1991 California growers' economic losses from nematode
damage on the nine crops with greatest historic usage
of 1,3-D = $106.8 million (Landels, 1992)
CYST NEMATODE ON COLE CROPS
BECKY B. WESTERDAHL
EXTENSION NEMATOLOGIST /
PROFESSOR OF NEMATOLOGY
UC DAVIS
14th ANNUAL
DESERT CROPS
WORKSHOP
DECEMBER 3,
2003
WWW ADDRESS:
ucdnema.ucdavis.edu
COMPOUND
VOLATILITY
HIGH
$/ACRE
5
5
7
30
1,200
280-400
1,200
100-500
Methyl isothiocyanate
500
( Metam Sodium, Vapam, Basamid)
150-400
FUMIGANTS
Methyl Bromide - Tarped
- Nontarped
Chloropicrin
1,3-Dichloropropene(1,3-D.TeloneII)
SUGARBEET CYST
NEMATODE
ON SUGARBEET
Millions of Dollars Lost
ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE (RKN)
Tomatoes
13.4
Cotton
9.8
Sweet potatoes
7.5
Potatoes
0.4
Carrots
15.1
SUGARBEET CYST & (RKN)
Broccoli
15.7
Cauliflower
7.9
Sugar beets
6.1
Brussel sprouts
0.7
ORGANOPHOSPHATES & CARBAMATES
Ethoprop(Mocap)
100,000
Carbofuran(Furadan)
1,000,000
Aldicarb(Temik)
1,500,000
50-250
Fenamiphos(Nemacur)
10,000,000
Oxamyl(Vydate)
100,000,000
LOW
INFESTED
HEALTHY
METHYL BROMIDE - ALTERNATIVE FUMIGANTS:
1,3 - DICHLOROPROPENE
TELONE II, TELONE C35
INLINE (EMULSIFIABLE)
CHLOROPICRIN (PIC EC)
SODIUM TETRATHIOCARBONATE (ENZONE)
METAM SODIUM
DAZOMET (BASAMID)
OZONE GAS
*METHYL IODIDE (IODOMETHANE)
*PROPARGYL BROMIDE
COMBINATIONS OF
THE ABOVE
*NOT REGISTERED
LIFE CYCLE OF A TYPICAL PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODE:
M = MOLT
SIZE
M
M
B. A. JAFFEE
M
M
ADULT
J4
J3
EGG
J1
J2
TIME
J = JUVENILE OR LARVA
B. A. JAFFEE
1
ECTOPARASITE
QuickTime™ and a
JUVENILE
HATCHING
FROM EGG
Photo CD Decompressor
needed to use this picture
MIGRATORY
ENDOPARASITE
SEDENTARY
ENDOPARASITE
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON NEMATODES:
MINIMUM FOR
OPTIMUM
INFEC- REPRO- FOR ACTIVITY
TION
DUCTION
ROOT KNOT
MELOIDOGYNE SP.
M. CHITWOODI
45F
45F
68-77F
(COLUMBIA)
(6C)
(6C)
(20-25C)
M. HAPLA
54F
54F
77-86F
(NORTHERN)
(12C) (12C)
(25-30C)
M. INCOGNITA
65F
50F
76-90F
(SOUTHERN)
(18C) (10C)
(25-32C)
SUGARBEET CYST
HETERODERA
50F
46F
70-81F
SCHACHTII
(10C) (8C)
(21-27C)
NEEDLE LONGIDORUS AFRICANUS
DAMAGE TO LETTUCE SEEDLINGS IS MINIMAL AT
SOILTEMPERATURES LESS THAN 22C (72F)
EFFECT OF CROP ROTATION ON POPULATION
DENSITY OF SUGARBEET CYST NEMATODE:
ADULT FEMALE (CYST)
HETERODERA SCHACHTII
(SUGARBEET CYST
NEMATODE)
CYST
EGGS
1998 SOUTH COAST FIELD STATION - SUGARBEET CYST
NEMATODE
2500
d
2000
CARROT
SUGARBEET (abcd)
1500
B. A. JAFFEE
TOMATO
c
TWO POINTS WHICH ARE
NOT IDENTIFIED BY THE
SAME LETTER ARE
SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT
FROM EACH OTHER
ACCORDING TO FISHER'S
PROTECTED LSD TEST AT P
= 0.05.
1000
500
a
a
a
a
a
ab
bc
ab
a
a
ab
a
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
WEEKS AFTER PLANTING
12
14
16
BROCCOLI SUGARBEET CYST NEMATODE
(HETERODERA SCHACHTII)
2
DiTERA
VALENT (ABBOTT LABORATORIES)
KILLED MICROBIAL
TOXIN PRODUCED BY A FUNGUS
VERY WATER SOLUBLE
CA REGISTRATION ON SEVERAL CROPS
1999 SCFS - BROCCOLI - COMMERCIAL CROWNS
0.05
TELONE II 18GPA
TELONE II 9 GPA
0.05
NEMACUR
ERROR BARS
INDICATE 1
STANDARD
ERROR
TECHPOWDER
RENGINEERED
10XA+10XB
ES+10XA+10XB
ES+10XB
ES+10XA
0.10
DITERAES
UNTREATED
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
NUMBER OF CROWNS / 3 METERS OF ROW
7
8
SUGARBEETS
1998 SCFS - SUGARBEETS - YIELD - CYST NEMATODE
DITERA100
0.10
DITERA75
ERROR BARS
INDICATE 1
STANDARD ERROR
DITERA50
OZONE50+CO2
OZONE50
OZONE250
VAPAM
TELONE II
UNTREATED
0
2
4
6
8
TONS / ACRE
10
12
14
16
MUSTARD AND RADISH COVER CROPS
1998 SCFS - SUGARBEETS - EGGS / CYST
QuickTime™ and a
oto CD Decompressor
DITERA100
DITERA75
ded to use this picture
ERROR BARS
INDICATE 1
STANDARD ERROR
0.05
DITERA50
0.05
OZONE50+CO2
OZONE50
OZONE250
VAPAM
TELONE II
UNTREATED
0
100
200
300
400
NUMBER OF EGGS / CYST
500
600
700
3
QuickTime™ and a
NEMATODE / HOST ASSOCIATION DATABASES
oto CD Decompressor
ded to use this picture
H. FERRIS, E. CASWELL-CHEN, B. WESTERDAHL
FROM URL: http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/
SELECT: VIEW DATABASES
NEMABASE Nematode-Host Association Database
(can also be obtained from ucipm website)
Nematode Common-Scientific Name Database
Plant Common-Scientific Name Database
Lownsbery Nematode-Host Association
Database
Radewald California Ornamental
Nematode-Host Association Database
Nematode Primer Database
Knowledge Planning Database
BIOFUMIGATION (CASWELL-CHEN, WESTERDAHL):
EVALUATION OF BROCCOLI RESIDUE FOR
SUGARBEET CYST NEMATODE CONTROL
BRASSICACEAE PRODUCE GLUCOSINOLATES
BROCCOLI DEGRADATION RELEASES
ISOTHIOCYANATES
METAM SODIUM IS A SYNTHETIC ISOTHIOCYANATE
UC SOUTH COAST RESEARCH
AND EXTENSION CENTER
SUGARBEET CYST NEMATODE
(HETERODERA SCHACHTII)
RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK
3-4 REPLICATES PER TREATMENT
2000 SCFS BROCCOLI BIOFUMIGATION TRIAL
1XTELONE2X
0.05
1XTELONE
0.05
0.05
1XTARP
ERROR BARS
INDICATE 1
STANDARD ERROR
1X
0.05
2X
NONE
0
2
4
6
8
NUMBER OF MARKETABLE CROWNS
10
12
4
2000 SCFS BROCCOLI BIOFUMIGATION TRIAL
2002 SCFS BROCCOLI BIOFUMIGATION TRIAL - COMMERCIAL CROWNS
Telone
1XTELONE2X
0.05
2xbroccolitarp
1XTELONE
0.05
0.05
1xbroccolitarp
1XTARP
ERROR BARS
INDICATE 1
STANDARD ERROR
1X
NoBroccoliTarp
0.10
2X
NONE
0.0
2xbroccoli
0.10
1xbroccoli
ERROR BARS
INDICATE 1
STANDARD ERROR
NoBroccoli
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
EGG HATCH PF/PI
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0
5
10
15
CROWNS / 3 METERS OF ROW
20
25
5