The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography 10th Edition Classroom Response System Questions Chapter 10 10-01 Complete the following analogy. Subsistence agriculture is to shifting cultivation as commercial agriculture is to: A. B. C. D. E. dairy farming. pastoral nomadism. plantation farming. swidden cultivation. wet-rice farming. 10-01 Complete the following analogy. Subsistence agriculture is to shifting cultivation as commercial agriculture is to: A. B. C. D. E. dairy farming. pastoral nomadism. plantation farming. swidden cultivation. wet-rice farming. Explanation: Dairy farming is one of six types of commercial agriculture found in MDCs. 10-02 Complete the following analogy. Subsistence agriculture is to labor intensive as commercial agriculture is to: A. B. C. D. E. capital intensive. driving intensive. mentally intensive. nature intensive. worker intensive. 10-02 Complete the following analogy. Subsistence agriculture is to labor intensive as commercial agriculture is to: A. B. C. D. E. capital intensive. driving intensive. mentally intensive. nature intensive. worker intensive. Explanation: Commercial agriculture relies on fewer workers and more machinery to produce food for market. 10-02 10-03 Shifting cultivation is most common: A. B. C. D. E. in the interior region of Australia. in more developed countries. in humid continental climates. in close proximity to large cities. within 20 degrees latitude of the equator. 10-03 Shifting cultivation is most common: A. B. C. D. E. in the interior region of Australia. in more developed countries. in humid continental climates. in close proximity to large cities. within 20 degrees latitude of the equator. Explanation: Proponents of shifting cultivation argue that it is the better-suited to the tropics than other forms of agriculture. 10-03 10-04 According to von Thünen, which of the following crops will be grown closest to a city? A. B. C. D. E. butter cheese meat milk lumber 10-04 According to von Thünen, which of the following crops will be grown closest to a city? A. butter B. cheese C. meat D. milk E. lumber Explanation: Because it spoils quickly, milk is more expensive to transport to market than the other crops in this list. 10-04 10-05 Which of the following is the longest fallow period? A. B. C. D. E. Forest fallow Bush fallow Short fallow Annual cropping Multicropping 10-05 Which of the following is the longest fallow period? A. B. C. D. E. Forest fallow Bush fallow Short fallow Annual cropping Multicropping Explanation: Boserup identified five stages in the intensification of farmland, each with a shorter fallow period. 10-06 Compared to other grains, wheat: A. B. C. D. E. is of less economic importance. cannot be stored as long. grows less well in humid continental climates. is grown almost exclusively in LDCs. is the world’s leading export crop. 10-06 Compared to other grains, wheat: A. B. C. D. E. is of less economic importance. cannot be stored as long. grows less well in humid continental climates. is grown almost exclusively in LDCs. is the world’s leading export crop. Explanation: The U.S. and Canada account for half of the world’s wheat exports. 10-06 10-07 Ranching has declined in the western United States primarily because: A. B. C. D. growing crops is a more profitable use of land. infectious diseases have killed herds. the federal government prohibits cattle on public land. dietary and ethical concerns have lessened the appeal of meat. E. widespread water shortages limit the number of animals per acre. 10-07 Ranching has declined in the western United States primarily because: A. B. C. D. growing crops is a more profitable use of land. infectious diseases have killed herds. the federal government prohibits cattle on public land. dietary and ethical concerns have lessened the appeal of meat. E. widespread water shortages limit the number of animals per acre. Explanation: Widespread irrigation and hardier varieties of crops have replaced cattle. 10-08 The most fundamental shared aspect of regions that practice Mediterranean agriculture is: A. B. C. D. E. a longstanding tradition of wine production. a willingness to experiment with new crops. similar climate conditions. close proximity to the Mediterranean Sea. shared use of Romance languages. 10-08 The most fundamental shared aspect of regions that practice Mediterranean agriculture is: A. B. C. D. E. a longstanding tradition of wine production. a willingness to experiment with new crops. similar climate conditions. close proximity to the Mediterranean Sea. shared use of Romance languages. Explanation: Generally located on the western shores of landmasses, prevailing winds and ocean currents provide moisture and moderate winters. 10-08 10-09 According to the von Thünen model, which of the following factors is least important to a farmer when deciding which crops to grow? A. B. C. D. E. Distance to market Transportation cost per kilometer Yield per acre Price per bushel Nutritional value of the crop 10-09 According to the von Thünen model, which of the following factors is least important to a farmer when deciding which crops to grow? A. B. C. D. E. Distance to market Transportation cost per kilometer Yield per acre Price per bushel Nutritional value of the crop Explanation: In choosing a crop, commercial farms consider both the value of a commodity and the cost of transporting it to market. 10-09 10-10 Which of the following areas is least affected by desertification? A. B. C. D. E. North Africa American Southwest Central Australia Central Europe Southwestern Asia 10-10 Which of the following areas is least affected by desertification? A. North Africa B. American Southwest C. Central Australia D. Central Europe E. Southwestern Asia Explanation: Semiarid land degradation is one of the factors that limits the amount of land available for agricultural expansion. 10-10 11-01 Complete the following analogy concerning industrial areas. The Mohawk Valley is to the United States as: A. B. C. D. E. the Central Industrial district is to the United States. Kuznetsk is to East Asia. Middle Atlantic is to United Kingdom. Silesia is to Eastern Europe. Volga is to Western Europe. 11-01 Complete the following analogy concerning industrial areas. The Mohawk Valley is to the United States as: A. the Central Industrial district is to the United States. B. Kuznetsk is to East Asia. C. Middle Atlantic is to United Kingdom. D. Silesia is to Eastern Europe. E. Volga is to Western Europe. Explanation: Although industry is located worldwide, the four major industrial regions account for the majority of the globe’s manufacturing. 11-02 Which of the following is an example of a site consideration when locating an industry? A. B. C. D. E. The industry in question is bulk-reducing. The manufacturing process is bulk-gaining. The product is perishable. The manufacturing process is labor intensive. The product will be shipped a long distance. 11-02 Which of the following is an example of a site consideration when locating an industry? A. The industry in question is bulk-reducing. B. The manufacturing process is bulk-gaining. C. The product is perishable. D. The manufacturing process is labor intensive. E. The product will be shipped a long distance. Explanation: The cost of the three main site factors—land, labor, and capital—vary among places. Globally, labor is the most important site factor. 11-03 Industrialization in the United States began in: A. B. C. D. E. the Midwest. New England. New York. Pennsylvania. the South. 11-03 Industrialization in the United States began in: A. B. C. D. E. the Midwest. New England. New York. Pennsylvania. the South. Explanation: Early New England factories produced textiles for sale in Europe. 11-04 Beer brewing is: A. B. C. D. E. a bulk-gaining industry. a bulk-reducing industry. a break-of-bulk industry. concentrated near mountain-fresh waters. unaffected by situation factors. 11-04 Beer brewing is: A. B. C. D. E. a bulk-gaining industry. a bulk-reducing industry. a break-of-bulk industry. concentrated near mountain-fresh waters. unaffected by situation factors. Explanation: Because their product becomes more bulky through manufacturing, breweries seek out locations near markets. 11-04 11-05 Which of the following statements about the manufacturing of cars in the United States is true? A. B. C. D. There are relatively few factories in the South. Each plant focuses on only one or a few models. Plants are located near each major metropolitan area. Factories are more dispersed now than they were in the 1950s. E. Factories locate near railroads and industrial canals to ship their products. 11-05 Which of the following statements about the manufacturing of cars in the United States is true? A. B. C. D. There are relatively few factories in the South. Each plant focuses on only one or a few models. Plants are located near each major metropolitan area. Factories are more dispersed now than they were in the 1950s. E. Factories locate near railroads and industrial canals to ship their products. Explanation: Auto manufacturers have clustered near the population center of the country. 11-05 11-06 The least expensive mode of transport for shipping goods over long distances is by: A. B. C. D. E. airplane. automobile. rail. ship. truck. 11-06 The least expensive mode of transport for shipping goods over long distances is by: A. airplane. B. automobile. C. rail. D. ship. E. truck. Explanation: Ship transport is the most cost effective mode over long distances. 11-07 Which type of manufacturing requires the lowest level of skill? A. B. C. D. E. airplanes automobiles computers consumer electronics textiles 11-07 Which type of manufacturing requires the lowest level of skill? A. B. C. D. E. airplanes automobiles computers consumer electronics textiles Explanation: The textile industry is labor intensive. As a result, a great emphasis is placed on finding low-cost labor. 11-08 It is especially important for aluminum processors to locate near: A. B. C. D. E. beverage manufacturers. cheap electricity. inexpensive labor. major metropolitan areas. navigable rivers. 11-08 It is especially important for aluminum processors to locate near: A. B. C. D. E. beverage manufacturers. cheap electricity. inexpensive labor. major metropolitan areas. navigable rivers. Explanation: Reducing aluminum from bauxite ore requires large amounts of electricity. 11-09 Within the United States, manufacturing has been most likely to shift in which of the following directions? A. B. C. D. E. North toward Boston Toward Chicago East toward New York City South toward Houston Manufacturing has tended to stay in the Midwest and Northeast. 11-09 Within the United States, manufacturing has been most likely to shift in which of the following directions? A. North toward Boston B. Toward Chicago C. East toward New York City D. South toward Houston E. Manufacturing has tended to stay in the Midwest and Northeast. Explanation: Anti-union laws and federally funded infrastructure have enticed industry to move south. 11-09 11-10 Outsourcing: A. is one aspect of vertical integration. B. is at the core of Fordist mass production. C. leads to an increase in manufacturing jobs in less developed countries. D. is part of a just-in-time production strategy. E. relies upon securing highly skilled labor. 11-10 Outsourcing: A. is one aspect of vertical integration. B. is at the core of Fordist mass production. C. leads to an increase in manufacturing jobs in less developed countries. D. is part of a just-in-time production strategy. E. relies upon securing highly skilled labor. Explanation: Outsourcing is a key part of the new international division of labor. 12-01 Where do service industries contribute the smallest portion to the regional economy? A. B. C. D. E. Africa Australia Eastern Europe North America Western Europe 12-01 Where do service industries contribute the smallest portion to the regional economy? A. B. C. D. E. Africa Australia Eastern Europe North America Western Europe Explanation: Workers in LDCs remain concentrated in the primary and secondary sectors of the economy. 12-01 12-02 In contrast to the United States, most people in the world live in: A. B. C. D. E. clustered rural settlements. dispersed rural settlements. small cities. large cities. moderate-sized towns. 12-02 In contrast to the United States, most people in the world live in: A. B. C. D. E. clustered rural settlements. dispersed rural settlements. small cities. large cities. moderate-sized towns. Explanation: Villages and hamlets surrounded by agricultural fields are common throughout Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Asia. 12-03 The enclosure movement in Great Britain was carried out primarily to: A. advance democracy. B. encourage rural citizens to move to clustered rural settlements. C. increase agricultural efficiency. D. quell labor unrest. E. squash the revolutionary spirit of the peasantry. 12-03 The enclosure movement in Great Britain was carried out primarily to: A. advance democracy. B. encourage rural citizens to move to clustered rural settlements. C. increase agricultural efficiency. D. quell labor unrest. E. squash the revolutionary spirit of the peasantry. Explanation: Using force, the British government consolidated small rural landholdings into large farms. 12-04 A central place is located in order to maximize consumer: A. B. C. D. E. agricultural production. access to raw materials. access to services. political control. religious control. 12-04 A central place is located in order to maximize consumer: A. B. C. D. E. agricultural production. access to raw materials. access to services. political control. religious control. Explanation: Sites are selected in order to minimize the range and achieve the necessary threshold. 12-05 According to the gravity model, the optimal location for a business is: A. B. C. D. E. independent of distance from customers. directly related to the number of people in the area. next to businesses offering similar services. in the Central Business District. adjacent to large government facilities. 12-05 According to the gravity model, the optimal location for a business is: A. B. C. D. E. independent of distance from customers. directly related to the number of people in the area. next to businesses offering similar services. in the Central Business District. adjacent to large government facilities. Explanation: Additionally, the gravity model assumes that the optimal location for a service is inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it. 12-06 Complete the following analogy. Bartender is to consumer services as: A. B. C. D. E. auto mechanic is to business services. county clerk is to public services. librarian is to consumer services. corporate attorney is to public services. zoning regulator is to consumer services. 12-06 Complete the following analogy. Bartender is to consumer services as: A. B. C. D. E. auto mechanic is to business services. county clerk is to public services. librarian is to consumer services. corporate attorney is to public services. zoning regulator is to consumer services. Explanation: Although the distinctions among service workers are not absolute, the classifications are useful for discussing different spatial distributions. 12-07 A market area associated with a central place is an example of a: A. B. C. D. E. contagious region. formal region. functional region. gravity region. vernacular region. 12-07 A market area associated with a central place is an example of a: A. B. C. D. E. contagious region. formal region. functional region. gravity region. vernacular region. Explanation: Central place market areas are arranged like functional or nodal regions. 12-08 Which of the following is an example of a basic industry? A. B. C. D. E. automobile assembly plant dance studio dentist restaurant supermarket 12-08 Which of the following is an example of a basic industry? A. B. C. D. E. automobile assembly plant dance studio dentist restaurant supermarket Explanation: Basic industries are those whose primary customers live elsewhere. 12-09 CBD retail services are least likely to have the following characteristic: A. B. C. D. E. primarily rural customers. high threshold. high range. services for office workers. None of these are typical of CBD retail services. 12-09 CBD retail services are least likely to have the following characteristic: A. B. C. D. E. primarily rural customers. high threshold. high range. services for office workers. None of these are typical of CBD retail services. Explanation: Three types of retail services concentrate in the CBD: high threshold, long range, and cater to office workers. 12-09 12-10 In the United States, services are predominately moving to locations: A. B. C. D. E. in scenic rural areas far from cities. in the Central Business District. dispersed evenly throughout cities. in malls near suburbs. with the lowest labor costs. 12-10 In the United States, services are predominately moving to locations: A. in scenic rural areas far from cities. B. in the Central Business District. C. dispersed evenly throughout cities. D. in malls near suburbs. E. with the lowest labor costs. Explanation: Service providers have moved to the suburbs to be near their customers. 12-10 13-01 Which of the following countries is least urbanized? A. B. C. D. E. Brazil United States France India Japan 13-01 Which of the following countries is least urbanized? A. Brazil B. United States C. France D. India E. Japan Explanation: India has ten cities with populations over 3 million yet the majority of Indians live in the countryside. 13-02 Over the last five decades urban growth rates have been highest in: A. B. C. D. E. LDCs. MDCs. the United States. northern Europe. Australia. 13-02 Over the last five decades urban growth rates have been highest in: A. B. C. D. E. LDCs. MDCs. the United States. northern Europe. Australia Explanation: LDCs host eight of the ten most populous cities and their growth is being sped by rural migration and natural increase. 13-03 In the United States, which of the following is most likely to have the largest area? A. B. C. D. E. Metropolitan statistical area County Large city Urbanized area Micropolitan statistical area 13-03 In the United States, which of the following is most likely to have the largest area? A. B. C. D. E. Metropolitan statistical area County Large city Urbanized area Micropolitan statistical area Explanation: MSAs account for an urban area’s extensive zone of influence, e.g., commuting. 13-03 13-04 The ______________ model holds that cities expand outward in circular rings. A. B. C. D. E. concentric zone edge city sector multiple nuclei peripheral 13-04 The ______________ model holds that cities expand outward in circular rings. A. B. C. D. E. concentric zone edge city sector multiple nuclei peripheral Explanation: Other urban models suggest that cities grow in sectors and discrete nuclei. 13-04 13-05 Dwelling patterns in less-developed countries: A. B. C. D. E. vary dramatically based on ancient cultural practices. tend to be similar to European cities. tend to be similar to American cities. are strongly regulated by governments. lead to strong intermixing of rich and poor in the city centers. 13-05 Dwelling patterns in less-developed countries: A. B. C. D. E. vary dramatically based on ancient cultural practices. tend to be similar to European cities. tend to be similar to American cities. are strongly regulated by governments. lead to strong intermixing of rich and poor in the city centers. Explanation: Most LDC cities have a colonial past and, like European cities, the poor and worker predominate in the suburbs. 13-05 13-06 In Latin American cities, the very poor tend to live: A. on the periphery of the city. B. in the central business district. C. in narrow corridors radiating out from the central business district. D. in a ring that immediately surrounds the central business district. E. in edge cities physically separated from large cities. 13-06 In Latin American cities, the very poor tend to live: A. on the periphery of the city. B. in the central business district. C. in narrow corridors radiating out from the central business district. D. in a ring that immediately surrounds the central business district. E. in edge cities physically separated from large cities. Explanation: Like other cities in LDCs, the poor cluster on the margins in squatter settlements. 13-06 13-07 The illegal process by which banks identify urban areas in which they will not make residential loans is called: A. B. C. D. E. urban renewal. black-listing. filtering. green-belting. redlining. 13-07 The illegal process by which banks identify urban areas in which they will not make residential loans is called: A. B. C. D. E. urban renewal. black-listing. filtering. green-belting. redlining. Explanation: The Community Reinvestment Act requires banks to demonstrate that loans are fairly distributed throughout their service area. 13-08 The process by which an inner-city neighborhood is renovated and attracts middle-class residents is called: A. B. C. D. E. annexation. gentrification. public housing. redlining. urbanization. 13-08 The process by which an inner-city neighborhood is renovated and attracts middle-class residents is called: A. B. C. D. E. annexation. gentrification. public housing. redlining. urbanization. Explanation: Renovated housing stock leads to higher tax receipts for cities as well as higher rents that in turn displace poorer residents. 13-09 Polls in the United States show that most people prefer to live in: A. B. C. D. E. city centers. rural areas. small towns. suburbs. any place that is within 5 miles of work. 13-09 Polls in the United States show that most people prefer to live in: A. city centers. B. rural areas. C. small towns. D. suburbs. E. any place that is within 5 miles of work. Explanation: Suburbs are widely perceived to offer a host of amenities and benefits 13-09 13-10 In the United States, local government can best be described as: A. B. C. D. E. consolidated. fragmented. national. unitary. urbanized. 13-10 In the United States, local government can best be described as: A. B. C. D. E. consolidated. fragmented. national. unitary. urbanized. Explanation: There are thousands of general and special purpose governmental units across the country. 14-01 The greatest proportion of energy use in the United States involves: A. B. C. D. E. coal. hydroelectric power. natural gas. nuclear power. petroleum. 14-01 The greatest proportion of energy use in the United States involves: A. B. C. D. E. coal. hydroelectric power. natural gas. nuclear power. petroleum. Explanation: The rate of energy consumption in the U.S. continues to grow, albeit at a slower rate since the 1970s. 14-01 14-02 Fossil fuels are: A. B. C. D. E. a source of renewable energy. essentially infinite in supply. distributed relatively evenly around the globe. not a significant source of pollution. None of the above is correct. 14-02 Fossil fuels are: A. B. C. D. E. a source of renewable energy. essentially infinite in supply. distributed relatively evenly around the globe. not a significant source of pollution. None of the above is correct. Explanation: The supply of fossil fuels is finite and their spatial distribution is uneven. 14-02 14-03 Which country or region produces the smallest amount of petroleum? A. B. C. D. E. Europe Middle East North America Russia South America 14-03 Which country or region produces the smallest amount of petroleum? A. B. C. D. E. Europe Middle East North America Russia South America Explanation: The North Sea accounts for a small proportion of the world’s oil. 14-03 14-04 Per capita energy consumption is highest in: A. B. C. D. E. East Asia. Europe. Middle East. North America. South America. 14-04 Per capita energy consumption is highest in: A. East Asia. B. Europe. C. Middle East. D. North America. E. South America. Explanation: The proportion of energy reserves consumed by LDCs is expected to rise rapidly in the 21st century. 14-04 14-05 Nuclear energy: A. B. C. D. E. has a high cost relative to other energy sources. is most common in less developed countries. is a renewable resource. has yet to have significant environmental impacts. was first produced in the late nineteenth century. 14-05 Nuclear energy: A. B. C. D. E. has a high cost relative to other energy sources. is most common in less developed countries. is a renewable resource. has yet to have significant environmental impacts. was first produced in the late nineteenth century. Explanation: Proven reserves of uranium will last for 70 years at current rates of use. 14-06 Of the following regions or countries, which is the least important source of minerals? A. B. C. D. E. Australia China North America North Africa South America 14-06 Of the following regions or countries, which is the least important source of minerals? A. Australia B. China C. North America D. North Africa E. South America Explanation: Australia and China are among the leading producers of a host of minerals. 14-06 14-07 The temperature of the atmosphere was highest in: A. B. C. D. E. 1880. 1920. 1960. 1980. 2000. 14-07 The temperature of the atmosphere was highest in: A. B. C. D. E. 1880. 1920. 1960. 1980. 2000. Explanation: The average temperature of Earth’s surface has increase by 2° Fahrenheit during the past century. 14-07 14-08 Acid precipitation is: A. B. C. D. E. a global phenomenon. most prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. unrelated to prevailing winds. most common downwind of industrial areas. None of the above is correct. 14-08 Acid precipitation is: A. a global phenomenon. B. most prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. C. unrelated to prevailing winds. D. most common downwind of industrial areas. E. None of the above is correct. Explanation: The worst damage from acid rain is not experienced at the same location as the emission of the pollutants. 14-08 14-09 Which type of renewable energy produces the most air pollution? A. B. C. D. E. biomass hydroelectric nuclear fusion solar wind 14-09 Which type of renewable energy produces the most air pollution? A. B. C. D. E. biomass hydroelectric nuclear fusion solar wind Explanation: Among renewable energy sources, only biomass is burned. 14-10 Biodiversity in the tropics is: A. B. C. D. E. increased by deforestation. a function of numbers of species only. a function of distribution of species only. unaffected by shifting cultivation. decreasing due to species extinction. 14-10 Biodiversity in the tropics is: A. B. C. D. E. increased by deforestation. a function of numbers of species only. a function of distribution of species only. unaffected by shifting cultivation. decreasing due to species extinction. Explanation: Traditional shifting cultivation is being replaced by logging, cattle ranching, and plantation agriculture.