BIOLOGY
Chapter 47: pp. 889 - 907
10th Edition
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)
bald eagles ( ´7)
opossum shrimp (per m2)
bald eagle
150
Number
100
50
grizzly bear
0
1979
1981
1983 1985 1987
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp
1989
Sylvia S. Mader
Conservation of
Biodiversity
zooplankton
kokanee salmon
opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
1
Outline

Conservation Biology & Biodiversity


Value of Biodiversity



Direct Value
Indirect Value
Causes of Extinction





Extinction Rates
Habitat Loss
Alien Species
Pollution
Overexploitation
Conservation Techniques
2
Conservation Biology and
Biodiversity

Considers all aspects of biodiversity
General goal is conserving natural resources
for this and future generations
 Primary goal is the management of biodiversity
for sustainable use by humans

3
Conservation Biology and
Biodiversity

Conservation biology supports certain
ethical principles
Biodiversity is desirable for the biosphere and
therefore for humans
 Extinctions due to human actions are
undesirable
 Complex interactions in ecosystems support
biodiversity and are desirable
 Biodiversity brought about by evolutionary
change has value in and of itself

4
Biodiversity

At its simplest level, biodiversity is the
variety of species on Earth

Estimated that between 10 and 50 million
species currently exist
Genetic diversity refers to variations among
the members of a population
 Ecosystem diversity is dependent on
interactions of species in a particular area
 Landscape diversity involves a group of
interacting ecosystems

5
Number of Described Species
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
plants 240,000
fungi 63,665
insects 900,000
animals 280,000
bacteria and
archaea 5,000
protists 55,000
6
Eagles and Bears Feed
on Spawning Salmon
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. Permission
required for reproduction or display.
kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)
bald eagle
bald eagles ( ´7)
150
opossum shrimp (per m2)
Number
100
50
grizzly bear
0
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp
zooplankton
kokanee salmon
opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)
7
Distribution of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is not evenly distributed
throughout the biosphere
 Biodiversity is highest at the tropics
 Biodiversity hotspots

Contain about 44% of known higher plant
species and 35% of terrestrial vertebrate
species
 Represent only about 1.4% of earth’s land area

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Value of Biodiversity

Direct Value
Medicinal Value
 Agricultural Value

Crops
 Biological Pest Controls
 Pollinators


Consumptive Use Value
Wood
 Skins
 Wild fruits and vegetables
 Hunting and fishing

9
Direct Value of Wildlife
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Wild species, like the rosy periwinkle,
Catharanthus roseus, are sources of many medicines.
Wild species, like many marine species,
provide us with food.
Wild species, like the lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae,
are pollinators of agricultural and other plants.
Wild species, like rubber trees, Hevea, can provide a
product indefinitely if the forest is not destroyed.
Wild species, like the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus,
play a role in medical research.
Wild species, like ladybugs, Coccinella, play a
role in biological control of agricultural pests.
(Periwinkle): © Kevin Schaefer/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Armadillo): © John Cancalosi/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Fishermen): © Herve Donnezan/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Rubber harvest): © Bryn Campbell/Stone/Getty; (Bat): © Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International; (Ladybug): © Anthony Mercieca/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Value of Biodiversity

Indirect Value
Biogeochemical Cycles
 Waste Disposal
 Provision of Fresh Water
 Prevention of Soil Erosion
 Regulation of Climate
 Ecotourism

11
Indirect Value of Ecosystems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
b.
Rate of Photosynthesis
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
1 2
a.
4
8
Number of Plant Species
16
c.
a: © William Smithey, Jr.; b: © Don and Pat Valenti/DRK Photo
12
Causes of Extinction

Habitat Loss
Occurs in all ecosystems
 Recent concern focuses on tropical rain forests
and coral reefs


Habitat Fragmentation
13
Habitat Loss
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Roads cut through forest
Habitat Loss
Exotic Species
Pollution
Overexploitation
Forest occurs in patches
Disease
0
a. Threats to
wildlife
20 40 60 80 100
% Species
Affected by Threat
b. Macaws on salt lick
Destroyed areas
c. Wildlife habitat is reduced.
b: © Gunter Ziesler/Peter Arnold, Inc.; c: Courtesy Woods Hole Research Center; d: Courtesy R.O. Bierregaard;
e: Courtesy Thomas Stone, Woods Hole Research Center
14
Exotic Species
Nonnative species that migrate, or are
introduced, into a new ecosystem
 Avenues of Human Introduction

Colonization
 Horticulture and Agriculture
 Accidental Transport

15
Alien Species
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a.
b.
a: © Chuck Pratt/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; b: © Chris Johns/National Geographic Image Collection
16
Pollution

Any environmental change that adversely
affects living things
Acid Deposition
 Eutrophication
 Ozone Depletion
 Organic Chemicals
 Global Warming

17
Global Warming
Mean Global Temperature Change (°C)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
5.5
5.0
maximum likely increase
4.5
4.0
most probable temperature
for a twofold increase in CO2
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
minimum likely increase
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
–0.5
1860
1900
1940
1980
2020
2060
2100
Year
a.
b.
b: Courtesy Walter C. Jaap/Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission
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Overexploitation
The number of individuals taken from the
population is so great that the population
becomes severely reduced in numbers
 Positive feedback cycle
 The market forces driving overexploitation:

Exotic Pets
 Poaching
 Overfishing

19
Trawling
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. Fishing by use of a drag net
b. Result of drag net fishing
a: © Shane Moore/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Peter Auster/University of Connecticut
20
Conservation Techniques

Habitat Preservation


Keystone Species
Metapopulations

Small populations isolated because of habitat
fragmentation
Source Populations
 Sink Populations

21
Habitat Preservation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. Grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis
b. Old-growth forest; northern
spotted owl, Strix occidentalis
caurina (inset)
a: © Gerard Lacz/Peter Arnold, Inc.; b(Forest): © Art Wolfe/Artwolfe.com; b(Owl): © Pat & Tom Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.
22
Conservation Techniques

Landscape Preservation


Landscape protection for one species benefits
other wildlife in the same space
The Edge Effect
The edge around a patch of habitat has
conditions different from the patch interior
 An edge reduces the amount of habitat typical
for an ecosystem

23
Edge Effect
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
30.55%
increasing percentage of
patch influenced by edge effects
43.75%
64%
habitat patch
a.
brown-headed
cowbird chick
88.8%
yellow warbler
chick
area subject
to edge effect
b.
b: © Jeff Foott Productions
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Conservation Techniques

Habitat Restoration


Restoration ecology seeks scientific ways to
return ecosystems to their state prior to
habitate degradation
Three Principles of restoration ecology
Begin as soon as possible before remaining
fragments are lost
 Once natural history is understood, use
biological techniques to mimic natural
processes
 Goal is sustainable development

25
Restoration of the Everglades
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tampa
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Original
watershed
boundary
A
75
Lake
Okeechobee
95
West
Palm Beach
B
C
Historic
Everglades
Florida panther, Puma concolor coryi
C
Fort
Lauderdale
Naples
75
Miami
Ten
Thousand
Islands
Everglades
National Park
T aylor
Slough
Gulf of
Mexico
D
American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis
Florida
Bay
0
15
30 miles
a. Location of Everglades National Park (purple)
White ibis, Eudocimus albus
Roseate spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja
Wood stork, Mycteria americana
b. Wildlife in Everglades
(Panther): © Tom & Pat Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Alligator): © Fritz Polking/Visuals Unlimited;
(Ibis): © Stephen G. Maka; 47.11(Spoonbill): © Kim Heacox/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Stork): © Millard H. Sharp/Photo Researchers, Inc
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Review

Conservation Biology & Biodiversity


Value of Biodiversity



Direct Value
Indirect Value
Causes of Extinction





Extinction Rates
Habitat Loss
Alien Species
Pollution
Overexploitation
Conservation Techniques
27
BIOLOGY
Chapter 47: pp. 889 - 907
10th Edition
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)
bald eagles ( ´7)
opossum shrimp (per m2)
bald eagle
150
Number
100
50
grizzly bear
0
1979
1981
1983 1985 1987
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp
1989
Sylvia S. Mader
Conservation of
Biodiversity
zooplankton
kokanee salmon
opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
28