Svetlana Degteva
Tatiana Pystina
Institute of Biology
Komi Science Centre
Syktyvkar, Russia

‘Rare and threatened animals and plants of the Komi ASSR’
(1982)
Main list:
30 species of animals: 5 fishes, 2 reptiles, 14 birds, 9 mammals;
126 species of plants: 108 flowering plants, 18 ferns.
Care demanding:
29 species of animals: 7 fishes, 18 birds, 4 mammals;
185 species of plants: 162 flowering plants, 4 ferns, 19 mosses.

The Red Data Book of the Komi Republic (1998)
The first official publication of the Red Data Book of the Komi Republic was established by the
Decree of the Head of the Komi Republic dated by May 18, 1998 № 175.

The 1998 Red Data Book of the Komi Republic
Criteria :
- a small number of habitats on the territory of the Komi Republic;
- situation of a species on its distribution border;
- the inclusion of a species into the Red Data Book of the IUCN, the Red Data Books of the former
USSR and Russia;
- an endemic or relict species.
Threat categories (IUCN Plant Red Data Book, 1978) :
0 (Ex) – extinct or probably extinct species;
1 (E) – endangered species, with a critical level of numbers;
2 (V) – rare and vulnerable species, with reducing numbers;
3(R) – rare species, with small total populations and restricted geographical habitats;
4 (I) – indeterminate species, additional information needed.
5 (Cd) – relatively common species but have decreased dramatically under anthropogenic impacts
(officinal, ornamental plants), care demanding (plants).
5 – restoring and being restored species. Taxa and populations whose numbers and distribution areas started to restore naturally or artificially and are close to the status when they would not need special protection and reproduction measures (animals).

The 1998 Red Data Book of the Komi Republic
0 1
Threat category
2 3 4
Taxonomic group
FUNGI
Eumycota
Lichens
PLANTS
Bryophyta
Vascular plants
ANIMALS
Invertebrates
Fishes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Birds
Mammalia
Total
–
1
–
–
1
–
2
–
–
–
–
–
20
-
9
7
–
–
1
44
–
7
–
11
15
31
4
2
70
6
1
–
–
22
16
52
87
15
4
623
34
2
1
3
5
20
8
42
5
4
91
6
1
–
–
5
5
11
79
73
–
–
–
–
–
–
168
Total number of taxa
110
32
78
394
154
240
107
53
5
1
3
34
11
611

From 1998 to 2008, the data on biological features, numbers, and habitats of plants and animals included into the Red Data Book of the Komi Republic were collected, classified and analyzed. That work was generally coordinated by the Ministry of
Nature Resources and Environmental Protection of the Komi Republic. The scientists of the Institute of Biology and the Pechora-Ilych zapovednik inventoried flora and fauna for early identification of threatened species and organization of corresponding protection measures. Inventory of nature protected areas with local populations of many red-listed species was given high attention. 164 regional nature protected areas
(from 237) have been inventoried . At present biodoversity inventory of NPA’s system under UNDP/GEF umbrella is finished.

Nature protected areas of the Komi Republic
240 in total including: zapovednik - 1 national park - 1 preserves - 164 nature monuments – 73 protected landscape - 1
Total area ~ 5.4 million ha
(~ 13% of the territory of the
Komi Republic).

The 2009 Red Data Book of the Komi Republic
The Order and the 2009
Red Data Book of the
Komi Republic were prepared according to the
“Manual of Red Data
Book Keeping for the subject of the Russian
Federation” (2006) developed by the Ministry of Nature Resources of the Russian Federation.
The lists of plant and animal species to be included into the Red Data Book of the Komi Republic were established by the Order of the Ministry of Nature Resources and Environmental Protection of the Komi Republic dated by February
12, 2008 № 79.
Publication of the Red Data Book of the Komi Republic followed the work of the Ministry of Nature of the Komi
Republic concerning normative legal regulation in that sphere. From 2006-2008, 6 legal acts were carried within the frames of that work, including 1 Law of the Komi Republic, 1 Decree of the Head of the Komi Republic, 1 executive order of the Government of the Komi Republic, and 3 orders of Nature Resources and Environmental Protection of the
Komi Republic.

The 2009 Red Data Book of the Komi Republic
Threat categories:
0 – Extinct or probably extinct. Species (subspecies, populations) earlier known to inhabit the terrain of the Komi Republic whose presence in the wild of the region is not certain now (for invertebrates – for the last 100 years and for vertebrates – for the last 50 years).
1 – Endangered. Species (subspecies, populations) whose numbers have been reduced to a critical level or whose habitats have been so drastically reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of vanishing.
2 – Vulnerable.
Species (subspecies, populations) with steadily reducing numbers which are believed likely to move into the Endangered category (1) in the near future if the casual factors continue operating.
3 – Rare.
Species (subspecies, populations) are at risk because of small total populations within the area of concern. These taxa are usually localized within restricted geographical areas or habitats or are thinly scattered over a more extensive range.
4 – Indeterminate. Species (subspecies, populations) are known to be Extinct (0), Endangered (1),
Vulnerable (2) or Rare (3) but there is not enough information to say which of the categories is appropriate.
5 – Restoring and being restored.
Species (subspecies, populations) whose numbers and distribution areas started to restore naturally or artificially and are close to the status when they would not need special conservation and protection measures.

Taxonomic group
FUNGI
Eumycota
Lichens
PLANTS
Alga
Bryophyta
Vascular plants
ANIMALS
Invertebrates
Fishes
Amphibia
Birds
Mammalia
Total
The 2009 Red Data Book of the Komi Republic
0 1
Threat category
2 3 4 5
–
–
–
–
–
0
–
–
–
–
–
–
16
1
2
–
1
1
33
–
–
12
1
13
4
2
–
9
2
94
–
14
49
31
41
4
49
125
37
2
1
16
2
307
10
12
12
–
1
6
–
99
–
8
50
1
–
–
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
Total number of taxa
4
71
236
100
54
6
2
33
124
42
82
311
5
535

Fungi
Allocation of fungi to the threat categories
3
2
1
0
5
4
0
1
5 10
10
15
31
20 25 30 35 numbers of species
Included into the Red Data Book –
42 species
Totally in the Komi Republic – 929 species
Grifola frondosa
Sarcosoma globosum
Ganoderma lucidum

Included into the Red Data Book –
82 species
Totally in the Komi Republic – more than 1200 species
Lichens
Allocation of lichens to the threat categories
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 10
12
13
16
20
41
30 40 numbers of species
50
Heterodermia speciosa
Lobaria pulmonaria
Usnea longissima

Bryophyta
Allocation of mosses to the threat categories
3
2
1
0
5
4
0
8
10
14
20 30
49
40 50 numbers of species
60
Included into the Red Data
Book – 71 species
Totally in the Komi Republic
– 653 species
Neckera pennata

Included into the Red Data
Book – 236 species
Totally in the Komi Republic –
1217 species
Vascular plants
Allocation of vascular plants to the threat categories
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
12
20 40
50
49
60 80 100 120
125
140 numbers of species
Anemonastrum biarmiense
Gypsophila uralensis
Linum boreale

Invertebrate animals
Allocation of invertebrate animals to the threat categories
3
2
1
0
5
4
0
1
4
10
12
20 30
37
40 numbers of species
Included into the Red Data Book -
54 species
Totally in the Komi Republic - about
10 000 species
Carabus nitens
Myrmeleon formicarius
Papilo machaon

Included into the Red Data Book
– 46 species
Vertebrate animals
Allocation of vertebrate animals to the threat categories
Totally in the Komi Republic –
44 fish, 6 amphibian, 5 reptiles,
265 birds, and 57 mammals
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
4
7
13
0 5 10 15 20
21
25 numbers of species
Plecotus auritus
Salamandrella keiserlingii Thymallus arcticus

Annexes to the 2009 Red Data Book of the Komi Republic
Annex 1. The annotated list of care demanding plant and animal species
114 plant species
77 animal species
Annex 2. Species excluded from the Red Data Book of the Komi Republic
66 plant species
11 animal species

The 2009 Red Data Book was significantly enlarged concerning morphological description of species, information on their distribution world-wide, in Russia and in the Komi Republic, their habitats and biological features.
The available data on their population numbers were included, the limiting factors and threats – identified, information on accepted protection measures – summarized and suggestions about required protection measures – introduced. Information on protection of a species on the territory of the Russian Federation and its subjects adjacent with the Komi Republic is given.
Original illustrations and sketch-maps of habitats follow the text. The sketch-maps show distribution of a species in a net of quadrates 100 х 100 km by the observation data of authors and found samples, as well as by the literature data.

Ecosystems of NPA’S are the key habitats of many rare species, which are protected in the Komi Republic
Ganoderma lucidum
Gypsophila uralensis
Usnea longissima

Number of rare species at the NPA’s of the Komi Republic
Mammalia
Birds
Amphibia
Fishes
Invertebrates
Vascular plants
Bryophyta
Alga
Lichens
Eumycota
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
5
5
1
33 33
2
5 6
54 36
54
186
3 4
50%
74 82
31
60% 70% 80% 90%
The share of the number of rare species, %
100%
42
236
71

Map of the rare species distribution in the NPA of the Komi Republic
КАРТА ПРЕДСТАВЛЕННОСТИ МЕСТООБИТАНИЙ
РЕДКИХ ВИДОВ НА ООПТ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КОМИ
21

Ecosystems of Pechora-Ilych zapovednik, National park
“Ugud va”, reserves
“Pizhemskyi”, “Belaya
Kedva”, “Soivinskyi”,
“Unjinskyi”,
“Martushevskoe”, “Usinskyi” are of greate walue for biodiversity protection on local (Komi Republic), regional (Russian
Federation) and international levels.

•

• Absence united criteria of rare species in Russian
Federation and EU
• Local NPA’s system of the Komi Republic doesn’t totally correspond to international criteria
• Absence of local strategy and practical approaches to conservation of rare species’ native populations
• Budget deficit for nature conservation
• Deficit of data about trends of nature ecosystems changes, status and dynamics of rare species populations
• Bad coordination of scientific and education organizations, local government in the field of nature resources using and conservation
• Insufficient degree of formation of environmental outlook of the population, including the people responsible for making management decisions

• Collection and analysis of data about habitats and populations of rare plants, animals, fungi, trends of their number and areas dynamics
• Regular monitoring of rare plants, animals, fungi populations
• Keep the information in Data Base “Red Data Book of the Komi
Republic”
• Coordination of research work with scientific institutes and specialists from neighboring regions
• Conservation of rare species key habitats in situ, developing local
NPA’s system
• Conservation of rare species ex situ, in vitro