem has its own unique set of physical, chemical. geological and biological
characteristics which define it. However, there are several general types of ecosystems, called
biomes, to which general principles apply. The following discussions bricfly describe several
common coastal marine biomes and identify some of the rypical functions, values and sensirivines
associated with each.
Included within the scope of this document are wetlands, estuaries, intenidal systems. coraJ
reefs, benthic shelf systems, coastal upwelling systems, polar seas, and partially enclosed basins.
The various wetland ecosystems are also covered by special Wetlands Guidelines (submined to the
Depanment of the Treasury by the Working Group on International Wetlands), so projects
impacong such areas must be consistent with those guidelines as well. Not included within the
scope of this document are the deep sea ecosystems, the Continental slope and beyond, which
ought to be increasingly regulated by international agreements. (Insofar as lending institudons
become involved in that vast realm, the general principles of environmental protecóon that are the
foundation of this document should be followed, but specific gyidelines will have to be addressed
separately.)
Wetlands. "Wetlands" is t collective term applying to a vast number offreshwaterand
marine habitats. The marine wetlands of most concern include: (1) salt manhes typical of
temperate ihallow coastünes such as the Atlantic coasts of North America and Europe and the
northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico; (2) mangrove swtmps common on tropical Atlantic and
Pacific coasts. and in the Indian Ocean/West Pacific region where about 20 percent of the world's
total border the Sunda Shelf region, enclosed by Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and
Bomeo; and (3) submerged seagrass meadows prevalent in shallow protected coastal areas in both
tropical and temperate environments - eg., in lagoons shoreward of banier islands and reefs and
in other shallow estuaries,
These marine wetlands generally are highly productive, and collectively represent a great
divenity of life forms and functions. Coastal wetlands, as transitioo areas berween land and sea.
perform a number of buffering functions - they buffer the land from the fury of sea storms and
they buffer the seafromthe onslaught of sediment and pollutants washed from land. As areas rich
in nutrients and protective habitat, they are often highly productive nursery areas. As has been
pointed out in the documents providing guidelines for financing projects affecang wetlands ihese
areas perform many ccological funcnons critica! to human nccds, and these values must be
considered when assessing the desirabüiry of activities that threaten or othenvise affect these
sy sterns.
An estuary is a body of water in which fresh water from ariverorriversmixes
with and measurably dilutes sea water. Estuaries are regions of steep and variable gradients in
environmental condibons (e.g. salinity). Different types of estuaries includerivermouths. bays.
lagoons. sounds and fjords. Each estuary has its own biological characterisücs, which depend
upon the saliniry gradients, seasonal tetnperature regimes, topography of the esruarine basin,
bonom characterisdes, and circularion panerns.
Most estuaries are shallow enough to include a significant benthic (residing on the bottom)
coramuniry of plants and animals. Fjords are notable excepdons because they are usually very
deep and are anoxic at the bonom. where the biological acdyity is dominated by specialized type's
of bacteria. Estuary basins are sediment sinks because sediment laden river waters flow intó the
broad esruarine basins. Esruarine waters are generally nutriëntrichdue to runoff from the land and
seasonal mixing causing nutriënt enrichmentfrombottom sediments. As a result, estuaries tend to
be highly produedve. The seasonal nature of this produedviry becomes more pronounced with
increasing latitude, as the seasonal variance of the light and temperarure regimes becomes more
prominenL
The ecologically important funcdons of estuaries include their role as nurseries for offshore
species important to flsheries. The benthic communiry often includes valuable shellfish and bonom
fish species. Estuaries are feeding grounds for migraring birds and migradng fish. The biological
diversiry in terms of "phyiiun-diversiry" and funcdonal diversiry is relatively high. Restricted size
and circulanon of estuaries, bowever, may result in rapid disturbances to the sy sterns.
Human udlizadon of estuaries includes the establishment of several important commercial
flsheries as well as aquaculrure. Recreadonal aedviries such as boadng, fuhing and tourism are
significant in all estuaries near centers of human population. Estuaries are ideal locacions for the
development of pons and harbors because they offer shelter. But pon industries are notonous
sources of toxic substances, and pon development often brings urbanization and its concomitant
sewage outfall and runoff, so the estuary can become a waste receiving basin. Obviously. some of
these uses of estuaries are in conflict with each odier and many pose significant threats to the health
of the estuarine ecosystem.
In order to maintain the biological functions of an estuary, it is essenrial that human
activiries be regulated to minimize adverse effects. In generaU (1) the nutriënt load entering an
estuary can oniy be increased up to the point that primary coosumers unlize it without loss of
species, which occurs when excessive primary production causes a loss of oxygenfromexcessive
decay; (2) any proposed construction should minimize any interference with circuladon pattems
and should noc reduce exchanges of fresh and ocean waters; (3) loss offreshwaterinflow must be
limited so that upper estuarine communides depending upon low salinides are preserved; (4) the
basin topography should not be altered in such a way that significantly changes circuladon or
stradficaaon panen» of the water body; (5) although estuarine communides are often adapted to
reladvely high curbidity, sediment should not be increased above a point where produedvity is
impeded by severe light limitadon; (6) discharge or runoff of toxk substances into estuaries should
be strictly limited, and toxic substances must not be allowed to accumulate in sediments at
dangerously high levcls. Similarly, toxic discharges should be limited to avoid their
bioaccumuUDon through the food chain« and the resulting threat to human health through fish and
shellfish consumpdoo.
Inicrndal ZOncv The intcradal rone is that ponion of the shorc ihat falls bet ween the
b d or narrow. steep or flat rockv
highest high nde and the lowest low nde
nde. The zone may b
bc broad
or muddy, or anywhert m berween these extremes. The composition of the intenidaJ bioiorcal
. community depends largely on bonom and odal characteristics.
Rocky intenidaJ areas support a high diversity of plants and animals, with that diversitv
increasing as latirude decreases. The physicai variabiüty in the subszrate and the different period's
of submersion withtn the interridal zooe proyide a broad variery of habitats for different species.
Predation is aJso important in maintaining high diversity, so the reraoval of key predators could
have a significant impact on the entire community. This highly diverse, colorful community is
important for tourisra, often artracting divers and shell collectors. These rocky intenidaJ areas'are
also highly productive and contribute to the producnviry of adjacent terrestrial areas and coasial
subtidaJ areas. They fill an imponant funcnon in the cycling of nutrients conthbuted to coasul
waters from land. In so f ar as terrestrial animals feed on intemdal plants and animals, some of
those nutrients are retumed to the land.
Sandy or muddy interridal areas often support significant recreational or commercial
shellfisheries. Sandy beaches are important areas for tourism. Mudflats are imponant feeding
grounds for migratory birds.
Intertidal communiries are maintained by the constant incroduction of new ocean waters
through odal and wave action. They depend on these cycles to replenish nutrients and to carry
spores and larvae for resettlement of barren or damaged areas. Rapid recolonizarion is one of the
basic charactehstics of the intertidal zone.
Coral Reefs. Coral reefs occur along shallow, trcpical coastlines, and consist of a large
andrigidscrucrural mass of calcium carbonate formed by die cemented skeletal remains resulting
frora the successive growth and development of Henpatypic corals (i.e., reef building corals).
These ecosystems have the highest reponed species diversity of any marine ecosystem and are
often considered the tropical rainibrests of the sea. They occur only in warm, clear, low-nutnent.
oxygenated waten and are sensirive to a number of environmental changes, including increases in
temperarure, rurbidity, and nutriënt loading, and changes in sea leveL Although corals are colonies
of small animals, each living unit of the hermarypic corals contains algal popuüations within its own
tissues which are capable of photosynthesis, thus providing an energy source for both the coral
and the algae. The corals themselves are relatively slow-growing colonies of animals with growth
rates ranging between one-tenth and ten centimeters per year in lengih.
(Though notresponsiblefor the formarion of reefs, the nonhomarypic corals may snll be
valuable as substrate and may provide the basis for diverse and productive communiaes. These
species are found both inshore and in deeper waters and often are valuable in the formaöon of
sediment substrates, including beaches and shoals.)
Species diversity follows a general verrical pattern with the greatest diveniry at mid-depths.
around lö>30 meters. There is also a geographical species diversity panenu decreasing from west
10 east in bom the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
Because reef communiries are structured by the coral with numerous species relying on that
structure for shelter aad food, any extensive structural damage to the reef itself will have a
devastating effect on the community. There is linie primary producdoo ia the water column, so
destructioo of the reef also desooys the base of the food duin. The rate of recovery of a damaged
reef is not well ksowo.
Extensive damage has been caused by such physicai disrurbances as ships running
aground, fishermen using explosives, mining of coral for building materials, and souvenir
collecnng. B.ological factors have also been responsible for some significant changes in coral
reefs For examplc. populanon explosions of a coral predator, the Crown of Thorns starfish hai
caused extensive damage to pomons of The Great Banier Reef and other Pacific reef systerm T S
disappearance of animals that graze on reef algae will allow the algae to take over the reef
somenmes to the point where the calcareous algae form a dense shell completely covering the corai
reef. Overfishing of fish that feed upon the algae associated with coral reefs has set off this chain
reacnon in some areas.
Coral reefs can also be indirectly damaged by several forms of environmental degradation.
Because of their dependence on clear waters, coral reefs are sensirive to increases in turbidity!
which may be the result of either increased sedimentarion or increased algae producrion caused by
influxes of nutrients. Coral reefs also respond poorly to increases in temperarure, ultra-violet light.
and/or sea leyeL Corals generally adjust to slow sea level fluctuarions by building up or down.
However, it is predicted that they would not be able to adjust to the rapid sea level change that
some global climate change models forecasL
Humans use coral reefs for food, recrearion, building materials, and decorarion. In general
reef fish are varied, but no single species is highly producrive. Reef fisheries can be sustainable
when age-old tribal fishing customs and management systems are followed. However, when
populanons rise and coral reef fisheries are exploited to feed an overcrowded narion, reef
communines can quickly become overfished. Another problem occurs when developing nanons
try to develop reef fisheries for an export market. These fisheries often coüapse because there is a
greater tendency to focus on only a few species. Since popularions of any single species are
usually smalL, the target species of these export fisheries can quickly become depleted. In addinon.
some methods of fish harvesring, such as the use of explosives. can devastate whole reef
communines along with the target fish. This is a serious problem in Indonesia and the Philippines.
Many tropical nanons depend largely on tourism to fuel their expanding economies, and
some tourism depends solely upon the artracrion of coral reefs to divers. Consequendy, there ought
to be economie incenrive to maintain the diversity and size of the coral reef communines. This
approach is not commonly taken by developing nanons, but insriturions such as multilateral
development banks could provide guidance in that direcrion.
Subtidal Benthic Shelf. Beyond thé interridal zone, the Continental coast becomes the
conrinental shelf which can vary in width from a few miles to greater than rwo hundred miles (the
EEZ). Depths may increase to several hundred meters. The diversity of animal species is
generally high and their distriburioo correlates closely with parricular bonom types. Soft boaom
sediments are most common, but rocky outcrops also occur. Bonom topography and water
circularion patterns are also important and affect the oxygen coocentrarions near the bonom. Soft
bonom communities play an important role in regeneraoon of nutrients, and oxygen is needed for
the decay process to occur with any efficiency. The concentrarions of regenerated nutrients then
mix with cold opwelling waters, producing the ideal condirions that supportrichfisheries.
One specialized and highly diverse subridal communiry which is uncharacterisric in that it is
dorainated by plants is the gjant kelp bed. The kelp are so long (up to 100 m) that they can float
their photosyntheric leaf-like fronds near the surface while anchonng themselves on the bonom.
Like the coral reefs, this physical structure supports a diverse community, including valuable
fisheries species.
Another special ecosystem u found in the deep trenches and canyons that traverse the
conrinental shelf. This environment is unstable, with swift currents, scoured rocky canyon sides.
andfrequentsediment and rubble slides. Species diveniry is relarively low, but there are some
commercially valuable shellfish and fish in these areas. The wrong currents flowing down the
canyonsfromtheir landward ends may carry pollutantsfromland-based sources.
Subndal benthic ecosystems suppon many valuable shellfishcrics and bonom-fisheries
However, these resources are endangered by the ever-increasing use of these waters for the
disposal of contaminated wastes. Dredge spoils smother and poison the bottom communitics at
dumping sites. Sewage and other urban waste is dumped in either by direct pipeline discharge or
barge dumping. These ecosystems are also subjected to oil and gas exploraoon and may in the
future include sites for seabed mining of minerals.
f na stal Uowelliny FgoSvstems. Wind-driven large-scale circuladon patterns are major
factors defming ecosystems in the water oveTlying Continental shelves. The systems of greatest
interest are areas of coastal upwelling which bring nutrient-rich waters from the bottom to the
surface, usually on a seasonal cycle. These upwellings are predictable events aiways occurring in
the same locaóons. The high nutriënt content of the water supports prolüic phytoplankton growth
near the surface and this forms the base of a highly producove ecosystem supponing many of the
world's major fisheries. The effects of toxic substances from direct sewage discharge and/or
runoff, dredge-spoü disposal, and oil spills are significant as these substances travel through the
food chain and bioaccumulate in the top predators. including humans. It is not clear to what extent
the increased loading of nu trien ts from these same sources might cause an overabundance of
phytoplankton, and conven the healthy predator-dominated food chain to a less desirable decaydominated food chain.
Polar <ea<. Polar seas, surrounding the Nonh Pole and Antarctica, include upwelling
areas and are highly productive on a seasonal basis (related to light), and therefore suppon highyield fisheries. At the base of the food chain are plankton that liverightin the ice that covers much
of the seas, as well as on its under-surface. These organisms support a food chain that indudes
krill (small crustaceans and the next level in the food chain) and large numbers of fish, seabirds
and sea mammals. The ice also funcrions as a platform from which seals and polar bears search
for food, and on which seals breed. Diversity is increased by a system of leads and polynyas
where open water condinons are maintained.
These seas are used mainly for fishing, research, shipping, and oU exploration/transpon.
As has been demonstrated in Antarctica, research on a large enough scale can itself bc a polludon
source and must be carefully managed. Oil spills are a potendal threat to fisheries and the food
chains that feed them. Biological processes, including recovcryfromdamage, tend to be slower.
and seasonal. in the cold temperarures of the polar seas.
Endosed or Semicioserf B«<in«. Enclosed or semiclcsed seas are coastal basins that fall
somewhere berween huge estuahes and small oceans. Examples of such seas include the Gulf of
Mexico, the Meditemnean Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the South China Sea and the
Sea of Japan. They are generally bounded by several nations and therefore are best managed by
regional agreements such as UNEFs Regional Seas Program. The funcoons and values of these
seas include those listed for the other types of ecosystems described in mis section, since each sea
is really a composite of many ecosystem types - someómes even including the deep ocean.
Because such seas are bounded by land usually cotnposed of several countries, commerce across
these waters is usually heavy. This includes increased risk of hazardous substance spills along
with polludon from normal operadonal and pon-related acóvities. PoUutioo is compounded by
inflow from polluted rivers and the closed structure of the basins whichrestrictsexchange with
open waters. Very often, this results in highly polluted waters and stressed or depauperate
biological communiaes. The Mediternnean is a good exampk of how <juiddy and how completely
the biological communities can be devasuted in these basins tf land development and
industhalizadon proceed unchecked.
Annex 2: the Coastal Resources Center of the Uhiversity of Rhode Island
CRC/URI was formed because of the development of a CZM-plan for the state of
Rhode Island. The keyword for this plan was "Sustainable".
People within CRC/URI:
Stephen Olsen
Brian Crawford
Hiels Nest
J. Stanly Cobb
Jens Sorensen
Lynne Z. Hale
Virgin ia Lee
P.Pogue
Michele H. Lemay
William V. Branan
director of CRC/ÜRI, editor of Intercoast
narine aff airs, training coördinator
narine affairs, professor
zoology
co-editor of intercoast
assoc. director/ Thailand programme
Coastal marine resource associate
Marine resources planner
oceanography
address:
Coastal Resources Center
South Ferry Road
Naragansett Campus, RI 02882
United States of America
tel 1.401.792.6224
fax 1.401.789.4670
publications:
Coastal Resources Management: A guide to Public Education Programs and
Materials; Michele Lemay and Lynne Hale, 1989, 80 pp.
Coral reef protection strategy for Phuket en surrounding islands; Michele
Lemay and Hansa Chansang, 1989, 64 pp.
A sustainable shrimp mariculture industry for ecuador; Stephen Olsen and
Luis Arriaga, 1989, 276 pp.
Integrated resources management for coastal environments in the Asia and
Near East regiem; Stephen Olsen et al, 1989, 77 pp.
Coastal management in the USA, a selective review and Bummary; Jack Archer,
1988, 24 pp.
Structure and objectives of a coastal management program for Ecuador;
(available in Spanish and in English), 1988, 32 pp.
The management of coastal habitats in Sri Lanka, report of a workshop; 1986,
36 pp.
A profile of Ecuador's coastal region, Bruce Epler and Stephen Olsen, 1990.
Sri Lanka coastal management plan, coast conservation department, Sri Lanka,
1990.
10
Vision Global del desarrollo de la Costa, Washington Macias and Enilio
Ochoa, 1989, 233 pp.
Elementos legales y administrativos de uanejo de recursos sosteros en
Ecuador, Efrain Perez, 1988, 130 pp.
A national coral reef strategy for Thailand, vol 1; 1991, 32 pp.
What future for Phuket; An action plan to naintain environnental quality,
1991, 57 pp.
Emergency analysis of shrimp nariculture in Ecuador; Howard Odun and Jan
Arding, 1991, 114 pp.
11
CONTENTS
VOLUME 1
SESSION 2: LEGAL AND REGULATORY GUIDELINES
FOR SHORE AND SEA PROTECTION
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f DLHUgl^JUJ I M H 3fMCC M U WUUIICtlUU H C | U U H V J ï m u • T f r i T jCBUag B B BV ITOMCWDf
Jamee Jordn Panenoa. Raten Sieveaaoa. and OcnM Kahn
CZMA CowiMency Opiniaa—Aa Uodttcovcnd Body of Law
M m A. SaareamM n d lUlheriat A. Ptaac
lodund Sobtideoce—Cnviroomrmil n d Ugal InylkMioi
Dou|lta L. hmm. PMricia H . Maten, n d Kateriae E. Slaac
Addrcuinf Couui A n p n U M I n u a 1Vou(k Ihc CZMA
David W. Kuier
1 1 * Publie Tlmt Oocatee n d CoeMl Z O K MaMfenKal—Tom* A Model Poücy
Jndy A. Kelly n d Dtvid C. Stade
U f i l Aipecti of «c Omtnakm of Arüficltl bindt ai la^a
Yothihn Kos
COBJUI Proleclaoa is Ctlifwnli Oowituncnril Appreache*
KaAerae E. SMe n d Beojnta ICnfmn
itow io myror"kAMHaai i IIMJCIW mivu iwiafii A|)|)RMCDCB
Benjamia K a u f m n and Kiaeph Rcacfai
••
I
16
•
21
•
OT»
•
SESSION 3: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION:
THE CITIZEN AS AN ADVOCATE
Dawn L. Park*
Who U Rewriiini «ie Public TroM Doctrine?
JadMi MacGfegorCottins n d Michael W. CoUnM
PaMic Petcepitoii Afier Viktu-Ckizan' DictnM n d Invlicatiaai *> OCS
Joh» Moore. Ir
Bdch Politie*—int bnpoitiBOC oi uranBcd* Looi Svpport fof Doch Rmonoos Ptoyccti
Kemelh J. Smüh
41
••
•
M
Dwioiitg ruMK A w m m M rWim|MDai • txMOO* i fwOHm puaaB^Biana r n p n
W. Maciai and Lyone Hak
PaMic InvoNcment in Couul PI—ing Th» Laag Beacb Eipartcaoe
Mtlvia L. Natter n d Roten S. Lamoad
•
«1
SESSION 4: INTERNATIONAL CZM: SMALLISLAND
STATES/ARCHIPELAGOS
CoatdtoetofTrhiidadandTorjato-^CoKtalStaMlityPcnpecthc
Diane Beurend, Chennaine O'Brien-Delpew. Uoyd Oenld. aad Haydea Roamo
Pacini Maiwgemeai Challeata o» the Baitedn Coaadiae—The PnMem of Coatdise Aocca
Kennclh A. AdmVy, LeoMrd A. Nurac. and Yolaada B. Toppia
EvahiMinf die EfTicacy of CoaMal Zone Mana«eimul ia Ihe Eaaera Oribten
CtemtM D. Lewacy
•Sm " C O M U M I O« a> Wortd"
••
••
**
l la te Soa* Pacifk fefka
PaaiHoMM
Cbattal LegalaDoa a> i n Brtdat Vhjta blaak
Gilliai Caraben
rreMe«<rfCoitJZa»llnnrTill«A«tif«MdB«iti«>i
David Pmeauae
•
•*
••
SESSION 3: SOUTHERN CALIFORNU OCEAN OUTFALL
WATER QUALJTY STUDIES
TkaDlajinlnaofOceaa OifatlPI—m Pa)iicat aad BMotfcal Dyaaarin
h n H. Joat*. Uba Wtaabara. tad Yicaa Wa
Moo^Sy«»lotTtaS<»i«a««»«k)Mo#BkM)|i«k^«rfP*»iWV«W)Uiiyta*e
74
COMUIOCCM
T.D. Dkkcy aviD.V. M M »
M n m a t of Navfcal a d MeMJ R U M boa te Set Hoor bi te A m Afoaad te WbJaj» M M
Sew«je OarfaB. Lot Aaatks. Califoraia
Wiliaai M. Berdaoa aad Kcaacab S. Jokaaoa
Rtpnaal Moaüorit la ïnaann Califoraia
Broek B. Btnoria
Pa* of Maakajal Effk—l Ptkfca («ad Aamcuaad Cnaliiiaaali) Dtacaafaad a> te fata Vartal
Satlf—A Critica) Review aal Syatesa
Rotort P. Efaaaaaae
M u a f —I Dapewioa Ptocoag • * t VteWiy of • Ocaa» Oatfill Sytoa la Sua*im CaMoral»
Yicaa Wa, Libc W a t t m . aad BaMoa H. Joan
M
101
IIJ
•
124
SESSION fc OIL AND GAS ACTTVITIES: NEW APTROACHES,
PROCEDURES, AND TECHNOLOGIES
How Hai aV JokH lUrtow Pnceai EntndJ
Maiy BaaK Daaawty a d Cafteriac CaUataa
TteEflrctiolOffaV<wOU»dO^E« < toiDoaOt»aBoaioaHa^SataimelUelCiiaM»»iMii
A Joaa Partk^adoa Pracea Cav Siady
JoaaC. Laat iad Maariot L. HUI
Safe Soa Seaat Motak* • • Tool lorfcfcaia>a«Eipknlonr We« Dacaarat Depoata
Meaada S. M»ye»
OffaVac Od Tnaiaia» riwalW Rok la U.S. Fetrakaai DuoibMk»
Lany Mabaey mi EdwanJ Wall
133
*
*
162
AiaaV. Ta
244
SESSION 9: URBAN AND WATERFRONT
PLANNING AND REVITALIZATION
Owat Latei Walaftoaj Dmtepa—l
Daakl K. Ray
•
Beach Enaioa ia FtoraJa—A CkaOeaat lor Phaaaaj mi MaMaaaM
Oeofe P. SdnaW aad Edwla 1. Coaklia
Ml
Beyond Mai(«iaB—Achievia| Habitat Reaknöoa avl ratiairaaral al te Loeal U«al
kfürey A. Dickiaoa aad lulia Lee Wakoa
272
Loas-Tena Vitna of DtvdopoKat, Utilizatioa. aad Coaccrvaaaa of Tokyo McauaulHa» Coaaat A m
Muaufca Maeda, Yaaayuki Kajiwara, Mvaki lihii, aad Yaaiyati YaN
••
Port Redcvtlopmeat ia lajaa Panrna aad CharKkstaict
Shingo Fvjino. Yaaaji Yabe. aad Akira Shiki
••
Towaid Inacffated Devdopmeat of Otaka CoaHal Zoat
Nahkaai Nakao
•
WET—II Eflkacy ai Wedaad PaacDaaal
fliwiM
M. Fiascn Earfk
Relative Fuheriet Vakje, of Naaaat Venat Tmaflalad Edpaa B a * . Z o a m aaarÉM. ai
Southera Califoniia
Robot S. Hoffnaa
AlaOa Coaauü Wetlaa* Sarwy
Jonathan V. HaU
Devdopmeat of Skallow Drift Hartnr Deti(a Oüctia
W. Jeff LUlycnp. Moaica A. Ippalito. aad R. Ray Boaai. Jr
—
••
••
••
CtlifonaVi Ooeai Reaoaren Mm n uw i i l (CORM) Pioanai
Sutan O'Mtlley Wade
Californiai Eaergy Policy ProdatlivHy WUnat OfhancOU Drilbat
Jack Uebner
Oening II Rt(ht-Coa«al M a a a y r a l la Caüfonaa. That lor I d o r a
AnaNonhoff
•
*a
••
A rlCW PfWlWOfit tOt ONCffttBO COMtU ZflaaC MaaWMCflKasl
177
117
*
SESSION t: SHORELINE STABIUZATION I
PCTWOC uc
2M
SESSION 11: CAJJFORNU'S COAST: THE FUTURE
SESSION 7: REMOTE SENSING
Pwa»«t la mi Paayawj Oat-Ca» Haanrie» at Plaldtoed Saad Bipaiiia» for C I I M I I I aad
Beada*ace Ocwawaaj for Beacae*
l i n Park»
]|f
149
*
OmaiiHiailli r«*TT>in alliai Tj T p n T n i i * r
Mkftad e. Daacai. Pa^da A. laUüch. mi Lany S. SloOa
Sea Wak* raianaaiialal h a t t Scauag Apptirikia oa Df Bay Naclear Powar Saüoa
U Tkfaat. Yi Maackaa. liaaj Yaejia. aad Li* Hu*
Roacat Varia» aad Coaaai Mianrairal la BmU
Laii Heariajat A. de Aanado
Eavraaaeatal r ilmlim of * e Cmaül A m of Martca Coaaty A MMl»iilnln|>a1 Eauy O
Maria P. Saam Qaatfda. Edaa Mam Macaado-Gaananca. mi
Mam GraxiMLaBM Haan
JM
SESSION 1 * ASSESSMENT OP A WETLAND FUNCTIONAL VALUE
*e*m^AwEmmiMMto*»l*Mtn*KO*BCaadm*L*Skrt*rn*nOammAkQmlity—
lae Califaiaia Eiaa^k
MücaBatr
Caac Sajdy—OowadfW Baatte Poar M U M aai Sta Y a n fraai a Omtttty I
oa Late MichicM
Charles N. Jofeaaoa
BeacnCrMtioabrUa^ntalSaonPnaKtkaSyaaai
Kanmaia Kak*
Daae MaMMaaaee
Michad P. WaMw
ShoRliat Pmectloa CnaatwrHoa Aloaf * e CaUfarab) CoaM
Oeorat A. AnaMraaa.
193
PeterOreaeU
Coastal aad Suaewide Ontwik Maftajeam la Caüfonaa
Peter M. Doaglai
••
•
SESSION 12: LEGISLATTVE ISSUES
lacreaied Atlenüoa lo Oeeaa aai Coaatal Praaxtiaa Lcgiitanoa ai te I O I M Coaama
Joan Bondareff aad U u PMtmaa
Radical Eavironmeouliioi, te New Approaca—The Removil of OU m • Pfaaary Ooal of OU
Spill Ckaa Up
Van M. Browa
Naturel Reaoutcc Traaaa l>i i|naallilliliia rta Awakeafas Taaa
Katerioe A. Peaae
' M — n l a t m» waaaai al *m ti— of ariartaa.
• • S « " C O « Ü > M of Om W « M " «Mcteky volaaB
Vii
2M
Ml
JIS
Ejnhn—rwtlhapaa »
i w i t e O w m l w c f Mata» BMo«fca Dfrarthy
Doaat S. Wieuaj
Banroaroeaia Impact Aoeanol Requirtmtnu fc* Coattti Dt»«lopw1 hl Mabytt
Ram! 8. Ma S«ki. S.M. S«ad Abdallai. tad O.A. Kaan
Japaattc Recfodoa ActMty Aarty^* •> Oklatwt M a t e Retort
Tatoo Koado. Akio Kvoytaaji. md Yatahm Uouki
Toariim la die CariMieat The Need fOf t Samiaabte Approaca Towanh Coaml Retoaroe»
Erik Btomnetltai mó Maloofan Headjy
330
342
Coaml Couaty Ofhhon Eaern Aaumac* IVoaraa Lot Aaatkt Coaaty
Cilberi Cooa
SMe^BfMah Cohaabia OU SoiO T a * Poata
Paul Hevaowiu. )oa Necl. Aajy Oltd. M a Boaa. Braet SatBobad. aal L J M R o l
CtUforea'i OU SeiD Picveatha Md Ckaaop Piiptw<lB»a AaMai| of M Eaavtaf P « * e M k y
BriM E. Baifd
detaup OpenüoM Dataf Euoa Vtldet 0 0 SsW-Sewad Oaer Retcae Ceaar
Jamet Styera tad Thomai McCkxkey
OU Spill Reajnatt Eunnet for Pacific OCS Ptdütka
Bill Kohol
OU Spill Cooöafeacy Planac fcr OCS OperaboM
Elmer P. Dtnenberger
Coaml Retounx Mtppat of 6a Cleta Seal Alta of ReapoadbUMy tafonalka Nee* for
Effectire Oil Spill Reajiome Prepacdneti—A 20 Year Review
SimoaA. Poato tad Skip Oamd
357
370
J9I
407
**
416
Oatüfkatioi Symm of E»»lw—l»1 Uain fat Larf U« aad CoaMnl Ptiaaiat ia B& CtUforait.
Meüco
423
Paacn MratiAcalioa of Laad U K daaas—ImpncttioBi oa Poücy loptemealatiaa for • C O M U I
Cirio* V«ldc*-Cuütai « d Qcai ChnaTtoOmci
Soecul Aita Maufentai Pliaaiat ta Eciudn—The Eiperieaoe of Uakia( Reaoaicc Coaaavaüoa
aad Ecoanmir Develapneal ia Five Coanal Site*
DoaaU Robadae aad L. A n i i p
The Rok of Local S»wanfcnip ia » Coaml Rqoatce» Mantunifai Stmep tot ** Oalajmoi
*
B. EfkraadSttokeaOla
Uaidade» de Coavmcna j Tigil— il r
aaMii» MoW-Aetacy Eafoneoeal of NaMal
Roomt* RttuUüont ia Coaml Ecuador
H. Veeoaet tad O. Poet
lail Tnaainiiiw ia*Turnt lil—I
x
•
•
*
D. P m « n E. Laadivar
AS<ad>oaEj^woome.«lii«iaaAaa1y«aia<MRe«oitl>»fluPaKalrf
CaK S«ydy of Hatwdnn* blaad
Hüodit Miytuki tad Hirohiu Koftn
Some Aipecn oo Hamta Recnaüoatl Bchtvior of Bcacn Akng Snonai CotM
Akio KoroyaMti. Ttkco Koado, tad HideaU Kanke
Rcfoffflolmoii Elfbttt fdf rBaMBM City ffftf hft ; Ploridt
Cheiyl PhanMiel Ubkb
NomericaJ Modeliag of Swna-bdaced Beaca Efocka. Folly Beack. Soan Cvcaaa,
Betth Fill Altemativct
LyadeU Z. Htkt. M a t R. Byiaet. tad MiOad W. Dowd
Lonphoic Beten RU Moveaeat Uiinf GENESIS. Folly Ittaad. Soa* CmUat
Peter Jty Neiltat
Lont Term Aiteamea af Beacfc Noaridoneal Project Piifnnaatra
Donald K. Suubte tad Cary W. Holen
Effect of SheU oa Beten Performance—Eianptet fnm the Wea-Ceanl CoaM of Roridi
Richad A. Dtvit. Ir.. RoiaM P. Henygen. tad Robot C. Hogae
MonüoriBf of die I9RS46 Betcb Nouruhmem Project a Ba Betch. VicHra baad. Lajot, Mgcra
A.C. fbe. L.F. Awotikt. C.B. Ibe, tad L.E. lecgbedioa
*
431
•
Mama Reftue tad RacycUa( Ptcilitk»-ONif»ooai tad Opportann aader Aaan V
of MARPOL
Fraa Recht
Unking CZM w t * Local Plaaaa) aal Zoaaf—Euoa4et of SaooetcM Habor
MaacemeM Paaaaj
P. Pogae
DcvdofRthSflf of u M f BcMb DcvMovi MaVaM
M a M. Nichol and Wther E. Hyrbtaat
DeveluPitKM of Smltow Drtft Hatar Deiiga O a a a
W. Jeff LUlycrop. Moaict A. IppolHo. tad R. Rty Bonte. * .
viii
4S7
•
•
472
•
4M
«95
•
SIO
S23
S34
SM
510
572
SS4
SESSION 1 * WETLANDS: PRIORITY THREATS
Htbka Dcptdaüo» aad FWary Dtcliaa a the U.S.
Jtmet R. Chanben
EMropmcttioa anJ ia Effect» oa Coattl HaWtan
R. Eugeae Toraer atd Ntacy N. RtbtWt
niaiaiil!» wmnltaa • • » aa» of arlaia|.
"im "CbMlaM ef * • World" «acWry <otaa
— wHMNt m a» na» nT yriaaaj.
aaa* <* *> WortT aacóiiy n k a
• • $ • "CoMaaa*
444
SESSION 18: MARINAS AND SMALL BOAT HARBORSI
•
SESSION 15: COASTAL RESORT PLANNING AND
TOURISM CONCERNS
OcH Coane P u ilnuai— Ooacttat la Coaml Zoat M n n m i f a l
I. Heyward RobiaMa aal H. Slephea Sayder
AaAcMsnKMorCoMUdToaruot^RecrealioaalDevekimKMPoaeiaialarfRfioaRc
••
SESSION 17: BEACH NOURISHMENT
SESSION 14: INTERNATIONAL CZM:
CENTRAL/SOUTH AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BASIN
LatamOoma-MahmVmmatmakmlMhrtnmMmÊa»
•
SESSION lé: OIL SflLL CONTINGENCY PLANNING
AND CLEANUP: SOLUTIONS
SESSION 13: MAPPING AND REMOTE SENS1NG APPUCATIONS
The the of Compate? M ^ t a | lo Baabbn Hatortca Eroaoa Rattt a d Coaml Coattracdoa
Setecki a New Jeney
M a * N. M—kilo
Aoia Videotape Mappiaj of Coaml Oeoaorphk daagt*
Kaoliea Debatteren. Ska »ealau. Kata A. Weaphtl. P. Doaglai Rcaav. tad
Ranlotpfc A. McBride
Soaar MappèM] of CiaM KC|B DcaBky arf OtoribMhM
Kard F. ZaMoadü, M a R a n d . Sttpbea Schrot*». Jaha DUOB. Thora» D e » , « d
TimMhy NonU
QaaMiialmMa{^»ajrfCgail«IHatia^arfNala^ltao»wiePiWrfliurioai Applkaioa lo
Nangaaot Bty. Rhode hltad
DeborM P. Frewh
( M t n t | of Oeagnpbical lafonaaDOa oa Coaml Z o » ka lap»
Seüchi Taaokt. Tarwe» Saüo. tad Shiaji TaUxawa
H M Acojauiüo» of Remoiely Stand Strgauum laforaatioa oa Dqn Bcy
O m Xttcliaa. U o D M . U Tiefaaj. Yi liancfcu», tad L n Haat
•
••
•*
Coaatt) Syataa—Oa ft* Maffia
H O V I Q IJCVCHMHI
•
•
<
SESSION 23: MODELING AND SIMULATION I
• • • • • , . . . • • . • • • • . « • • • • • •
r i w i m i i f i i a d *—-*««-< Biological Eflecu ia Coaml aal Eanaaia* Bcoayaieaa Naar
Cenaia Uitaa Arcat
Bmce B. McCaaa. Sèa-Lam Chaa. DoaaM W. Brem. Ma-aam M. Knaa. Robot C. O u t . I r .
Maril S. Myer». JOB* T. Laadahl. aad Una Vanaari
Effect» of F i t » Wact Devdopmeai aad Waur Polluöoa PoUdM oa ft* Wortd'i Riwr
Deka/Eaaaary/Coaatal Zoat Ecoaynem*
KUcaacl A. Roaafart aad iiwm Haydock
Reccal Changca a> Eanjariae Wellaada of II» G a r a a m Uaaed Stam
IUk> W. Tiaer
**
**
••
SESSION ». MEETING THE COASTAL ZONE CHALLENGE
INCALirORNIA
CaUfomfci Coaaal Hasanti Poakfca-A CtUq/m
Oary B. drieg*, l a a n E. Pepper. aad Manh* B. lava*
Regviatatt V M U J Qaalay o( * e Califoreia CbaMtiag
S M P. ScaoB
M a a r Pratte*». Rcaaaca. aad Saactaark* Ad of 1972 (MPRSA) Satttoa 103 Ocaai
Dndgad Mafcrial Diapoaal Ste n~ig~»in« to Sai Praacnoo. CA
AUai Y. Ou «ad Hcnaai Kari
Ucal Pinai— mü Rcfkmal Prabkaa—A Look m * • Cabforak CoaMal Maaacaot Pragnai't
Captbilirif» fat Deabaj Wük CMnalaüvc bnpacü
Taai Ormc
F u o n lanatacaM] aaakaaaanoa of ft> CaHfcnia Comtat Ad
J.E. tdUoa
**
Jia Y i u n h a a a . . • —
— • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •_•_• • •
•^.._.
••— • •
CCMaTttl RctOMTOBt M l M f B a V m PiMkMaf M laWpiffM»t>tkiB pQf B 0 rVAVfy S<C8Dat n O f f H I
••
of the Philippa»
Alaa T. Whüe aad Ndaoa Lopn
COMUI Zoac DcvekpeBal pbaaiag Uaaer MaU-U«al TTn iiaanaul Coaflkli
Katwhiko Karoda
Caae Stndy of 4» Picparaaoa of (kt Oaldeian lor CoaMal Z O H MaaajaaeM oa • laaaaHaCoaM
Takaahi Saanta. Nobwt Aado. aad HajnB Igaraaki
*
•
•*
O. Cauü. O.F. CaMdH. O. PoaMa. aad P. MaribW
fiaiiliiiiiil iTTmf) •-*— •*
. - ^ - ^
.—-••-,.
.-,.-,
•—
Adiiak I. Mcau aad CUy L. Moatape
Bbb Deto aal Saotett» Rtapoaie lo hiel SMbtUMtoa r«aaaln h a ftt SomtoM
AlkaücCoaal
JoaiPoat
S92
«07
*
611
628
Ditlilai tfcÉaj Uafcaj ftt Ploridi Coaatal Majiarmnat PWjW—A Caa» StaJy la
Aaaacaiooai Bay. PhaMa
Oarid W. Antoid aad Stty U t a a a
1W PMan of NoapoèM Soarct Polknia Maaajeaaeal
B k a L. Oontoa
A Kcgioaai Aparoat» te Sma Ccwaul Maaumral
Fan Coanaty
1W E»oMio» of CoaHal U a a k Polky ia Flortda
Tiaa BcradOiaca aad Mark A. Bcacdkt
fljwli Tinml riamyiacal Pnnriai Pr--'-|rrrT— ~* "*" ^ r r r - ' "*— *—-'—f
Ottm A. Seanaa
«SS
«TO
«76
*
«••
••
712
TH
7)7
7 5 Ï
161
••
••
SESSION 25: COASTAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
Coaa*Miaagta»aT» Kalt ia Staaak Salwy PotMcil Le—ai tnm Caüfareait U W
Lona Prieta EarftoMk*
WiUiaraTn»i»
Offnore Platfona StnaMrH Vvtfkadoa aad ReanUflcanoa—Tae r r f a l a W i Vtevaoaa of
Agtiag Platfonai
Mam» L. Eakijtaa
A Rc-Evahaaüoa of Earftaaatc Hannb WiMa * e CaHforahi Coaalal Zoaa-Leaaoai boa * e
Lorna Priwa Eantufnir
Rkhard I. McCanhy. BobM O. Boa, aad l a a n E. Sloaaoa
71»
TM
tOJ
V*ln*mn<*tteOc*toV,im.limPnt»EKtiii»^mCom**t*hmólMqlkMhBm
fot Land U K PUaaiag
Nadaoicl Plaat aad O«y B. Origg»
Aa OHihort Stisoac DaM Network
Charta E. Snuft
Eanhquake Meiaurct for Caüforaia OCS Platform
Lttlic Moaahaa
«3
SESSION 22: CZM EXPERIENCES: LESSONS POR
FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION
6tT
SESSION 24: INTERNATIONAL CZM: PACIFIC RIM NATIONS
AaanliM laatiiowneatal Relathm aad Coaatal Zoac Policy
MMCta Haward aad Aadnay Bergia
Caac Siudy M a a g r i w i aad Devcloeam Akag te Eatf d a M Sta. OEM
SESSION 21: IMPACTS OF COASTAL STRUCTURES I
A M IWkar aawafli I W l PaB Coal ElfcdrwT
Chrt H. Makfcvta
HiiniMiai of ftt Neanta» Zoa» al S>. Mayi aJd. Hond»
Laad T. Ooraai
Co—lal Piot m n aal Ta|laan«M) oa • Mkwanlai Priagaa) Kaef
WiOiaa I. RtyaoMi aal Suatey J. Boe
TW Sêltfm4 of fte Coaatal EaviraaaHat-A Poaribiltqr of • PnvoMrM Aettaa AgaiaMft*
os Unonl TraMptMi •*•! COMÜJM Dcvdopmm
Torn FoNrr. Kamen Majajor. aad Aaa Skoa
Phyócal Modd SOKÜM oa Hydnalic OancitfMk* of H%k Ptnarabh Sik Pmadar Shecü
Takaah) Kam. Mauyvti SanU. aad Akio Vaajé
Hydrodyaan*c Bdiaviof of Coacaivc SedmeaH ia TMahal Ptow
Shuyou Cao aad Dao Paag
Organk Conoouad ModclUag ai Tldal W a m
Hcrwig Lttaaaai
«27
141
tS6
SESSION M: REGIONAL WATERBODY MANAGEMENT
BalldiagAIUgioMlCiianaiaiforEco«yaicni>laiagiaiial Ta» OaaTof Maaa BiaBritact
Pcicr Ua<ta*ood. MclitM Wawmaa. aad David Koclty
Dmtooint laocaüvc* for Public Ageacy Actioa Itttoiag Panae Agcadaa L a n • N i » Daan
Caroline A. Harp aad Kea NickoW
Bcological Approacb laio PUnaiag. latetntad Dmaopaaal. aad Eataarka Zoa* f i M U i a n l .
Soudien Oulf of Metko
A. Yanei-Anacibia aad I.W. Day. Ir
Bonfcrline Eataariea aad hNenMe Manatemeal Pngraaa
A l n Dabomei. Virpaa Lee. Tim DUbaghaa. aad Mary-be* Har)
The Oreal Lakc* Proaxtioa Paad
Daniel K. Ray. WiUiaai J. Brak. aad Kafterac Oaaaarr
8akJ«lla«n
t6S
•
•
17)
•
U2A
nu
'im "Camtmm al a* <UaM"
"Stt "CinaHaa of * . WorU" anddy i
---•
-
- • - -•==
SESSION 31: CALIFORNU AND OFFSHORE OIL
VOLUMES
SESSION 27: COASTAL HYMtODYNAMICS I:
WAVE MODEUNG AND SIMULATION
Eatiaatfoa of W U O w Sea ftua Laad M O M O I M la Kawak
fca-Mea U>. Naak AJ-Madaai. aad M A . Tayrua
Ncanhore W m Tïaatfuiamiua Modeb—A Comparitoa of Sagle Praaucacy (ICPWAVE) as*
Sptctral Band (HISWA) Modeb ror the VA Beach. VA. Coaatiae
Phillip I. Rodm aad David R. Batco
A Piaoa-Type Noaliatar Wtveoaka Tbeory
«ajaa Waag
Model Coaaarieoja of Ha*or Wave Reapoaa
Uadi S. UUycrop. Edwanl F. TVxnptoa. aad Mkkad I. Brtggt
Dyaaak Behangt of a Moored Fkatiag Fok Fajn ia Occaa Wave*
Vallei Mataaban aad Hideaki Noda
•
*
«M
*94
*
SESSION 38: WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANS
PonanoaCoa^Straa^ofoat^SoaadWattrQaaUrtHaatymralPaa
PaawSo—dWam
Qaaliry Aaanriry
Vatlaaa M. Piccolo
904
Effora «> Revitaliie aad Maiaat ae Pecoaie Bay Ettaary. Saffo* Coaaty. Ne» Yort State. U S A .
Peter P. Wanh aad Christopher F. Smüh
*
The Pitaeal Staa of da Adriatic Sea Saniiartn» Prograa
Boni Koaparc
916
M a m n i r n Pkaaag lor • Safa-Tropica) Urbaa Eataary—Btaeayae Bty. Miaaa, Pkjrida
Sarah BeUmuad aad Ra* AUemaa
*
Sarface Water l i a r o w a a l aad Manttaaeal (SWM) Pbaaag al the Soa* Pkridi Walt»
MaTMaJCm VIMimH
Joel VaaAnaaa
A FoarPoial Strak*} lor bafnvia* Coaattl Water Q-ütj
Sharaa E. Deaa
Ibe DevetopmcM of a Goactal Waw Q«aUr| Manaannral StMcgjr ia Ecaador
Mariaao Mootaao aad Gordoa Foer
Saau Moaka Bay Rcatonlioa Project
Deborab C. Treto
9J4
949
96)
•
SESSION 2 * DEEP DRAFT NAVIGATION
nt W i d * of * • Naar Anifieial Caaaaal of das Pon of Uatna-Aa AppBcatioa offteSimaa»
toao A. Foicaa d n Saaka aad Maaad A.B. Mama Rha
Pon Uyoal Oplmaiatina for Urtc Bok Carrtor» ia • Straag Tidal Canean SMe
Odak loat de Soaa aad Paoia AlfradJai
1W Coaatractioa of * e Shaafhai Pon aad ia Sea^aksakj Ckaaad
UaCheagkaa
TB» Elfcö of Paad Mad oa Dndjia| Oananoat
Cofan P.
faam
SBdhneaJTraaajort I l i i t n h • ! • Oa;3carboroa<hHarboat.Tobato
Coba P. baten
975
990
1003
•
*
SESSION 30: WETLANDS: SPECIAL AREAS OP FOCUS
Sta U * d Rav-Oiabal Procraan. LotaJ DCCWOM
Marcaral A. Davidata
Are Matwc Wctiaad aad Terminal tomfam ia Carboa Saady StaaT
James Manu
Effecu of Accdenied Sta-U«d Riae oa CoaMal Secoadary Productioa
Roatf J. Zimmennaa. TVana J. MiacDo. Edward F. Klieaa. and Jamet M. Naaoe
*
•
H a Role of Ucal Oowaweat ia da Amertcaa Trader OU SpiD. 1990
David W. Ftacher aad Lowi MartmM
Sarm Barbara Couaty aad Offihott OU Pwtlopawal AppIkaWI^ of i a Laa—i to
O«het CommuniÜM
James T. Una aad Joba Woofley
Saa Luit Obupo't Meaaaa A—dack or Oacfciaa*?
MKbad Viactat McOawa
OrTihoR OU and O M Sappon PaciUry Sitaf Sajdy
Dcborah Fkuchtf
OCS Revtaae Shariat-CalUanai't Uae of OCS Laadi Act Sedk» K t ) Paaa
Michad A. Kahoe
xii
a»
••
1011
•
SESSION 32: ECONOMIC IMPACTS AND INSURANCE
Pre-Stom aad Pott-Stona Hankaat Raaaaaj ia Nap Head. Nora Carolaa
Bivcc M. Boni
Natiac-Baied Toarum Aa AHeraative for Raral Coaaal Booaomie eahaacfaaal
Weady WhJdock aal Roben H. Becfccr
, | ( 1 . r i h nfninainaairlil niilnaiii
rr.....
(
r
David E. McKimue aad WUlian C. MOOIOBMT
l a t Ecaacaac Beacfitt of Htaricaae and Stom Oamaae Redactna
Moaa 1. Kiag
Pnod laaaaacc Ciaatraetka Suodana-Caa Tbey Wak oa da Gaart
Spencer M. Roatn. Jr
IQM
1046
•
M»J
1064
SESSION 33: PUBLIC ACCESS
Tta PcncWcd ERectivcaeu of Coaatal Waratag Sbna
A.T. WiUiaaa aad M.J. WUliana
H a Caae for Privaüulioa of Public Beata Pacüücs ia a Devdopiag Coaatry
Colm P. Imben
A Report oa da CheiapwÉf and SoaqaebaDaa—Bay aad R l m Pabüc Aeccai Oaide
John R. Davy and Jaaa L. Potter
A Summary of da Chetapeake Bay PuNk Acceat Pba—A Vvpaia Peraptctrve
John R. Davy and laait L. Potter
ShoRline Uae aad Coaatal Developmeat Probana • Bcaador
J. Bootbroyd and H. Ayon
I V Search for Poblic Acces, la New York State
Bryaa P. CaDea
••
••
1079
I0IS
•
1095
SESSION 34: BASELINE STUDIES AND MONITORING
NOAA't Taant Bay Occaaogranky PratM
Kart W. Heat
Tat Tmm Iiiaü Haai aan 'tail; r a . a i a m i a i fiiaiiiliia rfi Tliajiial M a a i B n h i — i l
• Nonhcni AtMnlüi
David Lawmee and ba I. «gat
Eavironmeatal MonHoriag Syaena, A Caat Story The Oatal Bek
Bo Mogeaaea. Mogcai Jorasoa, aad Thoaaa Oodnaadaaa
A Baaelita Srady of Tracé Metalt M Mariac Orgawaaa fraa Ohaa. W M AJMea
Chaika A. Biaey
SaaTiplim Simc(m Pnpotto it> Monlw UMMDtfi ^ T * **" ^ MBCtfOa T"MIT
Maria Cdia VUIac. Utkia M. Mayr. Deatse R. Tinialiaaii. aad Rodotfo Paraat»
Sponge DiathbaDM at Artaial do Cabo. SE. Braiil
Ouithema Maricy. Bdaardo Ha>da. Marcto Cwaodlo, MkbcHe Klaataa, OaaSa Raas,
aad Souage Peuiaho
**
•MaaaMriM m» avaWkb • a t u a t of aratiaj.
••Soa "CoMdim of aa Wortd' ipecUhy nnliiwiii.
tlamiilai m» wattaat « a i l
»i* "Omtmt of a* WarU" aacWnr <
••
xiü
1110
1123
1140
II3S
H6t
llt)
SESSION 3f: OFFSHORE OIL DEVELOPMENT IN THE
COASTAL ZONE: PUBLIC EDUCATION
SESSION 35: FOLICY IMPLICATIONS
FROM ESTUARINE COMPAR1SONS
i ton NEP Pik* Project» ia Ne» NEP Dniaaef—The C M of Manen t i r n i Bayi
E
K
Md Pany Mmj-Whénttnor»
Trema te EMraphicaiioa ia five Major U.S. Eafriiln I I » » — lapUcaliaa
Donald W. Staaky. VirtaU Ue. Md A l a Doboaact
Coapliaaoe aad Eaforcaam is P l u i t i t i Prognae—A Cuaaarteoa af Tkne Pmtjaaje
Joa O. SMiMa
Approacaa 10 EavtraMHaMi Maifrawal Plaaiaa tht CZMA a d te Nataal EaMary Protraa
MMt T. bapcrial. DoaaM Robad». Jr.. aad Tin Haaeaaey
i m n c ••« r M n ••raraaniM r w m ror jvaTöw • • • u u utPPaVaaWaTSB
Swa M. Hack
Th ttianili t l » i | i a a l Imiia fTai rnellaialal Tklf M I I M É I l i i a y
*
••
Ongba SIHot ....'.
O.S.R.U. B h » KMM
Doa|la Hadenoa
hforoaooa Neoded by Coaty RaMaai
MaPanoa
Tarrwd PabUc Oaocaca
Boaaie U Bonfc Johana
Teacbiat Makriab lor PabUc Scan*
Jeaatfo Cotana
Hom C a bifonatioa Aboal OOawn OU Be Comcyed
rmnTirrrri
**
1197
•
Dtnyae E. Para» mi W U K M C. Etar
I V — h U — aal Breakawiy Walk of Saai COMMI ••ililiap la Hankaae HBJO
Sftaor M. Rofen. Jf
Maiwa RenWoa Smdki
C.M. Sawyer aad A P OoUhaj
T1i1 • ' i ~
- i'
- •
1 • - - • - - - - ! iTTtimti 11 r n n i i a i l M
Ecoaoaarally Oponal Ckaad Dep* al SaMlI-Boat Harten
Peler L. Crawford
Dyaaaat nabtof of Pocket Maraaw
BA. Chhtteaea
RehabUüation of Verdcal TUa-Walled Brcakwas
Craig T. Biahop
IdtadTicabaa of Carrata af Rcmfardaf Stcd la CacreM SaewaBj
SiepnaONeüladDoaldLee
*
1213
1220
SESSION 37: CITIZEN MONITORING: A STEP TOWARDS
ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP
Cataa MoéKra« Coasnaeat of te M«ytad TvajMd Waanasd Pn^ct
Ofk C^apbell a d Kadikea B M
VcajMttn tor WikOife Coaiemnaa
B. rUrriafloa
SakPaadWadMn.aiimMoatora^lkvBcMerOowMMalDnMoai
Vh|taai Lee
S a F n m o o Bay Koper—A Model f » CidMa M a a r n lor BafcreeaM
M. H m
CüUonu-t AdoDl-A-Bach-Mac T M B hM A f i n me
Jack UtaMar
1231
AdBB Beaa'ia
Stabiatk* of Oattt Staat ScawaD «Mi Anrnr UaH
Yoaai-Hiko Maao. Mauu Yiwininin. a d Kajl N a M s
Hmtaad BicakwMen • te CViapral» Bay
C.S. Haidaway. Jr. aad J.R. Ow»
PMecoa of Roaeaa Proaoauay Unaj a Dokaa D t e
Salwa Abdel BaM. Aadrew L Kadib. aad E.A. MaU
EvahMiaf Orolaa Pufwuiaani al Caapia Sea Coaaa
HabibBayal
1241
•
1242
*
Aa hmonón Appraack lo W c o a a Rakaabaa la te S a Piacato Bay Caar> te Moaaeaaa
Wettadi Project
Stuan W. Siead aad J a n D. Levtoe
Maiauiahaj Rcmmva naxwjk Iti flwatiliaa< Paytkal PraeaM al H m é i i r M M »
Thnaai L. Teytar
WcdaVMl-CfCatkM fVoyBCH os SM Tomio WntravMl
S. DaaU SpeOw
Ne» Wetlaaa ia Soaten Califora»
Aadrea Bcrtotatti a d lanee R. O a a k y
Sedhnal Diverataa at a Foraa of Wetiaad Cnarin la te Mwavaal Oeka
Jack B. Moftr aad Keaae* J. Paal
•
1212
•
•
I2M
I30J
I3I3
I3JT
*
1232
••
IM7
•
•*
••
•
••
••
SESSION 42: SAND THROUGH OUR FINGERS:
SA VING CAUFORNU'S BEACHES
•
Se*» te Onal et Save te BachT A Oooto(W-( Vknr of Beaek Pmaetka lor Racwatlaal PanoeM
Sydney Browa
••
Hiawkal Ctaajei • te Bachee of L a Aiarfae Coary
Oretory WoodtD aad Ricky C. Hottar
1342
A Reiioaal Approack lo Beata Eraiw la Cal
of B E A C O N .
MkhaelO.
•
"Sm
siv
•
SESSION 41: INNOVATTVE APPROACHES TO WETLANDS CREATION
•
SESSION 3f: SHORELINE STABILIZATION D
Aa Bvataaoa of Ooeafreal DtoOafmtm a d Prottctloa Potiqr la Orcpa
taat* W Oood a d Eaaly S. Toby
Sfcoteaae SoMMxaboa UHMJ Sca)-PemaMe S a Wak
_ Cda. P. habol
•
SESSION 4fc MARINAS AND SMALL BOAT HARBORS tt
•
Tar Natioaai Oceai Sovice Kiajnin M HankaH lla|e A Q t t f a i mi • Pha for te M a *
MarcM A. Davidna iad D.vid E. McKaaie
U«at OiS TeckMloiy ai Aiawia^ te Impact of te SC BwlaVol Ma>«jeavai Ad FoUowa*
.'
latfuiiimMM A v M u n t n t w lÊÓÊÊbff
••
SESSION 3f: COASTAL STORM HAZARDS
Bflecl of Wied oa CaMal CoaancrJoa •> Ftaride
N a Yaaaat aal Joydeep Radar
VwaaabiMy of ladto't Eaa Coa«a> Cydoaae
K.S. Many
Coaetal Rood H u a d tadaced by te kfay I9W Traaiol Cyctat om A a A n CoaM of ladta
•
fliliaiaaM) 11—
"COMJIM» ol *m Work)"
Sediment Bypaniag Aroand Dam—A PMenbal Beach Erouoa Coauol Mechanism
Joteph Wctyl. Scon A. fcnkint. and Divid W. Skelly
Sand is • Rnooice—Matiging and Mining die Northem Cilifomu Caasl
Thora» R. K O M U I . Icnnifei C. Vick. «ad U n M. Fortman
Shoreline Erouon Auenmem and All» of Ihe San Diego Regioa
Reinhard E. Fbck. George A. Armurong. aad Edwin H. Sterren
'*
••
**
SESSION 43: LEGAL ISSUES
Reanesaag U K J-Mik Stae/Fedenl Boaaday
Robot J. Wilder
»»
Afeacy A k n - l p i o r i a t te NoOaa Newa May Coa) Yo» Moaey
37
to Lyaa Lanben
' '
Ftsbery Maagene* bapUcaioBi of Ike U.S. Torimiil Se* Eileaaoa
leffoy A. BaUweber «ad Ricfaard O. Hüdmh
IM*
BDS UöBöet—Vuag * « Avench-Jobaaaa Pliaciple to Improvc Waer Qulüy
Ken NkkoW a d Caroline A. Kap
*
Beacnfroa MaMgemcal A t a NoHio-Faciat Ihe Oalkase of Uacnajtrnpoaal Tiking Claim*
C.C. Haraea. UI aad Nancy B. Teckkabun
•••• WO
SESSION 44: POLLUTION CONTROL STUDIES AND STRATEGIES I
H e C a »torMaaaBBd Opea Wam Diapaal of Sediment» Coataniag Lom Leven of Dioxia
D m d Berkonu
..•••••
Mat Hdvey
fevBtaneata) Aapeca ia éc Uae of Saoaartae OatfaU.—A SeaM**» Aaayiit
Pwto Vekri aad Maio Mawto
rn»«iiia—i« of Sheei Banen ia INtwiaMi Maddy Waer Dhpenioa la üowi
Kazakl OOB. Tabaki SJnfemM». Yothihiu HanauU. aal Seiji Yamac
OÜ PoUattoa la lanaic*'i Coanal Eaviroafneal
Mafat* A l . loaet aad PMO R. Bacoa
I4»
««36
*
•"
xvi
|3||
1913
•
SESSION 47: ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
The Martel Priem» Dilemma
Fraderick 1. Smith
Omging Socto-Economk CoadMoai ia Ihe HamUua H a b o a (Oatarto) fttta li^iliiahaa
for Htffbour Rcttomion
Kal A. Schaefer and Chrto A. Robbaoa
Commercial. Recreaioaal Uae*. and foonnmir Beaefto of * e Chaaad bfaadi ftaHiaal Martae
Sanctuary—A PiclimiaBry Aitfuweal
lulie A. Reyaold»
CW2CT View. oa Grea Lake* Pobcy—A OMpanaoa of Caadaa aad U.S. Public*
Brem S. Steel «ad Deaau L. Sodea
Beologica Danage «nd Coatiag Rewdtiag fron rnwaaf 1 OroaanaMj la a » Britaa Vlr«Ja Maad»
leuica Blok-Mecawig
The Economie and Eaviraameaul Coniidenuna of Beach Saad Miaaaj ia Si. Lada. Weat ndie*
Keaoeth M. Oreca mó Cdbaa Camben
|S|4
1523
ISJt
1347
••
••
SESSION 48: MARINE AND COASTAL PARKS AND SANCTUARIES
**
l446
l456
•*»
*
MM
EffiUniaC PaVaaV
*
KaïnryaCoatia*
1601
SESSION 49: COASTAL STRUCTURES
1491
••• r —»
*
PfcyClOpIWttal 01 High KfTOfilaMGC FpOaattef BfCtaSWlaaV
Sokhiro iMnaki and Tnacmaaa Yoaiid*
The Preaenl Siae and Pamre View of Floattag Facilitk» ia Coaual Zoae
Shigera Ueda. Y u a n M YOBUBOIO. aad Hiroaki Nakada
DewlopmeM of L-Bnck Type Compotae Breakwaer Annoared wüa W a ^ D i * t i p a i a |
Concrete Block*
Tenuki Furadoi. Taoao Wako. aal Mauyoahi Kal
•Mainilyi — «waal» a a» Ba» of •
••Sec "Coadiaa«K*c WorU" «ptMr» IIIMIIII
w» waaali « a t dat «f priaaf.
••Set "CoadaM al aa Worti" •Mdafcy «ahMi
1303
SMpwicck Maagemeat ia Michigai't Oitat Lab*
Catherine 1. Cuaniogham
1536
Ponu Toward Patnenhip—Sagaeaay Marine Park M a l Maaagemeat TeaCaat
Bemad Mahaü
ISTI
Praervhig Louuiau'i CoaMa Caeaier HaMtat-Caat Hiaory of da Bana Roage Aadaboa Sodery'l
Migratory Bvd Sanctuanes
Charta Ftyling. Ir
•
Marine Bio-Park Project ai the Renulization Concept for ihe SmaD Toara of ROBOB kaaad ia
Hbuhinu-ken—Higahao Town Seaweed Pak
Michio SnzokJ. Takco Kondb. aad Mauturo Mochbaki
•*
The Tidewaer Ecobounicu Oardee—Leuon* ia Preatrviaf, ReMoriat, aad latiuiuan
Foretted Caattal Wetlaadi
Roy B. Maaa
|3M
Kuala Sebngor Nature Pat—A Coaarvaioa Efforl la te Cdaaal Zcae
Mnhanmd Akrar Odunan
IS92
Ecotouritm—Eumpka froro Uaüed Stam CoaKal riaM|rini«1 liiniaa* aal Maae aad
SESSION 4é: HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT FOR CZM
fatilk taiiiMiaai ft tt) l > a r p fnr • larrntfrt r-nrrr1 " - i |
ProtraaaMeiüco
EkaaCaavarU^aicaa^CMnViUH-CMilat
•
**
SESSION 45: COASTAL HYDRODYNAM1CS U: CURRENTS AND
STRATIHED FLOWS
EipartacaH oa Sndffed Pkm*—A Coaswkoa W i * Taeocy
M a P. Grabert
tkW Dyaana mó EaManae Han|iaira1 ia Ihe Hamber Ettaary, Entbad
M a PMhick
JUI|iii il TuMiai tm n m i a a i a | Itic I nriHirn i f ^ - '-*•
' — ' — "''
S a * Barier UUad
Athot Paadd aai M M H. Whüe
l i p Cwrcati Acioa * c PoaSMin Bar oa • Bcaea
Caa«-Shaaj Wa mi Edwad B. Thonnoa
FMd aal Namerica lave*ti(j*k>o( oa Sihaioa Mrrtuniim la KaraaoMo Pon
KaïM MaaVaai. Hiroichi Turoya. and luo bie
Vkmmm of Ciiaanaai 1 Sedunea by Wwei aad Cancaq
Sttphea Pae aad Aadw» L. Kaüb
Eaaaiae Ttaoica Korea* Paartoai-Tae PaUiaai Rl»er Delta (Soalhera Oalf of Mexico).
ACaaeSajdy
C. ftmet Yaco. I L . I t o ^ O a t W i . D.A. Saai de L a » . P.R. Vem-Hemn.
M.A. MoacalOeaatt. aal F. ViaBjet-Oatiemt
Univenity. Thailand
S I . Cobband B. S m a k
The Dean John A. Kaauu Marine Poltcy FetlomhJp Proi/aa—A Model
Roben L. ShephanJ aad Bernard L. Orawotd
Aueuing Ihe Need» ofCouul Zoae Man«|cment Edacaiioa (et Ihe 1990't
B R Cnwfoid and Nieh WeM
Public Educaioa and Parocipaioa—Th* Foaadaioa of Sacceai lor CRM a Devdocanf Coaoüie*
Lynne Hale
Coaul Enviraomenta Educatioa, Mtacfeneot. aad Ptamin« ia Deamafc and Ihe Uaaed Suaet
E. Bondean aad Hiel» WeM
xvii
••
••
••
bvt*iitaikarfTwiWaaShea--I>elbnaltaa<)fOniaor«S»Mar«
Nkkoly O. KarapMy. Akiandar T. Bekkcr. and Vladimk I. SelivcrMD*
Dtamjcooa aad Reuoratioa of New Nagauki Fiahing Port Brankwaan
Ten» Sagawan. Koji MüiahaHa. and Skino Nakjahina
Ocaüon of Cala Sea Ar«a by LargeScife Oflunrt Breakwaa? and Pkaaaj Medtod for U H of da
Ocaed Aica
Takeo Yaaxaki. Taaaki Uda. Takathi Shaoda. aad Maaaora Koara
Conatrwtion of Offakore Man-Made bbnd a d tNuervaoa of COaaul Zoa
Yoataai Nagao aad Takahiro Pyjii
SESSION 54: OCS MANAGEMENT ISSUES
*
•*
••
CoafNci RewMoa—MMS a d Nonk Caroaa
Jadidi M. Wilaa
A ModelforEvahntaai Oma CoMiarMal Shdf (OCS) OH aad Oat Eiptonüoa Plaa
Dtvid S. P a a » a d Doaa D. Moff*
OCS OU a d Oaa Off SOMB norida—Devciaaaa| a Coaaaaai oa a i Paeai
Jon OoU a d Debby Ttekar
••
1761
177)
I7M
ITftA
SESSION 5». OCEAN MINING AND DEEPWATER TECHNOLOGY
I7WO
Maria M a n k hmatigatioa kt ac kUd-Paciftc Aren—Aa Euaota of StaeadPedaral
Oo«ranMCoopera*a
Roben 0. Paal
1611
Ocea Maag wa» Skoraa Protecöoa
Mama B.
toa
OMtogka) Aaeatarat of OffakoN Sad Dapoaa
T. Jota Rowbad
Heavy Minerab aad Aggregaat ni nliajiaiaan Neankor* Nova Soota, Caaada
O.P. Teny Lay a d M.C. RockweD
Aa Offrimc Borekoèe Maag r«prrimraa Ui Operabonal a d Ea «naaiiaal layMcartoa
Barry S. Drackcr. Bndky J. Laubach. aad Dorony B. O'NWI
1623
1632
1647
1661
SESSION 51: INTERNATIONAL CZM: THAILAND UPDATE
Oaald Z e a Manaeaaaa. Nalkaal lityamaratab» PUaaad Pokky Dr»tk4naai
ofPkakelubad
Aiana Plnlitnnk
1674
tteVVjOpaMBl Caf COMataf A f M !4aaat^B5aaOal PlO(|Tfafi • SOtaaaatafll Aaa>~4jBM0aw LtafMQ
S . B O f O f l n a a V a V a t (Maf B . ClaaV|aWOCaW||aBMI • • > . . • • . . * > • •
A NaDoad Cara Reef Miaa|iaiiai Snaaegy for TkaUad
Mkaeb H. Leoay. Sonaoag Aaavajüaaa. a d Lyane ZeMIa Halt
W a t Paac for PhakcrT
WiBiaa V. B r a a . Lyaa Z a a i Haa. a d Kaaea Srinla
•
I6M
.*•••
I6M
171)
SESSION 52: GUIDELINES FOR WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS
af^^LaanaaaMbA aWav Y l a u J Saaa^^a^adaam «af l a a M a M a d a u l lBafaarfaaMaB
Joaenk K. Skakr
T a Efaca of Shorekat Enaioa la Oarveaa Bay. Teiw
Robert W. Nailon aai Edwad L. SrhVatkker
l a Onotogk Rcvaw Ptacoa—Aa Evoluika of a SaecaaMtaatraaeacyPragraa
. Hanks. I a a t D. Mvaa. ID. a d L y a H. Welkaa
• • t e Oma-m of a* worti1 • a«KWqr.
•
•*
••
•
SESSION Sé: IMPACTS OP COASTAL STRUCTURES D
1720
1732
1747
Dowadrifl EflecU of Navlnoa S M C I M H oa * a CaMfcnaCbaM
lama R. Walker
Impact of ChmieMa Hatar JeoM oa PoBy Back. S t a * Caratta
BUIy L. Edfe
Beacb Eioiott • Ha Tova ofJana» I t t a d - C a a n a d Remedial Meaaaa
Roben O. Dea
The Florida AppnacktoManaltaM Dowadrifl banacn from Navipdoaal taan
KbbyOraea
••
II—inlti aot
xviii
•
PhyaktJ-Cheiafctl Evakaatea of Raawaatr m m ladkav of Atmoopaoic PoOacloa kt Soaa
Zona of die City of Meracaito. Veneaacla
BUaca Media Urdaeta a d Hendef Ufdaeta
IK»
NOAA'i MoniuriaiorOoea Dwnpint al Ihe 106-Mlk D a a j a
Aadrew Robemoa. Adrita Catillo. and Frak Aikaaa. UI
1120
Ne» Diredkni for NOAA Naüoanl Stat» a d Itaaa Pwajam UlaWrtral RmiuaWitlM of
Sediment Cnnianaalinn Uatag IMed Corea
Nadialie J. Vakoe-SUm a d Tbornat P. O'Coaaor
IO0
Naüontl StntM aad Treada h m i a a rnalaiijaali kt M a w l Tkaaa fraaa Uahaf S a n
Cootml Watert
Donna D. 1>ar|eai a*d fjaaa? O. Laeaaada
1142
TVe Effecl of Inoartal Oevefcuatat oa Soitocal CnwaaOna of A f f a a » Om, tko+
b t a d - A Hbaorical Analyw
Maria Hava^Onaniea. Joka A. K a a i . a d Jeffoy Corbai
•
Reapoatt of Bealhk Marrnfaaa » Phasont of Sewage Sktdw Dtaaoial kt *m laar
New York Bi|ht
RobenN. Reed. Slevoa A. P«oaa. A a B P l a » . ftmay JaAai. a d loaaja J. Vkaiao . . . IIS9
Halifu HarboorCka Um-A Rcaaxk Penaoaive
H. BrUn Nlcholb
1174
AecamnlaDoa of Aroaak Pracooa la Taaca of tm C t a Vm naast b * o a d « O a a O 0
Arleiks Rodrl|aei
•
SESSION 53: CAUFORNIA'8 COASTAL WETLANDS
lav Wcdad Rcatorana a d eUaaneaaaV-Aa OvarvkBW
i l . r\nelendTtioaM»D Johaon
l a t Pkyakal Evokatea of • Wedaad Reaoraüoa
Tia Abbe. Beoy Andrewt. a d Pnyllia Faber
Mank Eroaa by Wave Acda
Tun Abbe. Pea Ooodva. a d Philip Wilttana
Coaatal Star Park Wedand». hlamb of Aoatic Dlvera> Oaüengta of Matotnalag
IBcoayaieaa
i L. Taytor
I7W
SESSION 55: POLLUTION MONITORING AND RESEARCH
ACantSlady
Caa Tkia-Eag
Savaa Wha'i Left of Toariaa Dtȟoptal a Paoag Back. Pkakat. TknUand
Sirikal Baaapoaa, aad Sorapoag AwuvijManoad
T a Eooiogkal Hoaory and Diajaoui of Pak Pkimig Coantal »na f a f a a g M m g f a i a l l a a n
SESSION 54: OCS MANAGEMENT ISSUES (CwaH—irt)
V» Pactfk NomwcM OCS Taak Farce—CvohnV» aad StaMt
John B. Snüh aad Itacac S i a n
DcfiaiBg a SuadaxJ of Scieadfic laforaani for DacWoa a OU a d Cb* t m l a j ia * e
Pacific Nonhweat
Pameb MiD»
Eavmtmeiul SeaWvUy CrMeria for M a a t a j Oflaon O i aal O M
RaymoadBeinelaadJoBiOoU
atanaaefaraaj.
xix
ISM
•
W04
•
U p l Raadt» A n t e ! bto-CaoKd Eraka
n>vid P. AckcnMB MM) Mictncl S. T«nm
1922
CoMl LmWiM
I Attary H. U l n * r . Jr.
S. JemcM WUUMW. Sk
L M I K ^ K StaHtatfoa of COMUI
SESSION 57: PUBUC EDUCATION ACnVITlES AND PROGRAMS
WtOm*
. Doyk . . . .
Ita
U a Hytarat
D
BdwvdC.
AL. PooM. MdO.B.
8ES8ION é l : PORT ENVOtONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS
• Paai
Pea7Btta
: i .4 $\.
ii'i
Vhmafl
M M * » of
ibddA.
A tjUBJULI A
CbMUlPai
•MriBjiaks.
OtUli
«Mt'lt
OBBCOOOMUI
1933
•;, I
iiï
SESSION SB: COMPUTER MAPPING AND
GBOGRAPH1C INFORMATION SYSTEMS
lataOatfofMaaa
Omdooaat. IMMiattoa. a d
al lm Bf Aim
iMcckao Talaa. M a a o i
f
^ da Mindne S^poM Sccvto*
PhülpC. S«n. Ktataly A. DiMhy. a d Bva
rcn%
SESSION tt: ETNGS RAY, GA: PHY8ICAL ASPBCTS OF DREDGING
1946
A m . a d Strakca V. Cokv-SMéca
I9M
UJ .
DlUUaiWIlML
a d WmUfc Santo SckcM) OeopajNc Aatya)
D. SCMIJF» IMHB B. JQBJMIOS» Mavy v>
I9M
HIMIII
i n rnjii ui • t i
>|
Oflttn* Sad • < On«cl O M
1911
OaMjr.
StqAa K. WUÜM. S A Ro«. a d
V.
Waar I
l»
l
bUad. Oeofftt, U S A
SfcftnV. Cfcftr-SkaMcaadWiaaaW. ttmpvm .
Smnamj of Otnctioaal Waw Dak boa I t m CNflanal
of Si. Mmj'ê EMnaoe. Ons(la
WUIiaa D. Conoa a d Jaan P. McKaaey
Elan Bay CoMtal Moakariac Sajdka a d ftcvwv of «a
Jon Foa. Uurol T. OannM, a d Steva C. KatnrtM .
DRMHWRC DyMBttCSftHCBBVBBIHBID SORWD» O60IJMI» w*S*n*
M.W. E«ai. Bkaa E. Btwa. a i I
I;,
Oeorae M. Pkackcriy, Tbn L. P*ta*ar|. a d Sana C.
K^Bn^MarfflaMl Itta^afl faMMHVMjt«* f•aVavajaatkai CwaMVB
SESSION » . CORAL REETS AND SURF ZONES
M M Pttsria.. WiUaaIw. Hanrow. Kavia B. W a r t » , ad Saafca V. Cefcr-SaMa
1990
SESSION ü : PROTECnON AND RESTORATION OT
ORANGE COUNTY COASTAL WETLANDS
Conl RM( h a MtoO U M
t1*lr II n'i. ïïlni *rl TTr'r w1
J
R9 HHRoraDDRl « f WVURRKRI Rl
O.
1995
I
! !
'I',
Stodkw os MCR
OB U O VB IsMbo
V n M a t a A P . é t SHro.Pftadh A.
hManan*rf• »toftam «f Eipoad Sody
(ften.CmwmgUt)
a i Cttaria S.B
te Dmtepnaai of I» mwJti Tmckmms
SESSION «•: LOUISIANA WETLANDS STUDY
JofeMU. fcünrC. WaUa. MdS. kffrettWüÜMM
II—nlpi mi inMati • ta
••S« -OmOmm d *m WtM"
t
|iiia"ii AftarBftai Yaajof Swajb
2010
BdwChka-r
SUrierDMdoff
BaMomiaa Ahwaatt»*»tet a M M CMn WMtaa
Midnel toMdya. M a CaDmray. aal MtMab
Upper Newpot Bqh-Tte LaM IW Y a n
2033
LMMM Leareed boa * • BMHHDM of tm Tatrni Mani
Oordoo Sflrim
IrwkROMMQB
•
•>>••••••
Charta Oan
Proaxtioa of CoanJ Wadadi tnm OU Spüh a S a
O«yC.(
'CovdtaM of te WteM"
Ui
Back. CA
ASMdyoftelaMrtofteDaattkJofSaoila
Lynae HansMe* a d WUttaa B. StM
Coattd Ercaèoa Probknai » Rooaaa
SESSION «4: CALIFORNU DATA COLLECTION,
ANALVSIS, AND RESULTS
2244
2M0
OaoanaWc Airfy* ft» M M M M mi RaMloa of te TUMM Baary. Cawra»
Saamraaad»MiiaM 1 St«<yrfteCoaalLaBoaofUa-j(V<
Uw Uw el Oeutfjkfcd UlonMrio» Sya—• • AMWM» Dwdad S a a — CiMiBllrtm te
Ike CoaMka of
DUip K.
2271
CaKfaraia Haten
SkdkyC.Ckrtaa4PMrickl.CoMr
Back ad OW Eiwtae h v w H M Saam Btack, CaUfanh. I94M-IMO
Alka H. Huta «4 Rciaari B. FUck
Gay D. Ska>
Raak* of te MariMtowtawO a r i M ' i Sajdy «• te Sa Oaofto Ntdaa Oaantwj
(Morocco) a*d Aicacka (Pnaoc)
ChriMiaCamajoa
Bvdaariag SkoRM* PralMtiaa Akararivai
M a * O. Kotaft • « • Oirrto I. Uy*>
1121
IIM
*•
Modela] of SdhVmm kttwka ia Whm Moa*> Ra«ta
R. ZbaM. I.R. Ni. a*4OQ. WBNJ
Nwtertcal ModeUa» of AmlacWoola Boy. F b m
Kant-Rea Jta
Tkwe-Duntatéoaal MnaalMa» of ,1in t n«i< iiOairal TVafoi
Pwayb Mamakis
Show Proaxtioa—CoafHetej OkjMlhot la DatWoa Makkaj
DtvU M. Chapna
Tl» Effed of • Ckaaat kl<
L.J.M. K m a . . . .
*
8ESSI0N f8: PUBUC PAKTICirATlON: INFOftMATION SHAMNG
AND CONSENSUS BUILDING
rO.I.S.
1147
2IS7
*
217)
8BSSION M: n S U E U E S MANAGEMENT AND DMPACT M1TIGATION
2112
KWaa^aBaf^at^ CB^MIW
Hiiii>iTaïili.rtiiikaaiiT*atl. fit In Ifwnjaail. —t Tnalklin 1ataa|l
O n m Samiat V m a Back N u i t a a i Hiwiy «r Bariil OraaadT
SaataM UwRU-Milkt
I t e ta) of te MarkalBM haaay la Bcador
tiiykn Oh». B. Eptor. aal H.T. Otea
I Til» in Uil Ui) T i t n
m li 1 i] Ilii' i FIT in j . " ' n ' l i i l 11
l S. Bna
lafCiiaiwirlaiPaÉulM laCawwk
CnajR. D n t a d a O m a W . Roai
rmiiiiiiÉnr-ii IJ niii j n i- II•r'Ti'irr-Ti--r-iT'noaaa E. Bigkn mi tutat J. PnrkmU
• w r — lor Wtertw U i i t y i n i aal E t i i k i — 1 McaWrtaj of BidaWt Beo—k Zoa.
•iodelaein. Braiil
8«ff>sR.P. A a a n i . OHa>diUK>m.aMLaoNMckBatD
••
2197
232)
2)40
DM
2M9
2374
23B0
SESSION Tt: COASTAL PKOCESSESI
*
2209
••
2226
2234
SESSION C7: BEACH CLA8S1F1CATION AND MANAGEMENT
Prta WcaMtfc
23IS
SESSION f* SEA LEVEL BJSEI
VakoaMMtyofteUalMdSlaMtoPMBcScaUvcIRbc
VMca Ooran. T a a y W. WW*, a d Robot M
Rkc a d baraMoa of Capta Set W a * IMO Muaa
MMhileih Z. Alaao)
te baacM of Se* Lava) Rh» oa
Rctoanct for • Cn
Nicholai C. Zavolai mi L y a L. j g
Coaital PraiBcboa Maaaancai of te O n a i Wadda Sas vkk SacW
bcnaiiiit RelMivc Set Levd Rtaa
Haai K a u
Monitofiat Abaotoe S a U«al Ckaaj
Biwe C. Do»glM
OeonioipholopofteUI^Baw«wUMy»»Cnaa*^fciNlari>a<lki1^
Sealxvd
LP. AwoaBt*. A.C. te.C.B. te.adL.B. I
HM
tH-'p-inii f i r ~ " r i i n r i - r - f - i n f 1 - T - 1 r "n-T1—
EaaoM LaydMk
2J02
SESSION « : MODEUNG AND SIMULATION O
RJckjrd P. Aabrca* a d Saai M. H w c i
I t e L « Aagten Cu—ty CoMal BMa tawamy tad DaMkaM
M a t * R. Maak*, iaka M. Bas», a d Aadrew E. J a *
racjaafMHi ai Bcan aorveyt n r Manat naMict I M H I I aM waoaM BVOB
Milkt. K*a Ptkckard. aal Bcbjy Ptabody
o . ai te n a a r t * of • CoaMal R a c m kl Soa* AIMca
takj Sawmm md Oay PicaM
22*4
lInliiraBi O I É I I lluaij Boa i
j
•
VaVtWM^—aVavW^mtif^al l i i l C*a^M*> aÉaf^M RttVBlnaaVMVaVtal B^aa^aBaVal
j Nart) A a n t a l BteckM—V<aMi Aooot Aawtca Moator te QwUly cf Ow COMM
lüaiyaI. O H n
Tte to» Ptaajaaimi taaoo» IVi—itaitna h Scdy of O m a ün nt M i ki Caawl
Oi rvQCMMS M l
Rccealoa of te Uaonl Zoae CHfh of te BIMOI
.UK.
A.T. WUUam. N.R. Morga. aal P. Dtvkt
ConpartMa of EMiuriae Bcacko k Oemaay mé U.S.A,
Kal P. Nwdwiuw. Hom M. Sa», a d N«cy L.
NaMuckel hlmft Shifna« Skoab a d Mortag Sko— -NtmStum Ba»y»»y Cnawa»
Pcpwititw Mid Enwios
Waky N. TUhey. h . . L M L. Wtfcter. aal I. CHMoa Aatewt
Skordias RopoaM » OAkoro Strak a d Saxa>—Lo> Back, NaBfevtat. MA
Let L. WCWMT, Wmley N. Tlffaey. Jr., N.M. DeKanpe. aai H L PkUi
MaroScrgtoP. A l f a * a d Aadn CÉBXIO VWra
CoaiulEmiaaa
A.K. Annah . .
•
«tiü
2394
2409
2431
24SS
24»
246)
SESSION 75: SELECTED TOPICS IN MANAGING CAUFORNIA
COASTAL RESOURCES I
SESSION 71: RESEARCH IMPUCATIONS FOR OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY
PLANNING AND CLEAN UP
la-St» R a r a a t - A Praotafa« OU Spin Retpoaae Snater
David D. Eva» aad Edward J. Teaayna
Reacóvtrjoa af the OU a d HaiardoM Maeriab Siaadated Eavtoameattl Te* Taak
(OHMSETT) Factuur
Lawreace J. H M M a d Ed»ari1. Teaaym
Reaak» boa Sefcood OU-SoiD Rcapoaat RcMarca
Bdwwd I. T a a y a a
C^eaécwTreathaAteailorOUSptalNaynaai Rawal Rata**) Reaa»
Merra F. Fiana aad Ed»ard i. Teayua
ASaxaacfcModelrorlMictiqaeMovemealof
M i i pHaciot-PtfCi a d Jorge Manori-Oueaendi
I M Weakoatt of SpUfed Oude OU • Cbaau W M E n t a M
J a m Ryikoaea. Jaka-Pekka H M , a d Riao H a a k
*
2474
2479
j
2491
|
ouiWmieararari»rata*PraaxtkatearaaioaaCabrUfa
Dak P. Hall and Chonk I. Soa
Planniag a Ne» Maaajeraeai Prograa te Dredgaaj aad Dapoari la S a Fracawo Bay
SteveaOoidbeck
Southern Caliioraia Waer Sappfy AagmrataHua Tarongh OTEC
Philip B. Chandkr
The Marine Revie» Coaaiattt. S a Oaofic Naclear Ooerabag SMboa-Caae SMdy of «a Ute of
Sckatinc Daa ra Ibe Regulaory Dectnoa-MaUag Prooeae
Suun M. Haaacb aad WUIiam W. Murdoch
Uiing a Coaatraiau Aaalyu to Devdop Project Aamaavca
Deborab Fkaacher
MoMpfc Uae Oeea Maayiaral ia the U.S.—Towari A Ne» rnainmil Piaamaott
Biliaaa Ciria-Sata aad Roben W. Kaachl
• B i - - * .
fee* H. rlagket
Aa U p a » IO COMWMCB—NOAA't Ne» CapaMbr» tor the COMUI O t e a
Marcie L. Weaki. Peter I. Cekae. Wahoa B CaiapbeO, a d Kevia McCarAy
SateÜMt Mappal Imajtry lor CoMWaca
WilUaa Pkad. Man» L. Wak». Joba Sipper. Kiaba TadepaiH. AfaJ Jaadhyta, a d
S a n Ketnoa
NOAA-» Coaml Obterrattoa Nttwork—lafaaaüoa a d Powca» fat hdawry. Reaotioa.
l a e a t k , a d COMUI MaMftmcal
Joa A. Oader tod Pwl A lasobt
A Ne» Approaca » Oeea Pa» H M M / u i i a
WUUaaO. T i h i a a
ftakna S. Btxier
l a U.S. r%b a d WUdBfc Servkc't Nwaal Weda* bvatory
wa o. waa
NOAAi CoMWaca-Cteaat Aaayoi rrograa
J a n f. Thou». Radolpk L. Fccf«na. Jeraa* E. Dobm, aMJ Pord A. Oroai
Baan J. Or*. Radotpb L. Perfan, ad Keaae O. HaUal
2512
2311
2331
*
2)46
D^^w^^^u^^
2561
maia^atahd^a^aa^^Ha
ariininf nwt A I C M
••
••
•
*•
*•
NobooTakaki. KotcbJ Hoada. Koji MiMaatbi. aad Sadayoki Oka
A Study oo Fühiag Port Soacmret wMi hapiomd Eaviroammal Pnneuhai Tacaaolofy
Atsudd Sak». Tettoo Nakayama. Akira Nagano. and Masakan Sognnoto
Plamdng of m OrTihore Fuhing Port a> Shallo» Saady Beach
TskcthJ Kflwtfuchi, Kouidu Honds, Kiyohidc Ncmoio, KJUBO Ymodaia Md SotaiCHi Solo
A Redevelopmem of Largc-Seak Rifaha) Pon Locattd a Ibe Vicaaty of Cay (Mitake Fbbia«
r t f
Nobon Ohihima. S a a m Ka»an, JaaacM Haaya. aai J a tkeda
••
••
••
••
SESSION 71: COASTAL HYDRODYNAMICS Hl: WAVE DYNAMICS
\MtJOHIJcmtn
*
••
rOtt KAjCVClo|Mncm)
Detectiaa of 2-D Nonborc Wav« Panerat IWag Uaear rtaacttaa a d SAR Dat»
rVmLaraucte.Oe<n«Drapea. aKlClaadeCaioa
Stadiet of Wavet Uimj SPOT Daa
Uaaan Joaaaoa
^
i - , giiimTji i r n n i TH
1
CMg B. teidendorf. Keaactb B. Saritb. aad Rak-Miag U
Wavet oaConl Reeft
Ne» leney eipciieace
Wülum S. Pend a d M a * P. Chary
•Mawoia M I naaab • a» *
• • * • "Ca«dk« of aa W«M"
• - a J^ka^K^^
SESSION 77: INNOVATIONS IN FISHING PORT DEVELOPMENTI
9umM*wmtWt0mdtrnmtol*étiÊ»kmVÊia^*a»clkm
David M. Imier
2553
Tnc Dcvctofment of liinim ConiTWaaaWy Z O M I W B I uu|iuvcinnM of GOMI EiviTOaBafBM •
WUUaa B. O'Betra
• M n a a a g Oar N a t a ' i Coata Wedad»—^Wla. L O M . or DwwT
J. Sooa Feécntead
Majorte Eian ari EraM tufta
2551
Richard Hildreth
2513
baeritn Fmdinp of a Oeea PoHey Stady te (te Stak of MaaèaJaoi
Richard I. McUojhlin tod Laura S. Hovonb
2607
TheteernalionalNorth Sea Confereace—A Ne» Farce la Maria Repaaal r a i h i a a a a l Coopcranoa
David Freenone
••
Eavboranaiul and Ecoaomk FeasibUiry of Waer Sapply Akcraarivet a Hnraii aad
California—Oeuliaatioa. Waier Marketisf and Coamvaboa
Unda M. Femaadet
2611
State Ocea Manafemeat PUaaiag
Satan O'Malley Wade
•
The Ha«aii Ocea Reaoorcet Maaaamnal Pimiaa Pulk» Ptaaaaa) a d laluaftacy rmaiaalliai
C n i | D. MacDoaald. Athline M. Clark, and Sequoia Shaanoa
2633
•
SESSION 74: POUCV, POUTIC8 AND LEGAL IMPUCATIONS OP
WETLAND MANAGEMENT
H f W " 0 1 G O M M S a M H W C O a a M i wMBf/UBB
•
KC£KJU1 UvCaal K C m n Q PISuayClDnal
SESSION 73: WETLANDS MAPPING—NATIONAL PROGRAMS
Overrk» of * a Pederal Coaui Wedadi Ma»ia« Eflort
Sart 1. KMy
•
SESSION 7<: OCEAN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AND EXPEUENCES
2501
SESSION 72: NOAA COASTAL OCEAN PROGRAM AND COASTWATCH
f a NOAA Co—I Ocea Piujiaa lauwlatlkia ad O w t w
DaScavia
NOAA Co—Wat* tm*nj1<*C0ÊÊtÊl**(mttUtmvnimmó1bnaÊr±
•
•.(..*•.•.•>.•••••....•••••••.••.*•(•>•*>•**.•••*••••••••••<
Orea Laket Wave Raas Mt*>odohny Stady
David N. Barilovicb
ReM Eiperbneni of a Wave Power Eincting Caiana Breakwaar
Hifoaki Nakada. Hldeaki Obaeda. aad Maunmi Sbikanori
•Miamlai na wattafc m — mmd awaaaj.
••Se. "Coatlaca of ém Wortd" «acM*y
nliiai.
MV
2645
*
2653
awOS
2611
2691
^
Stom Aroad Cyliadrfcil Pik» DaetoW m Modo* la tat S«ff Z a t
Micbele Di Nalifc
2705
SESSION 79: INTERNATIONAL CZM: EUROPE AND AFRICA
CoÊÊ»*ZmtMm+mrM*»Om^MoirMot>cttt**ktmÊtitm
17»
2734
Coajnl A m Ua»«»»iiiaJ Prop—M» la t » Madrtutawa Aparaaca. Aiinirarai a d Strafcgy
hf the '«>-«
Ivicairattc
•
• N n C W K N M p P R I M UnJaaV UkcvCVOfpOaUal aaW UJBMS PlHHpHBaal aa*J B i W f I M W UMJCT IDB
Spaad* ShoR» Aa. laly I 9 U
v
f^c^teCbÊÜtnttalK^Soc&toMctiChmtemólaBKtkt^mirtCoumimmuatait*
Coaui Zoa ia Sombcn A M n - A a Abn%Bd Pwcr
Bracc C. Gbvovic
A CoaNaJ Actia Svattfj for S o m » Afrit»
DeaRetttf. M.Ue» CoeUw, Toay Link. aadBeamOfca
Coacdiat M a a y m i i A Caalkaa* lor Detdopiat Coaaria
loatha I. Hawto
2744
27»
2763
SESSION 8fc SEA LEVEL RISE D
Gfltaü ol Sa L m l U M a Ikc CaWbtai Q M
Laby B«wj a d l a a Mkaeh
2767
C a w a i M i m m r a i a d S a t c w I M a Amtfk oa C»oal ad Looi Scak
C.H. IWaofca. I. V a O o t o i . E.B. Pcotokc. ad HO. Wiad
•
i of Sa Levd Rite la Dcvdopiac Coanc»
I Vaatt
tor»
27tl
i of Rdathc Sca U*d Um ia Banaa. B4» Caüfarala. Mnleo
tat ü a Fcraa Afead» ad üataao Goact-Maria R o u
•
a»ür«ioai of Sca-U»d M»e ad m«ilr Chay a Two Dmtopai lUart Maai ia Tajlad
adSiagaoc
Lokt Mikj Ckoa mi Sanfiut Sadan
2793
Cooul M a n r i r i ad Se» Uvd Ria> ta Radfi. Braril
daxko F. Nevt». Diek» Mata. ad Oüboio O.M. Hdao
2101
SESSION t l : DUNES AND COASTAL VECETATION
Naa«-AaaMd D a t HManba
Ya-Hwi W a |
Ko«Wa> Aamriaüd D l — * • u a Ceaul Dae»
R.l. Loaad. P.W. Jadd. J.H. Evcmi. D.B. EacobaT. a d R. D n a
M a a a a a of Onal * •*»•* Saady Banttn^Tte Coaotsoul C t e l l a a i
Rad D. Kitatnmcr a d Aatfnay O. Gabrid
CoaMl D a t BkmoaM—Dyamia a d Mwiaranal aapUcana»
Pal A. O a n a d Kart P. Nonmma
tmcecm of Dae Rgwiaaa Alter Ranoyal of Uaaptated Oiitmri
CMkoas J. Dono»
Bcoloficd a d Ocoanpkk baad of * t Dtatactia of • CoaMl Sad D a * SyaKa •
• SadSpk
iMOteYJii<Aaa«taeico(at
SESSION 12: ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES I
*
Aal AUCflffKM Of SCJOMMNl EfOaKNlity tUÓ COMaflaaWtf ThaMpCft • NatfrafMafM aMJT* RaVMi W M H
Hcadrik I. Vcrtafa
rnpcnoo J . wmtmwojM
—-—
Aa l»*grt|tkia of WaUrbora Caaiailaaaa a d Maria Bowf lafta»1a
Micmel). Waac. Saai E. O'Ncil. mó Hdder J. CoaM
A CM» Stady trom
Joe S.L.I. V a Alpfcea ad h a k M.J. I I I I I I W M I
"—— VOLUME 4
2116
2(23
2137
2131
2163
2177
2tt2A
2SS2O
Daryl J. Kcm a d W«ync R. Davii
Aa Ecofcukal Ptnaaahnoa tK 5«wilatili Dmluyua- of Ecador»Coaai Zoa
D. Cavbdl. Sttphca Otoa. H.T. Oduia. mi L. Airap
Ckcmiol P n M m Btfarc • Rad Tide Bhxa. OaV of Tehaattpac. Mmko
Rlipt Vuajact. Majdtlta laraer. Alfoao Oalknct. a d Hec*or Aktadar
The Co-ui Maffe» Stadia ia Poa
Mand Vep»
S»dit» a o V Maria m^aohm^C
Staliaa. lUlpaUam. ladi»
Jtyapaul Aurin. S. R»j»«oN. N. ï a j É a m . a d K V K . N*Jr
Enviromcoul InjMci of • Powtt Pla»—A C a i f n a • CoMal Ara ia V
PsMo E. P«fhairaifc4 aal Darid Boa
•
•
2tt3
•
VHS
SESSION 13: INTERGOVERNMENTAL
PLANNING AND COORDINATION
BflytwaJEr Pan RcaionBoaKB'Tat C I I B for Ofnüt Midsaiia
Chrinopter R. Zcppie
lUbal Chamtl Ocea Oada MWprioa Pla
KcaethE. Smüb. Raa-Mia«lJ. aaiCnifB. Ufcfcndorf
A Ca*e Sbjdy ia U M I » Akeratiw DiapMc Rtamna Tacaaiqai ia M É n i l i | a Onaai Zoa
Man»«cncal lm»
SK«C U ü m a a d Dtvtd W. Araaf
I t e Eiua Vddtx OU Spilt—UpdaM a Ptnlaluci aal SMM of A J M H ArtWa»
Erica R. Oadbcn.toaBatr. Raady BayÜM. aad Manaal Kcadziank
A CMaul Zoa Plamiai laMaiivc for Prtacc Bdwart Itlaad, Caad*
Uwitacc P. HUdcbnad aad Carinopatr J. Uack
RtfioaaJ Coaatal Piaaiat aai RtgnUrioaj Tat Caae Cod niaajaan
Joha 1. Ckrfct
KOI
2*19
*
1930
2932
1947
SESSION M: WETLANDS MAPPING—LOCAL,
STATE, AND REGIONAL APPROACHES
iMafpoiafkt| O n n l rMwOMf Sytltai Tocataology lato COÉMM Mapywi M B RaMMRli Efwavtt
WiUiara K. Mècbeaer. WUliam H. Jtffima. Darid A. Karisjhak. aad Ckartai Oifeot
Marine Rooanc Mappaj and Moaüoriaf • FloridB
Kcaaedi D. Haddad aad Oail A. McOarry
Rejkxul Wctlaad tod Stream Corridor Mappia« Mcaaodoloaj
Sltvca W. Moniaoa
Mappia« m ét Natioaal Wttkak Rcanrca CaMr
Jamt» B. JataMoa a d Ltwnmet R. Haadky
•*
••
••
•*
SESSION SS: WETLAND MANAGEMENT—CASE STUDIES
Rtatoraj Proapect Ulaad Wtrlaarti A Piaaalrott » Sariai
l a i a a J a D a a af CaMottia
PfBd Kiadel
Requiem for » Warawado» Tat Kakw S a . Orayt Hater. WA
D»vid E. O r a m
l a t Matd Mank. Corti Madam. CaJMbraJi t w a j T — OaarraHna of a Maand Mank la S a
IrMcitco Bsy
Phylm Pabtr
C0m|laTlt(MI 01 MM> MataV Maa^fBBa
L. Pkil Ptaaa aad Rkato W. Straat.
"Sai"riialliiiafa»»>»rM"
t MI aakkM tataaf
«vU
••
••
••
SESSION f* PORT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Doifaas • OMed A m Pioen»torN n « M Bijr—Hot» Maca SbnM W« Hope Port
k M k C. Mycn
A Comuariiy-Baed Aaproa* to ttaginu k t a « M ta Beaat»
A. Bodao M l R. TWUky
•
Miatdpd HaAor M U M W I * Pha»—A Sohttfaa lerrn I9W»
tam M. Scnpat
•
of BC Caadiat CoaN-TW» Exaapl* of Vaaconwr
j.PwUQwrtko»«di.c. On ......,_••.
SESSION M: SELECTED TOfICS IN MANAGING CALIFORNIA
COASTAL RESOURCES U
2W2
2973
h m aiMacaa aa SMdHMtf ef Caifcnn HaHM
M. J a n AUta « 4 Sten* H. K m
teaorana of Cowal Da» Sywa»toTnamm Catforaa Soa Pak»
WUHaa E. Tippen a d Pal D. Joftam
L M Aaftkn Coaety Opmnoa of 33 Mik* of N U k Batch. S H M Mnrica Ba;. Criiform
ORt«T
W
o
o
a
e
U
C*fantaOiüNea
2NI
2994
w
s
T W M l ( • ) Wal«cr mi te Chaa Wakr A d ia Inaitirw CaUfcrata
Koaaaa
3001
3014
SESSION 17: INTERNATIONAL CZM: SRI LANKA UPDATE
AaMhi—«au
Aa &>aWMina oICMMal Z O M l l n n I rn f h a • Sri Uato
30M
Itil I • • • f i i m Tlinn "(y t l i a m j fiia lia f»ii 11 iiuMMaM aaiil f !•• • j i • i'aii
u w f l i
w
n
m
• • • M > WIJB>BHB|
.•>•*•>*•.•••*.••••••••>•*•>*•>•*•••>•••
Aa A a n m o» • Decade of CZM ia Sri Laaka
n J.M. WKOcacfMaat M DMBMCM saaRcaana
v
SESSION U t POLLUnON CONTROL STUDIES AND STRATEGIES H
Scafood (nai New Ewjtaad EaMariM
K*taalU|WBBBW WataM f ^ B W
3042
UnaVmWTnBDal Q| VrMOnDK D M PlaBMfJEBKVi I W U W W» U ^ R l M H I rWJw^MB « W w rWffalMMi
Uafc M. r i r « i « i i
Iwfa» Beat* RianiHirtna m Maria» dri Kjy rhrbot
Lamcaot N. C a m a
CoanlM« Naraaca UMdwj k» CeaMl W a M
Hmiiiiy U n i a n , Sana Bevhi. loatph Coafe. Kariaa Upa. daytoa Naataaa, Cyatai
Priat-HHB. Bncc Rooaaff, mi IOABK Sahk
T Q U U I u i w u u i UBwavoi 07 • T-JUMBJWBI riBw a m o w
TakMW AwBd*. KiyoaV Horikawa. Md Mimo Kméko
Mc«c»yri
1 1SMa»T>aMa»aiby Pwdtla,») MiaaaaaBty
Sbiay* baoa
MViU
°*
Owy L. WUIIMM aad Oeorae W. Coawanaa
T M UMlab Hater M a t r n i r a Ptaa—A Cooatmh* Pbaaaj PMeaa BdwMa Local. Snü.
a d Pederd Ovnmaut mi P r t r i laéatry
Jooahai D. b a n
ANe» PawaaCaalt
Oavid P. Banai
AZCTMH Code IterMoatorPat tlmiliya— Ta» Slory of B i PIIIIIÉIHII
lavid AttJa. kaaat Boyto, iad Sava W«
3123
•
3134
3147
drtai
. C«U»
T M Rok of Sdeaüfie Wmmkk • laprovwj * • Tljaaa BfMrjr TkW I
J. Zedkr. C. Nofdby. a d T. OrttwoU
Seaym DBCÜM Plutihm aad SowtioM
Piwfcrkt T. Sapw. Oaka E. lot», aal PwM M
Eiploitaioa of Ecokfica Orowtk Modea lor
RjndaU S. Albcrtt a n RidMrd C.
S n m M T n l Wedari Mitifatoa la NorMk. Vlrfaa
CaidBUr
SESSION 91: THE WBTLAND PLANNING PROCESS
CoaoJ Wttfakl» Haiajiawal a Vonaoa
MnlySdiatiMii. AUcia Vinanu». MdMa«>deUank«0(i«o
hentivt Aatljrtu for Ptaaim of Mmjaioa Abcraah*»—Batojaüa» Ufaoa I
RichadJ. M M a n «ad Smca L. DtCoai
Scs Management PailtfMv~TBKOMMBKsl Fmxwons
Adtlberto Vilkj»
•
••
SESSION 92: GLOBAL CHANGE: COASTAL PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT IMPUCATIONS
• ^fc*. JHVfl|^aftt A ^ u ^ ^ g u ^ ^ « BMBaaMMlHa^Bi •¥••) flHVMMBftaAf a^aaaBMHBifftaWH^BBBtB) aaBP«i aV aaH^fWH^BBiÉ aavvaV ^
ofOneaPdWc»
fHs C. Had Mt DnM H. O m k n
Jl
SESSION M: RESTORATION/MITIGATION ISSUES IN ESTUARIES
•
Toitorf » »
•oaaaEaMai of l u n n c S M noaffiManc M D E B H I B B s
l a m a T . U a aad rt—fci n A . R a n d l
; - . - . y ••.-;:
JWplt<lafHl*tiO> Of OM NOFB f r W HanlOMf B a n f l a H H l M MflBIflEflMBt FtlB
HMBI ! • • • naooMw r n mwm VBHBMI • • • • • rvanovaa
Oay E. Pwh, Tli|Éi • C. Jaaaoa. mt Jan» B. P a a
Sa Dfea> Bay Banai P l a n * ad MUotka
takMk
3094
Aa Ewwaaoa of «m Kim of Pan A ialnlrtill n • Cuayitiail i HBBMM; aW Ma»»a«w«
3036
•
30M
••
3011
Robcn W KaedM aal Bdiaa Ckia-Saa
S M U v d t o aid MatBM Boaalaia^-TBi BfiM of R M ^ S M U « a 0 *
Cavid FraeMOM a d Jota PWakt
Ok*«l CHmae CMafo-V.S. Pak a d WldUk Sorrfca CeMri ümmdk
Jaa R. Ksowjh. Ttnaa W. Doyfc. a d Roten E. SHwal. Jr
Ooba CUaaa Ctaan A t M a a M ia WaaaHoa Soa
DoatlM J. Camag
VKaüoa ia we Sa»-CM Tkey Sarvha * a Effectt of Ckna DcpMoaT
Brace tmm Milter
313*
*•
3162
3163
3ITI
SESSION 93: COASTAL PROCESSES D
TtopkaCatnaaiCoataPwctaCT
Jota A. Back
BtaACha t eM« < »»alMaRaakalaDyaaa:Pa»ai»Dail t i»«li»CBa«i
Effiom Edca Aota
uia
••
3193
DeatabiHianoa af Caaatal BojaiHbraa *y ladaatrU OroMk a d Dacaa a E M n Scodad
Jota McMau a d Robot W. Dack
Shell blad Evohrooa
I.C. Cmaat a d C.B. Penenen
•
3203
The Hydrolofy of • Carftbta k b w M blad
Rayaoad M. Wri|M. D a k l W. Uria. a d Ifor R a *
••
SBSS1ON M: BALANCWG BRAZILJAN COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND
ENVntONMENTAL CONCERNS
A Meaodnfcfy lot Cbaal MoaiunM
U b HearigM A. de Aaevedo
f — » - •* •'~-v'-t— HTM ïhf Harlrar fVn-ar H a t rtaya I rnmmatliaa fnahllna
(Rio de latiro. Bmil)
Catariaa Raait Nopeam. Safjo U i t CoM Baatte. A a O W a TeUem Boaeckar. a d
Rouae Mono a d Leocia Maria Mayr
E«oh*na (I9MM9W) of Aamaia a d DaaoNed Oiyfea la O a a a t i i Bay. RJ. Brani
Hekaa f. Uvtado. Letkii M. Map, Veroaka Carvatho, a d Rodolfo Parahn
Ctauific*rjoa Band oa Colifona Coaii of Coaetal Walen la Meaooolüa Rio de laaetao, Bmil
F.V. Aiajo. M.D.M, v a Weere*. O M O. Fraoo. C.A.S. S O M * . A.N. H«jkf a d
L.C. Meadoaca-Haafci
Mknbial Qwlhy af M a i d Ptrm ptrm ( L a t , 1731) EUncMd f n » ftiaatiMi Bay,
3116
3221
*
3234
3246
Rio 4e latiro. Bnzil
A.N. KoawadaCoat», M l . Saacatt-Nact. M.D.M. *aWeere».O.V. FoaaeeaFaria.
L.C. Meadoaca-Haikf. a d A.N. Ha(ler
Dco>m>rd Smdiet ai Espihto Sato Bay. Bmil—7oufla>ina Cnam—witi
S«r|io U i l C O M Boaackcr, AaaOina Tdieta Boaecker. Calaria R a a Nontki. a d
Mam* Vien Revaief
Addk Polyuocaandet fraai Mariae ( k w a l
Mam S.O. PIVIO. Ricanio t. Vidn. a d Pak» A.S. M o m
attgaied Co—il Rewce» Maa|r«iral ia Omnart-Oamito-Mawabai Cafle».
Rio de laein>. Bniil
RM Naao L. O M U . O.N. a SUvefc». a d Seffio. R.P. Aaafca]
32W
326*
3279
3291
SESS10N M: DWOVATIONS IN nSHING PORT DEVELOPMENT II
T a h M V « M WoA of RqayaMat T>p« »» H a a j PM la Pawiea CoaMl Zoat—The
SrfK» a»l Euac4e
MaavoaW Noa. Afcin Nafao. AUn Hajl. aal Mauyaki Taaai
E«a^4ti<>fa^CoawE»y»oai»tMl«y«OTtine«i Wort» MPaagtVirtAiaai ai l a a i
TaleaV Kawancal. Nobao TvaU. a d Scayai O u
Coaavboa of • Bi( F a a g Port for Regioal Devdopiaeat
Koil Müatwai. Ten» Sapwam. mi Sauao NaUahima
Denloatal Piograaiof Offihore FWm| Pon Whka Oiwiiaaii Drift Saai PiuMeaj
Kiyoaide Neamo. SIHIIIII Ka*Mc. Motoyoda Adacai. mó Akk» Ktwaaort
Phaaiag aal Duisa of li«e Puh Praatrvaiiaa Facilfey
H f | i Pakaya, Jaji Taakt. Kyohide NeaMo. M é a lümaan. a*l JaaicaJ Haryt
••
••
»•
••
•*
PAPERS AT LARGE
OfhaowCoa«a10riilniaiial aal a C a f h a « ! i fa PwartJa» Maria U w
AaOw^ie»
adCjaetodia
-None aal Sa*y Bfoafh
ttweaioal VariaWMy la SaeHkof S * a . Ahcu
. Roaca aal lanej D. ScanaKfaer
«Hiwilai M I «< a a k m a» — «t ara»»
• • S M "CUMOMM O« aa W«M"
"
*
3304
Aachor Dama» oa d» Coral Reef of Somhraro blaad. Bataaga. PWnppaan
Virtibo P. Palagaoa
Recreatioaal IBWKU oa Caatal Habitat*— Vaaan Coaaty Faérgnaaft. Cafoala
Mark H. CapdU
Aa Comprehemive Projad te the Vealce Lagooa
Franc**» Baadaria
A Coacia Dlaraaina oa Coaatal b l a d Booaoaqr Dl i lluaata
S a Ba
Sabmariae Saad Ridaa Ualoa Maria Eai hu aar a
Yiag Waag aad Dakal Zaa
Pre-Operatioaal Coaaideraooa te Mariae F a n * Aaacahan—Sa gibcdua a d Aloeaüoa
a Britiah Corambia
S. Joieph Traacon mi L. Micharl Cooa
Sedimea Traapon a Eoologkal Factor
Nick N. Orimia
Derdoomeat of die S a Fraaciaco Water f i u a The Naxka Aaatyai of «e F a w r a a ' i Wharf
Bmfcviatf Ptojoct Mn Bcyond
Norma P. Sweaaoa
CMoeK Coat Erouoa aad n Reaaoa
U Xaa
A Slady oa Droeiopmea Pactioa of * e T h a l l i i Coaatal Z o a
Zhaas Shaji and V . Tajfaaj
California Mariae Dehri» Acüoa Pha
Jill K a f f m a aad Maria Browa
Rio de laaeao Coaatal Zoae Edacatioa Proffia
Dtvid M a Wai Zee. Maria de Fabaa Ponino. A a a M.O. Reaaaxk. Mal
Elizabedi de Soaza C a n
The Petroteaa Ocotofy of die Oceaaii» Troagh. Capiaraao Baaia. O f f a n t Sowkoa Cahïoraai
Jama M. Oalloway aad WiUian W.H. Koa
NOAA'i Coanal Ocea Databaw aad POCOS Prograa
Dougba R. McUia aad Philip A. McOiUivary
Making a Maa Eaaaioa* SiraKgy Work
Terry F. Yoaag
Available Data for M a a a a c a of a t Egyptia Rad S a Coaatal Area
Rifaat O.M. Haooa
HF Radar Ocea Surface Mappag a Moaerey Bay a • Prototype te CaUteak C o a a
Eavammealal Moertorag a d O u w a a w
Donald E. Banick. BtBad. J. Upa. aad Peter M. Ulfcboe
baeniMioaal Touraa Oevetopmeal aad CoaMal Maagianal a U n a Aaerka
Jen» Soreatea
Review of Port RcdtvuOfWiM noJKto ki JapM
Katiahmo Kaoda aad Mauo Kaaai
Retfcw of Reorat Coaatal Reaearch a a t Sorkl Ualoa
R.D. Koa'ya
Oeognphk aforaaioa SyMea (OIS) Databaaea te Coatal aad Ocaa* Ptaaag af Rtgloal Saa
Jamet A. Oobbra and Erk E. Carbna
Dteriboiioa aad Developiag Tracé of Piodattlw Foreea kt O a a Coaal Dmluuara Zoan
Ho» Yhtjting aad Zhao Cheagiiaag
•-"-•-in
Tj n f i TIHIII lm l i f t TiiiTiniifiïïllTH-ilnil. n i l T " " ' i l ! ' I I T I I
Darid Attia aad Sarah Wa
Earironmental Edacaüoa la dat BrWa Vlrga k a k
Edward R. SaMh
Reacarch oa the PCMibiliry of Creatag a Cnaamlry Uaaj Wact Farilwa a M a a )
FamUiarlxatioa Medium
Norihia Yokoachi. SUa-kM Sakarat. Kiyoahi Huhinou. aad Koa Yoahlhara
Stady of Retatioa Bencca Nearby Roideau' E*ahiaiioa of Waterfnat Developaal aad
UrbaStracnac
Norihiu YokoacM. Sba-kM Sakurai. Takayaki Yaraada. aad Shaoba Manuaal
t aa i «aluin ai * * aaa of a m a j .
"CMUaa al •» Wortd" «Kttliy n a a .
•-
uui
3311
3)31
J332
)372
3J77
33*1
•
•
•
•
3390
3407 J4I6
3411
•
343)
3446
•
••
)4)l •
•
346)
•
3470
••
•*
POSTER SESSION
Socio-EaTanaaKauJ Probko» Ataociaksd wnh Inforaal Sfitlemrnw • me Cape CosMal Zone
Merk Sowinaa aad Nkoh Robint
Public Access Evohjöoa—Long Beach. Califoraia. Sboreliae
Robot J. Pateraosto
Fohmj/Cltmaie on the Normen» Pan of me Moroccat Attaatk Coaat (UpwelUag Are»)
All Agoumi. Abdellatif Orbi. Ghari Ben Jutnet. aad Stida Ttii
Occat Folklore in an Asian Itland Naóoa—Japan
Harvey A. Shapao
Acstheüc Evihutioa of Coattal Rivcn by Map Readtaf
Chafc* Fryling. Jr
SaUae latnraaa in Martae Effheal OMfab
K.H.M. Ali aad A. Woae
Coastal aad Esmane Oceanographk Applkatioas Uslag a PC-Based Workstadoa
Williaa T»eag. Peter J. Cekwe. Kim Bimleman. and Marcia L. Weiks
Namerical SiraalatioB of Alabana's Weeks Bty Esmary
Gay C. April. Bary McCormick. Zhaodoog U . Doatld C. Raney. and WiDlam W. Schroeder . .
A Ponabk Oeographic laformatioa System (GIS) for Couul Mtpptng
Erich R. Oaadlacb. Marshal Keadiiorek. aad WUIiam McKenzk
U.S. Ageacy for laleraatioaal Development Inidativei • CRM
NoraBerwkk
rUsilieacec/Seacc^BhMMmBarrierblaadOmnaanies
PW Jadd. R.l. Loaard. J.H. Ererin, D E . Eacobar. aad R. Dava
A Cbüdrea-t OU SpiU Pwparedness Bdocatioa Prograa
SsJpOaatad aad Siraoa A. Pouhcr
Coastal Datt Base bveatory System for the Cbaag-atai
Sryocog Yoo
Stakgk» ft» tat bamaHotal Skwardsbip of Coata SM! Marhat Reaoanxa of Aatarcöca
Paal C. Tkto
Evtdeact for Batant rafkaeace oa Ceaorok SnhiartaMlw of Coasta W i a t a g i i aal Oregoa
Htrotd L. Coatmaer
Orowth of • » Cockk AntUrt $mUi ia a Seaegtfca» Lagooa, West Alrka
K D LeaagTtck aad J P Debeaay
Vasari Tfajecwry Database for Coaatal Zoac Puneéag
Ysaaade Okayana
EfMcts of «e Coastractk» of Offshore Stractare» oa ae Ttafflc hMeras of Ships la Coasttl Wak»
Hideyaki Küa
TtiMisiim nl"naiaana I n i I n i l T a iriiaaiilal TTtisi»ituliais nf ftisilai
Haar Baoeahortt
SoUd-HUed Caatewiyt • ae Coaai Beastet Sea-tatpectJve aad Probieaa
Roben W. Middktoa
RlaOtneats-^tamsalavactaadPomastibiUty
Jssaet B. Laabsae
8vaaanoa of the Mütgatrve Vaae of m Arüfkial Reef Relatrvc to Opea Coatt Saad Booom, •
Wedaad. aad a Deep Wan» Habka by me Btefaakal Evahtatioa Suadanknd Tedaiojue (BEST)
AnaarBararfl
•raaaalna of a MobUe Brettwaat
Wuso J. Uasoa
Naooaal M a Btny CeaMr's ObaemDDM la d» Coastal Zoac
David B. GUbootea
Deatractioa Caated by HarricaM Hago—A Timber Resoarcat Damage Assesanent ia •
Coastal Regioa
JUI Aadrewt
Coonüaard Maaaataeat of Coattl Waersia me New York-New Jcney-Coratectkat Regioa
S e * Aaaabtl. Robot Dkaxkh, Baba* Fteauo. Roben Nyman. Jsakc Rollwagen. Ene Stoa.
and Mark Tedetco
3473 3477
•
••
•
3W3
*
3491
3301
•
3313
Sediment Veld Locaüoo Map»
Frank F. Reckendnf
NOAAiCoaxuTrendsSeriet-OH iranportatioaaadSpiDim(heNaHoa'sCoaMaOccaa
Timothy R. Goodtpecd. Maareen A. Wairea. Thomai J. Calliton. Davida O. ftemer.
Ccrol M. Btackwdl. jota J. McDoaou|b. III. David M. Lon. and Mak S. Jicobaea
U.S. Enviroomenul Praaxtkw A«encyi Rcfioa IX Near CotMa Wamt Proaran
Sounne L. Mar
Compariion of Envarmmtalal CoaaBqwatci Aloof Coartal Aicai of Scvenl Bioaaa* aad
Fouil F-ucl Technoio|ie»
Michal Hanhill
An Overvie» of Chemical Conumènanls ThroafhoM me Coartal aad Eaiaariac UaMed Statta
Berntrd W. Oonholm aad Junes Price
An Outitanding Marine Are» in the Saint Lawreacc Ettaaty
Nelton Boiivot
The Couul Area Almanac— Ao Invealory of Ihe Ftiyucal and Natund Rooarcc* of the Weat
Coastal Arei of Trinidad
Diane Bertrand. Uoyd OenM. aad rlaydrn Romano
Monhoring of Weüand RcMoratioM and Ancien) Weüands
Tim Abbe. Philip Willians. and Phyllis Faber
The Depanmeat of die baertor'i New Compreheotive OCS OU aad Oaa Frograai
Paul R. Slaag
UngshoR Sand TtaaspoM SoothtaM of Bawa de Todoa Saawt. B.D. Mexico
Carlos R. Torro-NavarMe aad Asdraoal Mattaet D L .
•
33«
•
3396
35f9
3«01
3611
•
•
SESSION Ml: KINGS BAY, GA: BIOLOGICAL ASPBCTS OP DtEDGING
3323
•
3330
3341
3344
••
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••
•
333»
•
•
3370
3371
M a t M Ecology aad Co—tnaina ia Coatat Oeorfia
Batan J. Zoodsna. Lyaa W Ufebvre. and Stephen V. Cofer-Shabfca
Dredging ERèctt oa the Hard d a n Mtntmhm mrmaara) ia Cmberlaad Soaad. Oeor|a
Diane D. Laurtoea
Aerial Phoiagrapnic Aaaysa of Boal Traffc Uatribarioa* ta Ctenfaerkaa Soaad. Oeortja
Stephen V. Cofer-Shabka. Roben H. Becker. and Deborab L. Allea
ManoMndfla Seduncnudoa. Otrobatad Itlaad. OA
tiadsay D. Nakaihiraa. Stephen V. CoferShabica. I.W. Dey. Jr.. R. Kaaa. R. M a a t ,
DJ. Reed. OP. Kemp. aad E.H. Oweat
Community Deacriptioa aad Monüoriag of Gaabatad Uaad Jcoy m K a » Bay-Sl. May» Rhw
Entrance. Oeorgu
Joaeph P. Ricbankoa
toterdunal Pond Waker Qadily aad Pish Paaaa
Thomas R. Kotel
BMogKal aad Phywcal Aajncts of Dredging. Kings Bay. Oeorgia, U S A .
Stepheo V. Cofer-Shabka. DarreU Molzan. aadJoaiPope
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••
••
••
M
**
••
SESSION SM: INTERNATIONAL CZM POUCY, PLANNING,
AND SCIENCE
n
y
p
David Hopky
Stann Repon of ftr|iaiftnaa* for 1992 U.N. CoaJercace OB Bsvlraajanl aad llBwüu|aBaja--ODeaB)
and Couul Areas
Jean Claude Faby
The Global Mussel Walcb-A Coaatal PbDanai Moaitorag Ptafraa
Eik Schneider
OMnl Changes and me Coatttl Zone—A New Inüiativc
Ounnar Kullenberg
A National Coastal Reaoarce» Manateneat Program for Eraador
L. Arritga
33W
**Se» "Cowdiaet o» t * Woru" «pecuky vokaaa.
XMU
3311
XXXIII
•
•
•
•
•
SESSION SM: THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT: A STUDY
•eoneal Act Study—#1
David J. BRMMI
COMUI Zoat M imam t l Aa S«dy—#2
•
DnU R. OoachtB.
COMU) Zaai MaMatnm Ad Swdy—#3
Wifliaa A. Headenoa
COMUI Zoat H n H n i w Ad Scaly—#4
Michatl I. Lêga
COMUI Zoat r i w j i i m i Act Sojdy—#5
*
•
•
David J. Browcr. David W. Owe». Md Aaac K. Sckwtb
CZMA Conaiatancy Oplnlonai
An Undiacovered Body of La«r
3627
John A. Saurenaan*
Katharlna A. Paaaa**
SESSION 5t7: LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPERIENCE DURING OCS OIL AND
GAS DEVELOPMENT: SANTA BARBARA COUNTY
Tl» TaaM.li»; Loca Oo»inw>w Rok ia tantfoJag OMcr Coatiaraal Stelt Deretopmtw
Robot B. Atmy. Dr» Via, a d D M Nckc Johmna
U K Rok of Müipboa Paad* )a Mitifaiaj Roidua Inpactt
May Meaaty Reiend
3631
3552
Colli. Filta a d lamfer Scholl
Ptmat Comntiaice Program for Larac Scac Dcvehpanl Project»
Dr» V m , Roten B. Afaay. Kevia Drude. mi Jo Aai Dtil»
3663
3670
Vmi-Ute laac* Raned by OffiboR Oil a») OM Dtvdopacm
DOMJIM K. AaAoay. William 1. Doom. aad Mm Zovoica
Oaule ConviiMoc Profrwm for Mi|or OU mé Oai Pioigctt
Nacy Miakk iad Uwca Uibaii
Pfcawd Eatanriai DevdopaKal aK) MaMpfci Aatacy Review of Pabttc Safdy lanc*
36*6
3701
Dr» Vm Md Roten B. Almy
Effccthe MMtaüoa of Ak EmiuioM fnm OaM CoaÜMatal Steh* Soann
3713
Poer CaMk
Porciai baovaüoa la Air Pottaüoa Caamt Tedantonr Pro» OCS Dmkaaeat
Pcttr CaMk tad M a t e * Tiiwa?
Ri^o(T>iwpo>u^P<inilcimtadO«aMa»iah(hMOffaVnOUa«10aiDr»ckTiBM
WiOiam I. Doara*. Brace A. Catcr. mi DOU(1M K. AMhoay
Momunac aad MM(aia| «te Socioecoaomk Imcactt of COMUI OU aal O M Orvdopmtat
MctMd O. Powen
3731
3740
3747
3761
SESSION Ml: CALIFORNIA CO-PLENARY SESSION PRESENTATIONS
fmiiMimimmm «Mui fWIMM U a M t a * « B M M _ J b « i i « < M B MBMI fMV^HVJaBBMJtLlHl
"^••••"(•^••1 KSB U H B I PfjMMM^^laBs»»~i~fTw»"JBa«al Maw v | i y i i — % M M
BiüaaiOrialéa
MMcs. EHüci, An. Aeootaobiliry. « 4 Sc Q«« ior QMUy M Coanl Mwajrim
Peier M. Doafjai
EBMC DiwwHy-riirita bal MiMia| • CoMtaVOoeaa M n i | r r M Protraai
TteMMOwyai
••
Abstract
Th* Coastal Kon* Managasmnt Act allows atatas to block th*
issuanc* of Pederal licansea and peralta if the penltted
actlvlty would be inconsistent wlth the state'a Pederally
approved coastal aanageaent progrsa.
The Secratary of
Commerce aay override the state objection if certain
criteria are set. Thls paper exaadnes those criteria and
the Secretary'a decisions applying thea.
Introduction
Pursuant to aection 307(c)(3) of th* Coaatal Ion*
Manageaent Act (CZMA), aa aaended, 16 U.8.C. SS 1451, ei
Afig., an applicant for a Pederal peralt or license aust
certify to the affected coastal state that lts activity
wlll be conducted in a aanner consistent wlth that state'a
Pederally approved coaatal aanageaent prograa.
If the
coaatal state objects to the consistency certifleation, the
activity aay not be Pederally licensed or peraitted unless
the Secretary of Coaaerce (Secretary) flnds the proposed
activity is consistent wlth the objactlves of the CZMA
(Ground I) or othervise necessary in the Interest of
national security (Ground II). 16 O.S.C. S 14S6(c)(3).
••
•
3717
Th* appeals process whlch sectlon 307(c)(3) created has
significance
for
both
applicants
for
consistency
certlfications and for coastal statea. Por th* foraer, an
379S
Deputy Attomey General, Callfomla Departaent of
Justlce, 300 South Spring St., Los Angeles, CA 90013.
The views of the author do not necessarlly r*fl*ct those
of the California Oepartaent of Justice.
** Senior Counselor for Natura1 Resources, National
Oceanic and Ataospheric Adainiatratlon, Suite 2013, 300 S.
Perry st., Los Angeles, CA 90731. The views of the author
do not necessarily reflect those of NOAA.
••Set •CotÊümn <* m> WoM"
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