Nematoda
• Secernentea
Tylenchida
Aphelenchida
Rhabditida
Strongylida
Ascaridida
Spirurida
Camallanida
• Adenophorea
Dorylaimida
Mononchida
Chromadorida
Desmoscolecida
Monhysterida
Araeolaimida
Teratocephalida
Enoplida
Dioctophymatida
분류상 점미사
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Order – ida
Suborder – ina
Superfamily – oidae
Family – idae
Subfamily – inae
Nomenclature: Binominal system
Meloidogyne incognita
Tylenchida
Superfamily Criconematoidea
Family Criconematidae (Criconemoides, Criconema)
Family Tylenchulidae
Superfamily Tylenchoidea
Family Tylenchidae (Tylenchulus)
Family Anguinidae (Anguina, Ditylenchus)
Family Dolichodoridae (Dolichodorus)
Family Belonolaimidae (Belonolaimus)
Family Pratylenchidae (Pratylenchus, Radopholus)
Family Hoplolaimidae (Hoplolaimus)
Family Heteroderidae (Meloidogyne, Heterodera)
Aphelenchida
Family Aphelenchidae (Aphlenchus)
Family Paraphlenchidae
Family Aphelenchoididae (Aphelenchoides,
Bursaphelenchus)
Family Senuridae
Family Entaphlenchidae
Dorylaimida
1. Xiphinema
2. Longidorus
3. Trichodorus
Heterodera
(Cyst nematode)
1. Heterodera shachtii (Sugar beet cyst nematode)
2. Heterodera glycine (Soybean cyst nematode)
2. Globodera rostochienesis
(Golden potato cyst nematode)
3. Globodera pallida (White potato cyst nematode)
Globodera spp.(=round cyst nematode)
Cyst nematode
Heterodera
(Cyst nematode)
<History>
• Germany, 1871, Schacht
Heterodera schachtii (Sugarbeet cyst nematode)
Symptom: “beet tiredness”
• 17th century, from Peru to Euroupe
Globodera rostochiensis (Golden potato cyst nematode)
During WWII in England, Europe-severe problem
Soybean cyst nematode
Heterodera glycine
(Soybean cyst nematode)
• Originated from Orient (China, Japan, and Korea)
(1800’s, soil imported from the Orient for the
purpose of obtaining bacteria to nodulate
soybean roots)
• First found in North Carolina, 1954
1965, 8 states
1975, 14 states
1987, 26 states, Ontario, Canada
2000, 28 states (including Hawaii)
Distribution of SCN in the United States and Canada in 1998
Life cycle of Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycine)
Heterodera glycine
• Cyst (dead female body containing eggs) formation
• Reproduction type: Amphimix
• Life cycle; 21-28 days, 30-40 days: cyst formation
25-200 eggs/ female
2-5 generations/ year
• Symptom: Stunt and yellow (영양결핍)
Field: 연작지, 수량 감소, cyst 발견
• Host: Soybean, Phaseolus spp.
Nonhost: corn, cotton, peanut, tobacco, wheat
• Interaction to Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia
• 16 races are reported
Heterodera glycine
• Management of SCN
1. Crop rotation
: Planting non-host crops reduce the population
2. Resistant varieties
: recommended to use
Non-host, resistant variety, Non-host, Susceptible
3. Chemical control
: not-recommended
Hatching factors
• Physical factors
1. Temperature
2. Seasonal effect
3. Soil moisture
4. Aeration
5. Electric stimulation,
light
• Chemical stimulation
: Root exudates from plant
• Natural hatching factors
- fatty acid extracted from
soybean root
- Cyst extracts
Pratylenchus
(Root lesion nematodes)
• Migratory endoparasites
• Symptoms
:Poor top growth, sensitive to moisture stress,
reduce yield
:elongated, narrow, dark lesion in root
• Destroy outer root tissues (Cortex)
not endodermis or vascular tissue
• All stages (J2, J3, J4, female and male) move into
and out of roots and also move within roots
• Eggs are deposited in root tissue
Major species of Pratylenchus
1. Pratylenchus penetrans (Northern lesion nematode)
: orchards, tobacco – temperate region
2. Pratylechus coffeae (Coffee lesion nematode)
: coffee, banana, citrus – tropic region
3. Pratylenchus vulnus (Boxwood lesion nematode)
: fruits and nuts – temperate region
Pratylechus sp.
Pratylenchus in American boxwood
Life cycle of Pratylechus sp.
Radopholus
(Burrowing nematodes)
• Migratory endoparasites
• History
- 1893, Cobb:first observed soil around banana root
- 1953, Suit & DuCharme proved R. similis is causal
agent of “spread decline”of citrus (1.6 trees/year)
Symptom: smaller leaves, dead twigs, small fruit
“Pull and treat program”
• Physiological race
Citrus +, Banana + : Citrus race
Citrus -, Banana + : Banana race
Life cycle of R. similis