B. Aleksandrov
Odessa Branch, Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Progressive methodological approach of forming of protected areas was
realized in practical nature protection conception: Pan European
Ecological Network with special task on forming of marine ecological
network of Europe (European Coastal Marina Ecological Network) in
1999.
 There are 142 terrestrial, 53 freshwater, and 43 marine
ecoregions in the World. The Black Sea is part of the
Mediterranean ecoregion.
Example of marine corridor of the Pan European ecological network in south-east Europe
The total protected area of the Black Sea amounts to 68 263 км2, but it differs
in area in each country. The largest number of MPAs of different status is
concentrated in Ukraine which has a maximum length of coastline – 1 628 km
or 37% and 55 750 km2 or 57% of the total Black Sea shelf area.
Review of ecological networks and corridors is one of the technical
guidance manual for protected area systems
Bennett G. & Mulongoy K.J. Review of experience
with ecological networks, corridors and buffer zones.Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.Montreal, 2006.- Technical Series No. 23.- 100pp.
Guiding principles for the Establishment
of Marine Protected Areas in the Black
Sea (approve CBD AG in 2008)
The aim of this study is to work out the methodology of
a quantitative approach determining the biological
value of marine aquatic areas (lagoons, bays etc.) for
forming ecological corridors and determination of order of
creation of new or expansions of existent МPАs (on
example of marine waterbodies of Ukraine).
Peculiarities of aquatic ecosystems:
1. Concentration of life in coastal and shelf area to the depth of solar
penetration.
2.
Definite advantage in selection of the protected areas according to
benthic biocenoses, as those bound with the landscape (in contrast to
pelagic one).
There were singled out 34 different aquatic objects in
Ukrainian part of the Black Sea coast:
Title
13 – Bays,
13 – limans (estuaries),
2 – lagoons,
2 – lakes,
1 – Delta (Danube),
1 – Island (Zmeiny),
1 – open shelf area,
1 – strait (Kerch).
Key characteristics of aquatic objects:
KRDB – total number of Red Data Book species,
KEAM – ecological activity of macrophytes,
KBB – total number of benthic biocoenoses,
KMZB – total number of macrozoobentic species,
KP/B – ratio between plankton and benthos biomass,
KPP – primary production of phytoplankton,
KAI – integrated estimation of anthropogenic impact.
Кƒ = (Ki min a)0,5 · ( K1a1 · K2a2 · … · Knan)1/2n
Кƒ - integrated index of biological significance of aquatic object;
К1, К2, Кn – measure of key characteristics in each aquatic object;
а1, а2, аn – weight coefficient of each key characteristics;
n – number of key characteristics.
The Marine
Strategy
Framework
Directive
(Annex III,
Table 1)
•Physical and chemical features (distribution of nutrient):
•Biological features (phytoplankton and zooplankton
communities; macro-algae and invertebrate bottom
fauna; status of species).
•Other features (chemicals, sediments contamination,
hotspots, health issues etc.).
•Habitat types (structure and substrata composition of the
seabed): 5 ecotones - separate analyses.
KBB – total number of benthic biocoenoses,
KAI – integrated estimation of anthropogenic
impact
KRDB – total number of Red Data Book species,
KMZB – total number of macrozoobentic species,
KP/B – ratio between plankton and benthos biomass,
KPP – primary production of phytoplankton,
KEAM – ecological activity of macrophytes.
KAI – integrated estimation of anthropogenic impact
Zaitsev Yu. Littoral concentration of life in the Black Sea area and coastal management
requirements // Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment.- 2006.Vol. 12.- P. 113-128.
Generalized matrix of expert assessments of ecological processes in the
Black Sea Coastal Zone
Fishing
I
Mimimg
Industrial wastes
Pesticides
II
Soil erosion
Agricultural runoff
III
Residual foods
Genetic
degeneration
Ports development
IV
Deepening,
Dumping
Ballast waters and
exotic species
Shipwrecks
Biological and general changes
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
2
4
3
2
1
2
2
1
1
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
5
4
1
1
3
2
1
1
3
4
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
4
1
1
1
2
3
2
3
4
4
4
1
1
3
1
4
4
2
2
1
1
2
2
4
2
3
3
1
1
3
1
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
5
3
3
1
1
2
1
3
4
4
4
1
1
2
1
3
4
3
3
1
1
2
1
2
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
4
3
3
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
2
3
4
4
3
1
1
4
3
3
3
urba
om
sedi
Oxy
ment
gen
s
cont
Dist
ent
27 – stress factors, 15 types of effect
Conc
nce
entra
tion
Biol
ogic
al
Bott
diver
om
sity.
hypo
Stoc
xia
ks
Heal
t
risks
Mari
ne
food
Aest
qulit
hetic
y
quali
ценн
ties
ость
4
4
1
4
4
3
4
4
Poll
utio
Tro
n
phi
Bott
city
Tran
spare
ncy
Stress
Changes of life conditions
Sali
nity
Curren
ts
Response
4
There are 10 kinds of anthropogenic impacts with different influence on
biological characteristics of aquatic ecosystems (positive or negative)
Urban sewage
V
Rain waters
VI
Addition of sand
VII
Coast protection
constructions
Dams
Reservoirs
Resort development
VIII
Resort sewage
Recreational
activities
Nature conservation
Environmental
control
Artificial reefs
IX
Environmental
education
Field trips
X
Books, posters, films
3
3
4
4
4
3
4
2
2
2
3
3
1
2
4
2
3
3
4
3
2
3
1
2
2
3
4
2
3
3
3
2
1
1
4
4
1
2
1
6
1
3
4
4
1
3
2
4
1
2
2
3
1
2
4
4
2
2
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
2
4
4
4
2
2
3
4
4
3
3
4
4
4
3
3
4
4
4
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
4
4
3
2
4
4
4
3
2
4
4
4
4
3
4
1
1
4
3
4
4
4
3
2
4
4
4
3
2
4
4
4
4
2
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
4
6
7
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
4
6
3
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
7
6
4
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
Negative
Positive
……
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Average significance of the index of aquatic ecosystem changes under the influence
of different types of anthropogenic impacts
Types*
I
II
III
IV
V
Antropogenic impacts
Fishing
Miming
Industrial wastes
Pesticides
Soil erosion
Agricultural runoff
Residual foods
Genetic degeneration
Ports development
Deepening, Dumping
Ballast waters and
exotic species
Shipwrecks
Urban sewage
Rain waters
Significance**
2,800
2,533
1,600
1,867
2,333
1,600
3,133
3,933
2,200
2,533
3,857
3,067
1,867
2,467
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Addition of sand
Coast protection
constructions
Dams
Reservoirs
Resort development
Resort sewage
Recreational
activities
Nature conservation
Environmental
control
Artificial reefs
Environmental
education
Field trips
Books, posters, films
3,200
3,200
3,533
3,533
3,133
2,467
3,600
6,067
6,067
5,800
6,067
6,067
6,067
*Types of impact: I. Industry. II. Agriculture. III. Pisciculture. IV. Sea transport. V. Municipal economy. VI. Coast protection. VII. Hydro-power
Engineering. VIII. Tourism, Resorts. IX. Nature Conservation. X. Environmental Education and Environmental Ethics.
Distribution of anthropogenic impact factors in Ukrainian coastal waters of the Black and Azov Seas
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Environmental education
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Artificial reefs
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Environmental control
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Nature conservation
Reservoirs
Dams
Coast protection
constructions
IX
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Addition of sand
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Rain waters
Ballast waters and exotic
species
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Urban sewage
Deepening, Dumping
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Shipwrecks
Ports development
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Recreational activities
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Genetic degeneration
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VII
Resort sewage
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Impact Factors
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VI
IV
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Agricultural runoff
Industrial wastes
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III
Soil erosion
Danube delta mouth
Zhebrianskaya bay
Zmiinyi island (slopes)
Sasyk lake
Tuzla group limans
Shabolatskiy liman
Dniester liman
Zernov’s phyllophora field
Sukhoy liman
Odessa bay
Khadjibeiskiy liman
Kuyalnitskiy liman
Dofinovskiy liman
Grigorevskiy liman
Tiligulskiy liman
Berezanskiy liman
Dnieper-and-Bug liman
Yegorlykskiy inlet
Tendrovskiy inlet
Karkinitskiy inlet
Donuzlav lake
Kalamytskiy inlet
Sevastopol bays
Karadag coast
Feodosiya inlet
Kerch Strait
Central Sivash
Eastern Sivash
Utlyukskiy liman
Molochniy liman
Obitochnaya inlet
Berdianskiy inlet
Belosarayskiy inlet
Taganrogskiy inlet
II
Pesticides
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Mimimg
Fishing
№№
I
Residual foods
Water body
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Identification of quantities characteristics of aquatic water bodies
Values of КРР (primary productions) was determined by oxygen and radiocarbon methods, or
chlorophyll «а» content were estimated in the same units (mg О2·l-1·d-1) according to the formula:
КРР= 1 - lg[8,5 / (8,5 - Kaverage)]
where Kaverage - the value of the characteristic of a given water body.
Index of ecological activity of macrophytes (КEAМ) was determining as average of specific
surface of the first three dominant species (Minicheva, 1998, Minicheva et al., 2003) on a formula:
КEAМ= 10 · S/Waverage
where - S/Waverage - arithmetical mean to the specific surface (S is area of surface and W is
biomass of aquatic plants) of three dominant species of macrophytobenthos in each water body.
Numeral value КP/B was determined for water column by above square meter of bottom surface,
taking into account the middle depth of water body on a formula: КP/B = 1 - lg (1000 · Kaverage) / 5
where Kaverage - the value of the characteristic of a given water body.
All characteristics of biological diversity of the investigated water bodies (KMZB, KBB and KRDB
were determined on formula: Кi = Kaverage / Kmax
where Kaverage - the value of the characteristic of a given water body, Kmax - the maximum possible
value in a given ecotone.
Characteristics
RDB
EAМ
Weight coefficients
of characteristics (ai)
RDB EAМ
BB
MZB
P/B
РР
AI
0,24
0,51
0,43
0,48
0,37
-0,09
-0,22
-0,03
-0,18
0,31
0,40
0,24
a= 0,9 a= 0,7 a= 0,9 a= 0,9 a= 0,6 a= 0,5 a= 0,8
Matrix of cross-correlation connection of the chosen initial biological parameters
(characteristics) of aquatic ecosystems for determination of their weight
coefficients (ai)
Significant coefficients of cross-correlation connection at 5% confidence level (k= 32) mark in bold.
Denotation: RDB - number of Red Data Book species; EAМ - index of ecological activity of macrophytes; BB number of benthic biocenoses; MZB - total number of macrozoobenthos species; P/B - ratio of total plankton
and benthos biomass; РР - gross primary products of phytoplankton; AI – integrated antropogenic impact.
According EU Habitat Directive, “NATURA-2000” (1992) and special activity of
Secretariat of the BS Commission in the Black Sea have been singled out
Title
Coastal margin ecotones
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Sedimentary shores
Rocky shores
Coastal brackish/saline lagoons
Estuaries and deltas
Wetlands and salt marshes
Pelagic habitats (water column)
1. Neritic
2. Open sea
Benthic habitats (37 biocenosis)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Supralittoral rock (2)
Supralittoral sand (1)
Mediolittoral rock (2)
Mediolittoral sand and muddy sands (2)
Sublittoral rock/other hard substrata (9)
Sublittoral sediments (21)
Coastal margin ecotones
Rocky shores
Wetlands and saltmarshes
Estuaries and deltas
Coastal brackish/saline lagoons
Sedimentary shores
Biotope (habitat)
Hard substrates
(stones, rocks, etc.)
Sandy sediments
(sand, mud, clay)
Sandy-mud
sediments
Average
depth,
m
3
9
23
Biocenoses
Mytilus galloprovincialis,
Balanus improvises
Donacilla cornea, Nana
neritea, Lentidium
mediterraneum,
Chamelea gallina
Mya arenaria, Mytilaster
lineatus, Neanthes
succinea, Gouldia
minima, Upogebia pusilla
Average
number of
macrozoobenthos
species
Average
number,
ind·m-2
Average
biomass,
g·m-2
55
44889
13489
42
917
70
43
1476
50
44
1039
37
Muddy sediments
46
Melinna palmate, Abra
nitida, Spisula subtruncata, M. galloprovincialis,
Nephtys hombergii,
Modiolus phaseolinus
Comparative characteristics of benthic biotopes in the Black
Sea and the Sea of Azov
All analyzable characteristics are interact and the value of Кƒ is combine
(integrate) all of them for every concrete aquatic object. Selection of methods
of determination of characteristics (Ki) and their weight (аi) came true taking
into account a necessary condition: 0 < Ki ≤ 1 and 0 < ai ≤ 1.
Scale of biological value of aquatic objects
1,000 - 0,800
0.799 - 0,600
0,599 - 0,400
0,399 - 0,200
0,199 - 0,000
Very high
High
Medium
Low
Very low
Determination of integral index of biological value (Кƒ) and status of protection aquatic areas of
coastal ecotones of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in national waters of Ukraine
Protected area
№
Water body
Кƒ
Ramsar Status Water
site
*
body,
%
Sediments (sand, mud, clay) ecotone
20 Karkinitskiy inlet
0,679
+
1, 2
21 Donuzlav lake
0,498
15,17
0,00
33 Belosarayskiy inlet
0,458
+
1
100,00
32 Berdianskiy inlet
31 Obitochnaya let
34 Taganrogskiy inlet
0,454
0,422
0,406
+
+
1
1
8,00
5,12
0,00
2 Zhebrianskaya bay
0,370
0,00
8 Zernov’s phyllophora field 0,331
10 Odessa bay
2
0,324
0,610
24 Karadag coast
22 Kalamytskiy inlet
0,570
0,474
25 Feodosiya inlet
0,459
26 Kerch Strait
0,227
17
16
29
7
1
30
14
11
15
9
6
13
0,00
Rocky coast ecotone
23 Sevastopol bays
0,638
3 Zmiinyi island (slopes)
100,00
19
18
5
+
2, 3
49,02
2
0,50
1, 2
3
4,92
0,35
0,00
1, 2, 3
1,82
28
4
27
12
Salty lagoons ecotone
Tendrovskiy inlet
0,723
+
Yegorlykskiy inlet
0,712
+
Tuzla group limans
0,202
+
Limans and deltas ecotone
Dnieper-and-Bug liman
0,466
+
Berezanskiy liman
0,440
Utlyukskiy liman
0,436
Dniester liman
0,411
+
Danube delta mouth
0,398
+
Molochniy liman
0,383
+
Grigorevskiy liman
0,169
Khadjibeiskiy liman
0,163
Tiligulskiy liman
0,142
+
Sukhoy liman
0,105
Shabolatskiy liman
0,098
Dofinovskiy liman
0,070
Wetlands and salt marshes ecotone
Eastern Sivash
0,452
+
Sasyk lake
0,380
+
Central Sivash
0,118
+
Kuyalnitskiy liman
0,059
1
1, 2
1, 2
59,84
96,46
8,90
1
24,85
0,00
4,61
30,55
95,50
84,80
0,00
0,00
100,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1, 2
1, 2
1
1
1, 3
1
1
2
35,85
16,19
62,50
0,00
* Status of protection area: 1 - international; 2 - national; 3 - local
Thank you for attention