A TOOLKIT
to facilitate Parties to
achieve Aichi Biodiversity
Target 9 on invasive alien
species
(Prototype)
GIASI Partnership
Secretariat of the
Convention on Biological
Diversity
1
To all users
•
Aim: This toolkit is to explain on the international agreements related to
invasive alien species, primarily stipulated in Article 8h of the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD), as well as other multilateral agreements related to
health of plants, animals and humans, for Parties to the CBD to achieve Aichi
Biodiversity Target 9 with examples of implementation in different countries.
This toolkit is not intended to be prescriptive .
•
How to use the toolkit: Information covered in this toolkit contains links to
the original information sources. Users of this toolkit are encouraged to
access the original source for detailed information. Users can download the
power point file to be used as a standalone kit, or you may use it on web
browser.
•
Status of this toolkit: This version is a prototype for review by Parties,
organizations and other users. Should you find incorrect information or have
requests on this toolkit, please inform to secretariat@cbd.int with concrete
information to be reflected in the toolkit.
•
Disclaimer: The contents of this toolkit have been compiled with utmost care
and to the best of knowledge by the Secretariat of the CBD in collaboration
with the Global Invasive Species Information Partnership. The links to
websites of third parties are not under our control. Neither the Secretariat of
the CBD nor the GIASI Partnership can assume any liability for the external
content.
2
Purpose of this tool kit
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To explain CBD Article 8h, CBD COP decisions on invasive alien species and to
outline existing international regulatory framework related to invasive alien
species to assist and support Parties develop invasive alien species
management policy, as well as National Biodiversity Strategies and Action
Plans, national invasive species strategies and action plans and make progress
in the achievement of Aichi Biodiversity Target 9. ( Module 1 and 2)
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To update Parties and biodiversity stakeholders on existing tools to support
achievement of Target 9. ( Modules 2 and 3)
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•
•
•
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To share information on case studies of national implementation as well as
best practice in the management of invasive alien species ( Module 3)
Information on the CBD is marked green background with title
Information on international guidance and tools is marked with pink
Information on Parties practices and tools is marked with brown
Information on GIASI Partnership tools is marked with blue
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Further to share information on opportunities for capacity development.
•
This non-prescriptive toolkit is produced by the Secretariat of the CBD, in
collaboration with relevant organizations , in response to : IX/4B, X/28
3
Module 1
Introduction
This module provides basic information on
invasive alien species, its related terminology,
the relevant articles of the Convention on
Biological Diversity and decisions of the
Conference of Partners related to invasive alien
species.
4
Invasive alien species
definition
Definition:
• Alien species refers to a species, subspecies or lower
taxon, introduced outside its natural past or present
distribution.
• Alien species includes any part, gametes, seeds, eggs,
or propagules of such species that might survive and
subsequently reproduce
• Invasive alien species means an alien species whose
introduction and/or spread threaten biological
diversity.
(Source :the Guiding Principles)
5
Invasive alien species
issues
Issues:
When alien species were introduced, some 10-15% of
them were reportedly harmful to the ecosystems,
habitats or species with their population growth and
spread in the area, or preying on native species. Invasive
alien species has been known as a major and direct
cause of biodiversity loss.
Invasive alien species also impact on country’s economy
and development. The costs required to manage invasive
alien species, to eradicate, reduce their rate of spread is
enormous. The total documented monetary impacts of
invasive alien species in Europe amount to a total of 12.5
billion EURO / year. Invasive alien species that are with
high risk on agriculture or environment can be rejected by
importing countries. To access international markets
more cost of inspection of biological (including
agricultural) products would add to the management
cost, above.
Invasive alien species are therefore serious hazard to
biodiversity, ecosystem services, human health and
sustainable development.
6
Examples of invasive alien
species known as hazard to
biodiversity
View 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species ,
a selection of globally known invasive alien species
that are impacting on biodiversity (IUCN-Invasive
Species Specialists Group)
Invasive species have been recognized globally as a major threat to
biodiversity (the collected wealth of the world's species of plants,
animals and other organisms) as well as to agriculture and other
human interests. It is very difficult to identify 100 invasive species
from around the world that really are "worse" than any others.
Species and their interactions with ecosystems are very complex.
Some species may have invaded only a restricted region, but have a
high probability of expanding and causing further great damage (e.g.
see Boiga irregularis: the brown tree snake). Other species may
already be globally widespread, and causing cumulative but less
visible damage. Many biological families or genera contain large
numbers of invasive species, often with similar impacts. Species were
selected for the list according to two criteria: their serious impact on
biological diversity and/or human activities, and their illustration of
important issues surrounding biological invasion. To ensure the
inclusion of a wide variety of examples, only one species from each
genus was selected. Absence from the list does not imply that a
species poses a lesser threat.
(source: IUCN-ISSG)
Booklet published in 2000 and updated in 2004 is also available
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CBD Article 8h
• Article 8(h) of the CBD states that,
‘Each contracting Party shall, as far as
possible and as appropriate, prevent
the introduction of, control or
eradicate those alien species which
threaten ecosystems, habitats or
species’
• The CBD Articles are legally binding to
Parties. Parties are expected to
translate Article 8h into the national
legislation to prevent the introduction
of, control or eradicate alien species,
directly or indirectly, depending on the
national circumstances.
8
Related text for the implementation
of Article 8h
•
There are related articles to consider to implement Article 8h,
but not limited to the below:
o Article 3 on Principle :States have, in accordance with the
Charter of the United Nations and the principles of
international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own
resources pursuant to their own environmental policies, and
the responsibility to ensure that activities within their
jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the
environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of
national jurisdiction.
o Article 6 b on National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans:
Integrate, as far as possible and as appropriate, the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into
relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programmes and
policies.
o Article 14-1a on Impact Assessment and Minimizing Adverse
Impacts : Introduce appropriate procedures requiring
environmental impact assessment of its proposed projects
(introduction of alien species could be considered) that are
likely to have significant adverse effects on biological diversity
with a view to avoiding or minimizing such effects and, where
appropriate, allow for public participation in such procedures
o Article 14-2 :The Conference of the Parties shall examine, on
the basis of studies to be carried out, the issue of liability and
redress, including restoration and compensation, for damage
to biological diversity, except where such liability is a purely
9
internal matter.
Measures to manage pests and diseases
are applicable to address invasive alien
species
•
•
•
•
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In earlier time, pests and diseases (disease causative agents and
their vectors) were recognized as harmful species to agricultural or
live stocks production. They are also invasive to plants, animals or
often harmful for human health (zoonosis and vectors for human
disease causative agents).
International community has developed measures to reduce risks of
pests and diseases on plants, animals and their products.
These measures to prevent entry, establishment and spread of pests
and diseases have been agreed internationally as standards. They
are applied to protect health of plants, animals or humans.
Some of the standards are specifically targeted to particular pest
species or organisms causing diseases.
Many of the standards provide ways to analyze risks on plants or
animals. The means to stop spread of pests and diseases are useful
to addressing the issue of invasive alien species.
Threaten
animals or
human health
Threaten
plants and
agriculture
Invasive species
threaten ecosystems,
habitats or species
Pests
Diseases
10
The Guiding Principles for the Prevention,
Introduction and Mitigation of Impacts of Alien
Species that Threaten Ecosystems, Habitats or
Species (the Guiding Principles)
• In 2002 the COP noted the reports related to the
Guiding Principles and urged Parties, other
Governments and relevant organizations to
promote and implement the Guiding Principles as
a guidance to implement Article 8h.
• The Guiding Principles are not binding, which
means that implementation is not obligation, but
effort of implementation by Parties, other
Governments and relevant organizations has
been expected by the COP. For example, Parties
are urged to reflect the Guiding Principles to
develop national invasive alien species strategies
and action plans as a part of National Biodiversity
Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs)
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The Guiding Principle 1
Precautionary approach
Underlying concept:
If an alien species has a suspected risk of causing harm to the
ecosystem, habitat or native species, the proof of burden about
“the introduction is NOT harmful” falls on those who introduce
the alien species.
Principle 15 of Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by
States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage,
lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective
measures to prevent environmental degradation.
Examples of action:
•
Assess risks of alien species becoming invasive prior to
moving the species beyond the area of its natural
distribution.
•
The precautionary approach is to be applied especially in
cases of intentional introduction of alien species that are
known to be invasive elsewhere
•
Unless scientific proof that the alien species will not
threaten biodiversity is demonstrated, no move of the alien
species into a new biogeographic region should be made,
even though it is within the States.
12
The Guiding Principle 2
Three-stage hierarchical approach
Underlying concept:
Response to invasive alien species based on
prevention as the first line of defense, early
detection and rapid action when prevention fails,
eradication if feasible and, finally, management and
containment of established invasions.
Example of actions:
Stage 1:Priority is to take preventive measures
(risk analysis, import regulation, management of
border areas)
Stage 2: Early detection and rapid response not
to spread invasive alien species. Once
established, eradication or control is needed
Stage 3: Mitigation of damage if ecosystems,
habitats or species are threatened
13
The Guiding Principle 3
Ecosystem approach
Underlying concept:
Management of invasive species is not solely based
on removal or eradication of invading species but
also considers the invaded ecosystem, involves
communities and stakeholders and adopts a multisectoral approach. The integrated management of
land, water and living resources will effectively
support the implementation of the CBD and its
Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020.
Examples of action:
Reduce risks and minimize the impact of invasive
alien species (including pests, diseases and
suspected alien species) with relevant sectors (land,
water, trade, transport, science…), civil society and
business community, taking into account the totality
of the ecosystems and their functions.
14
The Guiding Principle 4
State responsibility
Underlying concept:
Provision of measures that falls in each responsible
authority on environment, agriculture, trade, transport,
industry, science, health… can reduce risks and impact of
invasive alien species, including pests and diseases.
Examples of actions:
• Ensure movement of known invasive species,
including pests and diseases is regulated/monitored
within the State and beyond State boundaries
• Implement required measures to reduce risks of
invasion and minimize the impact of invasive species
(incl. pests and diseases) as well as suspected alien
species
• Develop list of invasive species and suspected alien
species with high risk of invasion based on science
and share the information with other States and the
public.
• If necessary set a legislation to enforce appropriate
actions
15
The Guiding Principle 5
State responsibility
Underlying concept:
Provision of measures that falls in responsible authority
on environment, agriculture, trade, transport, industry,
science, health… can reduce risks and impact of invasive
alien species, including pests and diseases.
Examples of actions:
• Ensure movement of invasive species including pests
and diseases is regulated within the State and beyond
State boundaries
• Implement required measures to reduce risks and
impact of suspected alien species, invasive species
(incl. pests and diseases)
• Develop list of invasive species and suspected alien
species with high risk of invasion based on science and
share the information with other States and the
public.
• If necessary set a legislation to enforce appropriate
actions
16
The Guiding Principle 6
Education and public awareness
Underlying concept:
Citizens and stakeholders of biodiversity can take
effective steps with sound information on invasive alien
species, pests and diseases, collectively.
Examples of actions:
• Widely share information on invasive and suspected
alien species and their impact on biodiversity
• Inform the public, relevant governmental and industry
sectors on the negative impact of invasive alien
species on biodiversity and the impact on economic
loss
• Invite citizen scientists, recreation divers and tourists
to early detection and rapid response, and other
management programmes to address the issue of
invasive alien species
17
The Guiding Principle 7
Border control and quarantine
measures
Underlying concept:
International trade, transport and tourism are pathways
of invasive alien species, including pests and diseases.
Border controls and quarantine measures for pests and
diseases can include invasive alien species in the work of
border controls to stop entries of invasive alien species
and suspected alien species.
Examples of actions:
• Ensure border control facility and quarantine capacity
to be in place, if not yet exist
• Designate invasive alien species as regulated article to
intercept at the borders with appropriate risk analysis
(national legislation is required)
• Parties may use CITES framework if the known
invasive species threatens endangered species in
order to intercept its entry.
e.g. The CITES convention has been implemented in Europe by Commission Regulation (EC) No
338/97. This Regulation was amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 1497/2003 of 18
August 2003 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 on the protection of species of wild
fauna and flora by regulating trade therein.
18
The Guiding Principle 8
Exchange of information
Underlying concept:
Surveillance (monitoring and reporting on invasions) is
fundamental mechanism to manage invasive alien
species, including pests and diseases. Information on
invasive species with correct taxonomic name and
geographic reference is critical importance for
prevention.
Examples of actions:
• Develop and update invasive alien species database or
inventory with information on their taxa, ecological
characteristics, distibution, risks on biodiversity
• Share the information, preferably on the Internet so
that information will be widely known and it can alert
neighboring countries to prevent further spread
19
The Guiding Principle 9
Cooperation, including capacitybuilding
Underlying concept:
Cooperation with neighboring countries where
are sharing transport pathways reduce
opportunities of introduction and spread of
invasive alien species. Shared efforts can fill the
gap of capacity if neighboring country has the
needed expertise or build capacity in mutual
interests.
Examples of actions:
• Develop regional invasive alien species
strategies and action plans
• Develop regionally operating projects on
prevention, eradication or control of priority
invasive alien species
20
The Guiding Principle 10
Intentional introduction
Underlying concept:
Intentional introduction of the known invasive species in
a recipient/importing country could be intercepted by
the national authority. Suspected alien species could be
subjected to appropriate risk analysis process prior to
importation/introduction (Note that burden of proof is
with the proposer of the introduction or be assigned as
appropriate by the recipient State)
Examples of actions:
• Develop capacity to assess risks of alien species
impacting on biodiversity
• Establish national regulation on introduction
/importation of invasive alien species and suspected
alien species
• Apply codes of conducts relevant to invasive alien
species (e.g. aquaculture species, horticulture)
21
The Guiding Principle 11
Unintentional introduction
Underlying concept:
Common pathways of unintentional introduction include:
escape from confined condition; transport-stowaway (e.g.
ballast water, biofauling, hitch-hikers); transportcontamination (e.g. wood packaging, contaminated
timber, soil or media). Appropriate pathway management
measures need to be in place
Examples of actions:
• Ensure confined condition for invasive alien species
and suspected alien species with risks of becoming
invasive
• Early ratification of the International Convention for
the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water
and Sediments
• Application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures
on trade goods and commodity
22
The Guiding Principle 12
Mitigation of impacts
Underlying concept:
Once the establishment of an invasive alien species has
been detected, States, individually and cooperatively,
should take appropriate steps such as eradication,
containment and control, to mitigate adverse effects.
Examples of action:
• Containment of invasive species with fence, nets or
other means
• Early detection and rapid response in surrounding
area
• Eradication or control with appropriate risk and costbenefit analysis to select methods and duration
• Restoration of damaged biodiversity with native
species to maintain ecosystem resilience
23
The Guiding Principle 13
Eradication
Underlying concept:
The best opportunity for eradicating invasive alien
species is in the early stages of invasion, when
populations are small and localized; hence, early
detection systems focused on high-risk entry points can
be critically useful while post-eradication monitoring may
be necessary.
Examples of actions:
• Removal of targeted invasive species (for e.g.
mammal predators) while considering impacts on nontarget species, recipient ecosystem and restoration
• Early detection and rapid response - Destruction and
eradication of ant nests- incursions discovered as a
result of surveillance and monitoring
24
The Guiding Principle 14
Containment
Underlying concept:
When eradication is not feasible, limiting the spread
(containment) of invasive alien species is an appropriate
strategy in cases where the range of the organisms or of
the population is small enough. Regular monitoring is
essential and it needs to be linked with rapid response to
eradicate in any new area of infestation.
Examples of action:
• Analyze feasibility of containment based on risk of
impact vs needed tools and their cost to select target
species
• Conduct continuous monitoring on the targeted
species to ensure early detection and rapid response
in case of the escapes
•
[link to best practices]
25
The Guiding Principle 15
Control
Underlying concept:
When complete eradication nor containment is possible,
reducing the damage caused, as well as reducing the
number of the invasive alien species would be an option.
Examples of action:
• Analyze effectiveness of control vs doing nothing on
the ecosystem, habitats or species. Control methods
may include mechanical, physical, chemical or
biological (with appropriate risk analysis on the biocontrol agent, if applied). Effectiveness of cost vs
control should be analyzed prior to selecting method
bearing in mind that control cost can be large
depending on the scale of operation.
• Conduct continuous monitoring on the targeted
species to ensure that the invasive alien species
remains lower than the acceptable level.
26
Relevant COP decisions
Implementation of the Guiding
Principles
•
Parties and other Governments were urged, in
implementing the Guiding Principles, and when
developing, revising and implementing national
biodiversity strategies and action plans, to review
relevant policies, legislation and institutions in light of
the Guiding Principles to identify gaps, inconsistencies
and conflicts, and, as appropriate, adjust or develop
policies, legislation and institutions
(paragraph 10 (c) of decision VI/23*).
* One representative entered a formal objection during the process leading to the
adoption of this decision and underlined that he did not believe that the Conference of
the Parties could legitimatly adopt a motion or a text with a formal objection in place. A
few representatives expressed reservations regarding the procedure leading to the
adoption of this decision (see UNEP/CBD/COP/6/20, paras. 294-324).
27
Relevant COP decisions
Implementing the Guiding Principles in a
broader context
The Conference of the Parties highlighted the
relevance of the Guiding Principles to various
aspects of work on invasive alien species in different
decisions, for example to:
• Increase communication and public awareness
about the environmental, social and economic
impacts of the introduction of invasive alien
species (decision VIII/27, paragraph 13);
• Achieve the objectives of the Convention, its
Strategic Plan and the 2010 biodiversity targets,
and other global goals such as the Millennium
Development Goals (decision IX/4 B, paragraph
1);
• Apply the precautionary approach with regards to
the introduction, establishment and spread of
invasive alien species, for agricultural and
biomass production, including biofuel feedstocks,
and for carbon sequestration (decision X/38,
paragraph 6); and
28
Aichi Biodiversity Target 9
By 2020, Parties are expected to achieve the
target with following actions:
• Identify and prioritize invasive alien
species and pathways;
• priority species are controlled or
eradicated;
• Measures are in place to manage
pathways to prevent their introduction and
establishment
See also CBD Quick guide for Aichi Biodiversity
Target 9
Target 9: By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are
identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or
eradicated and measures are in place to manage pathways to
prevent their introduction and establishment.
(see also decision X/2 on the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity
2011-2020)
29
Priority invasive alien species to be
controlled or eradicated
• Prioritization is a process. The Invasive Non-Native
Species Framework Strategy for Great Britain explains
the process of prioritization. Key actions in the
strategy include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
agree, with the Risk Analysis Panel and key stakeholders, a set of guiding
principles for assessing and identifying what action or range of actions is
feasible in terms of containment,
control or eradication;use the risk analyses to identify priority invasive
species and priority impacted habitats for mitigation and control action
at GB and/or national levels, including consideration of the feasibility of
eradication programmes;
designate lead bodies or working groups to draft management plans for
the priority invasive species and impacted habitats, taking into account
scope for integration with any relevant Invasive Species Action Plans
(ISAPs) already created for prevention of introduction purposes;
develop and resource key GB level action programmes that are costeffective, evidence-based and proportionate to the threat level;
establish mechanisms to embrace individual initiatives as contributions
to coherent programmes of action on the high level priorities;
acknowledge priorities at different scales (GB, national, regional and
local), and encourage effective partnerships;
draw together a database of projects to facilitate better information
sharing and to make the best of opportunities for partnership working
and other resource synergies; and,
look for further ways to support individuals in tackling the problems
caused by invasive non-native species.
30
Pathways of introduction
of alien species
Common pathways were categorized by experts in six groups:
Release; Escape; Transport-Contaminants; TransportStowaway; Corridors; and Unaided (natural dispersals).
The figure above shows that frequencies of each common
pathway and in its subcategories of pathways.
[source: UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/9/Add.1]
31
Pathways management
•
Regulation of the deliberate release pathway often places
responsibility on the applicant for release of an alien species who, in
order to secure a permit for such release must demonstrate that the
risk of invasiveness is minimized;
•
Regulation of the escape from confinement pathway often places
responsibility on the importer of an alien species who must
demonstrate that the risk of escape is minimized or that the
consequences of escape are not important (i.e., the species is not
invasive). Management of the escape pathway also often requires
cooperation of the industry (e.g., pet shops) and the general public
(e.g., pet owners);
•
Regulation of the contaminant pathway is very closely tighed to
international trade, and international standards play an important
role in balancing the need for control with the need to avoid undue
trade disruption. The importing country may use border controls and
quarantine procedures. The exporter will often take measures to
demonstrate that sanitary and phytosanitary standards are
respected;
•
The carrier plays a major role on managing the stowaway pathway to
reduce the risks from transport vectors;
•
For the, corridors and natural spread from a neighbouring region,
monitoring for early detection and rapid response to evidence of
species occurrence and spread are important.
[source: UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/9/Add.1 with modification]
32
International guidance on pathways
management
Release
• The Guiding Principles 7, 10. The COP to the CBD adopted
the Guiding Principle 1 (Precautionary Approach) as a base of
management of introduction of alien species.
See also ISPM 3 and Export, shipment, import and release
of bio-control agents; FAO Technical Guidelines for
Responsible Fisheries No. 13 on recreational fisheries
[source: UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/9/Add.1 Annex 1 with
modifications]
33
International guidance on pathways
management
Escape
• Regulation of the escape from confined condition often
places responsibility on the importer of an alien species, who
must demonstrate that the risk of escape is minimized. The
Guiding Principles 7, 10,11 on border controls, risk analysis
on escapes and unintentional introduction provide basic
principles regarding this pathway. [source: UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/9 Annex 1 with
modifications]
Escapes of plants:
See ISPM21 for reducing risks associated with plant imports
(horticulture/agriculture), and ISPM 25 for addressing risks of escapes from
the consignment on transit.
Escapes of animals:
See “Ecological risk assessment and management of exotic organisms
associated with aquaculture activities”
[See also annex to COP12 decision on pets…live food]
Best practice on plant introduction!
Code of Conduct on Horticulture and Invasive Alien Plants explains means to
address the risk of escape of plants for planting from confined condition and
their impacts on biodiversity.
34
International guidance on pathways
management
Contaminant
• The following contaminants are considered as pathways of
invasive alien species but not limited to them. The links to
applicable international guidance for each subcategory of
pathways include:
• Contaminated bait  FAO Tech Guidelines 13
• Contaminant on animals  OIE Animal Health Codes
• Contaminant on plants/timber/nursery materials
ISPM 36 and other ISPMs for regulated nonquarantine pests
• Seed contaminant  the OECD schemes for the varietal
certification of seeds
• To prevent contamination in the products for exporting
materials establishment of pest free area is effective  ISPM
10
[source: UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/9/Add.1 Annex 1 with
modifications]
35
International guidance on pathways
management
Stowaway
• The Guiding Principle No.11 indicates :
•
•
•
Common pathways leading to unintentional introductions need
to be identified and appropriate provisions to minimize such
introductions should be in place.
Sectoral activities, such as fisheries, agriculture, forestry,
horticulture, shipping (including the discharge of ballast
waters), ground and air transportation, construction projects,
landscaping, aquaculture including ornamental aquaculture,
tourism, the pet industry and game-farming, are often
pathways for unintentional introductions.
Environmental impact assessment of such activities should
address the risk of unintentional introduction of invasive alien
species. Wherever appropriate, a risk analysis of the
unintentional introduction of invasive alien species should be
conducted for these pathways.
•
A number of tools are available to manage or minimize the risks
associated with ship/boat ballast water and ship/boat hull fouling.
 IMO Guidelines on: ballast water ; bio-fouling , bio-fouling
•
Organic packaging materials often provide pathway for stowaway
 ISPM 15
[source: UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/9/Add.1 Annex 1 with modifications]
36
International guidance relevant to pathways
management
Natural spread from a
neighboring region
•
The Guiding Principle No.11 indicates :
• Common pathways leading to unintentional introductions need
to be identified and appropriate provisions to minimize such
introductions should be in place.
• Sectoral activities, such as fisheries, agriculture, forestry,
horticulture, shipping (including the discharge of ballast
waters), ground and air transportation, construction projects,
landscaping, aquaculture including ornamental aquaculture,
tourism, the pet industry and game-farming, are often
pathways for unintentional introductions.
• Environmental impact assessment of such activities should
address the risk of unintentional introduction of invasive alien
species. Wherever appropriate, a risk analysis of the
unintentional introduction of invasive alien species should be
conducted for these pathways.
•
ISPM 30 provides a useful guidance on surveillance and
measures to maintain low prevalence levels of targeted
species, fruit fly, which can be considered as a hint to manage
natural spread of other small organisms, as appropriate. Close
collaboration with national plant protection organization
(contact point for the IPPC) is a good practice.
[source: UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/9 /Add.1 Annex 1 with modifications]
37
Module 2
International Guidance that are
relevant to invasive alien species
management
This module provides information on International regulatory
framework relevant to invasive alien species and its guidance.
The guidance covered in this module are:
• The World Trade Organization Agreement on the Application
of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement)
• The International Plant Protection Convention
• The OIE Animal Health Codes
• Guidelines on ballast water management (IMO)
• Guidelines on bio-fouling (IMO); and
• Other relevant guidance related to invasive alien species.
Tools that assist implement the international guidance
developed by the above are also inserted at appropriate pages
in this toolkit
38
Separate international responses to
invasive species
•
•
•
•
ANIMAL DISEASES AND ZOONOSIS: International agreement for the
creation of an office international des epizooties (OIE) in Paris (1924-)
HUMAN COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: International Health
Regulations (1951)
PESTS: International Plant Protection Convention (1952)
HEALTH ISSUE AND TRADE:
GATT 1947 recognized the need to introduce trade restrictions
to
protect
health. Exceptions from GATT rules were
allowed for
measures necessary to protect human,
animal or plant life or health (Article XXb).
Among many other concerns, sanitary and phytosanitary
measures were one of the areas addressed by the Uruguay
Round of trade negotiations, which resulted in the creation of
the WTO in 1995. The Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the
World Trade Organization contains a number of trade
agreements in its annexes, including the Agreement on the
Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS
Agreement).
•
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES:
– Convention on Biological Diversity(1992)
– The Guiding Principles (CBD) (2002)
– International Convention for the Control and Management of
Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (2004) not enacted yet
– Relevant resolusions under CITES (2004)
– Relevant resolusions under CMS (2014)
39
Application of sanitary and
phytosanitary measures
What are sanitary or phytosanitary measures?
•
Sanitary or phytosanitary measures can take many forms, including laws,
decrees, regulations, requirements; testing, inspection, certification and
approval procedures; quarantine treatments; requirements associated with
the transport of animals or plants; sampling procedures; and methods of risk
assessment.
•
The SPS Agreement defines sanitary and phytosanitary measures as any
measure applied with one of the following objectives:
•
To protect animal or plant life or health from risks arising from the entry,
establishment or spread of pests, diseases, disease-carrying organisms or
disease-causing organisms;
•
To protect human or animal life or health from food- or feed-related risks;
•
To protect human life or health from risks arising from diseases carried by
animals, plants or their products, or from entry, establishment or spread of
pests;
•
To prevent or limit other damage from the entry, establishment or spread of
pests.
•
The definition of the term “sanitary or phytosanitary measure” is contained in
the SPS Agreement, Annex A, paragraph 1. The SPS Agreement is available at
http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/15-sps.pdf.
•
The definition provided in Annex A of the SPS Agreement clarifies that the
word “animal” is intended to include fish and wild fauna, the word “plant”
includes forests and wild flora, and “pests” include weeds.
•
Most actions taken by Governments to address the risk of the introduction of
alien species through trade would thus be considered to be SPS measures and
covered by the SPS Agreement. Some of these actions could be considered to
have the objective of protecting the health or life of native animal or plant
species from negative effects of invasive alien species. Other actions would
aim to prevent other damage from the entry, establishment or spread of
pests, presumably including damage to infrastructure, landscapes or
ecosystems.
•
[source UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/8 annex]
40
The WTO Agreement on the Application
of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
(SPS Agreement)
What rights and obligations are
contained in the SPS Agreement?
• Members of the World Trade Organization have the
right to take sanitary and phytosanitary measures that
are necessary for the protection of human, animal or
plant life or health, even if these measures result in
trade restrictions. However, these SPS measures have
to be consistent with the provisions of the SPS
Agreement. This means, for example, that the
measures must be based on scientific principles, must
not be discriminatory in their effect on other WTO
members’ exports, and that must not be more traderestrictive than is necessary to achieve the desired
level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection.
• [source UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/8 annex]
41
SPS Agreement
Harmonization and international
standards
•
The SPS Agreement encourages WTO members to harmonize
their SPS measures on the basis of international standards,
guidelines and recommendations, since harmonization
reduces costs for producers and traders and generally
facilitates trade. SPS measures that conform to international
standards, guidelines or recommendations are deemed to be
necessary to protect plant and animal health, and are
presumed to be consistent with the SPS Agreement.
•
This pages 29- of this module summarizes the provisions of
the SPS Agreement contained mainly in Articles 2, 3 and 5.
Of course, the SPS Agreement contains many other
obligations, including with respect to recognition of
equivalent measures, adaptation of measures to regional
conditions, transparency etc. More information is available
at www.wto.org/sps.
•
[source UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/8 annex]
42
Standard setting organizations
under the WTO SPS Agreement
• The SPS Agreement explicitly recognizes
the international standards, guidelines
and recommendations developed by
three organizations:
– For plant health, those developed by the
International Plant Protection Convention.
– For animal health and zoonoses, those developed
by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE);
– For protecting consumers' health and ensuring fair
practices in the food trade, those developed by
the Codex Alimentarius Commission;
– For matters not covered by these three
organizations, there is a possibility that the SPS
Committee could identify standards developed by
other relevant international organizations, but so
far there has never been a proposal to recognize
another standard-setting body.
43
SPS-Agreement
Alternatives to harmonization measures based on a risk assessment
•
If no relevant international standard exists, or when a WTO member wishes to
deviate from an existing international standard, measures have to be based
on a risk assessment. These risk assessments must take into account the risk
assessment techniques developed by the relevant international organizations,
which in the case of invasive alien species would refer mainly to the
techniques developed by the International Plant Protection Convention and
the World Organisation for Animal Health.
•
A risk assessment is defined as the evaluation of the likelihood of entry,
establishment or spread of a pest or disease within the territory of an
importing member according to the sanitary or phytosanitary measures which
may be applied, and of the potential impacts on biological diversity and socioeconomic values. Risk assessments also have to take into account available
scientific evidence; relevant processes and production methods; prevalence
of specific diseases or pests; existence of pest- or disease-free areas; relevant
ecological and environmental conditions; and quarantine or other treatment.
•
The SPS Agreement does not require that each WTO member carry out its
own risk assessment. Where a regional, academic or other body - or for
instance a neighbouring country - has carried out a risk assessment that is
appropriate to the circumstances of the importing member, nothing would
stop that member from relying on such a risk assessment as a basis for a
measure. Of course, the importing member has to make sure that the risk
assessment fulfils the requirements for instance to take into account the
techniques developed by International Plant Protection Convention and
World Organisation for Animal Health.
•
In situations where relevant scientific evidence is insufficient to carry out a
risk assessment, the SPS Agreement allows members to adopt provisional SPS
measures on the basis of the available pertinent information, including that
from relevant international organizations and from measures applied by other
members. When they adopt such provisional measures, members have to try
to obtain additional information to allow them to carry out a risk assessment,
and to review the provisional measure within a reasonable period of time.
44
[source UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/8 annex]
SPS-Agreement
Phytosanitary Measures
•
The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) promotes
action to protect plants and plant products from the spread of
pests, and sets out measures to control plant pests. To protect the
world’s cultivated and natural plant resources from the spread and
introduction of plant pests while minimizing interference with the
international movement of goods and people, the International
Plant Protection Convention provides an international framework
for plant protection that includes International Standards for
Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs).
•
ISPMs provide guidance on phytosanitary principles for the
protection of plants, and the application of phytosanitary measures
in international trade, with specific standards covering : pest risk
analysis ,import and export systems, post-border controls, and
surveillance and reporting on pests and diseases (see also section III
B of UNEP/CBD/COP/11/INF/33)
[source UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/8 annex]
45
Why pest risk analysis is important
to address invasive alien species?
•
•
•
The ISPM 11, Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests, is an
international standard to assess the risk of pests or alien
plants becoming invasive, on which basis countries may
decide whether to allow or prohibit the import of a pest, or
which measures need to be undertaken in order to minimize
the analysed risk.
Training materials for Pest Risk Analysis based on ISPM11 is
available at Pest Risk Analysis on Phytosanitary Resources
web site
The ISPMs also provide measures for risk management.
Appropriate measures should be chosen based on their
effectiveness in reducing the probability of introduction of
the pest with respect to the phytosanitary principles of ISPM
1 and through appropriate risk communication. In
accordance with these principles, phytosanitary measures
need to be cost-effective and feasible; they must not be
more trade-restrictive than necessary; and measures should
be applied to the minimum area necessary for the effective
protection of the endangered area and others.
[source UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/8 annex]
46
Why ISPMs are important to
address invasive alien species?
•
•
The ISPMs also provide measures for risk management.
Appropriate measures should be chosen based on their
effectiveness in reducing the probability of introduction of
the pest (or suspected alien species) with respect to the
phytosanitary principles of ISPM 1 and through appropriate
risk communication.
In accordance with these principles, phytosanitary measures
need to be cost-effective and feasible; they must not be
more trade-restrictive than necessary; and measures should
be applied to the minimum area necessary for the effective
protection of the endangered area and others.
[source UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/8 annex]
47
SPS-Agreement
Pest risk management
When assessed risk is not acceptable for importing / receiving
country what the country should do to reduce the risk?
•
•
According to ISPM 11, phytosanitary measures taken in
relation to environmental hazards, such as invasive alien
species, should, as appropriate, be notified to relevant
competent authorities responsible for national biodiversity
policies, strategies and action plans. It has been noted in this
ISPM that the communication of risks associated with
environmental hazards is of particular importance to
promote awareness.
The International Plant Protection Convention and the
principle of “transparency” (ISPM 1) require that countries
should, on request, make available the rationale for
phytosanitary requirements (measures to reduce the
identified risk, including prohibition of import)
[source UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/8 annex]
48
When assessed risk is not
acceptable for importing/receiving
what should States do ?
•
•
According to ISPM 11, phytosanitary measures taken in
relation to environmental hazards, such as invasive alien
species, should, as appropriate, be notified to relevant
competent authorities responsible for national biodiversity
policies, strategies and action plans. It has been noted in this
ISPM that the communication of risks associated with
environmental hazards is of particular importance to
promote awareness.
The International Plant Protection Convention and the
principle of “transparency” (ISPM 1) require that countries
should, on request, make available the rationale for
phytosanitary requirements (measures to reduce the pest
risk, including prohibition of import,
[source UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/8 annex]
49
When a suspected alien species with
pest risk would be imported what
States should do?
•
ISPM 20, Guidelines for a Phytosanitary Import Regulatory
System, provides guidance on a regulatory framework of
phytosanitary legislation, phytosanitary regulations and
phytosanitary procedures, which serves as a framework to
undertake the measures referred to in previous paragraphs.
It includes principles for drafting phytosanitary import
requirements in accordance with the SPS Agreement.
•
Legal authority (legal power) is required for virtually all aspects of
the operational component of the import regulatory system. It must
be sufficient to enable National Plant Protection Oraganization
officers or other authorized personnel to function effectively and
efficiently.
See also a training module on WTO-SPS Agreement developed by
UNCTAD regarding the Rights, Obligations and Responsibilities of
the IPPC, ISPMs and WTO-SPS Agreement with particular reference
to the Import Regulatory System
•
[source UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/8 annex with modification]
50
Measures to address
animal diseases
•
•
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has set some strategic
objectives and among others, the following two objectives are
particularly relevant to the control of invasive alien species:
– Develop scientifically based standards and guidelines for the
international community on all matters concerning animal
health, veterinary public health, and animal welfare;
– Communicate timely and accurate animal disease information,
including information on zoonoses, by making the best use of
scientific data modelling, modern information technologies,
and tracking systems for non-official information.
The OIE standards, recognized by the SPS Agreement as the
international standards for animal health including zoonoses, are
published as the OIE Animal Health Codes (Terrestrial Animal Health
Code and Aquatic Animal Health Code) and the OIE Manuals
(Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals and
Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals). These international
standards cover a wide range of animal health and veterinary public
health matters. These standards include issuing notifications,
undertaking import risk analyses, surveillance, disease prevention
and control measures, establishing trade requirements for animals
and animal products, and requiring the use of diagnostic tests and
vaccines.
[source UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/8 annex]
51
Measures to address
animals disease vectors
•
•
•
The World Organisation for Animal Health urges its Member
Countries to apply the standards to prevent the spread of animal
pathogens and facilitate safe trade of animals and animal products
thereof. Animal pathogens considered to be invasive alien species
are covered by the OIE standards. In particular, the World
Organisation for Animal Health listed diseases such as foot and
mouth disease and avian influenza under its disease-specific
standards.
In addition, animal health measures provided for in the OIE
standards can be applied to invasive alien animals that are carriers
of animal pathogens and, where relevant, pathogens for wild
animals.
Early detection and early response is key for tackling highly
contagious animal diseases; the same applies for invasive alien
species control. The World Organisation for Animal Health’s animal
disease information system (World Animal Health Information
System: WAHIS) plays a central role in this regard. In addition, the
World Organisation for Animal Health launched in January 2014 its
new disease information system (WAHIS-Wild) dedicated to wild
animals, in light of the growing importance of the role of wildlife in
animal
disease
prevention
and
control
at
the
human/animal/environment interface.
[source UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/8 annex]
52
Measures to address
invasive animal species to
ecosystem, habitats or species
• While there is an OIE standard on import risk analysis
for animal pathogens, the OIE does not specifically
address invasive alien species (IAS) animals that are
not animal pathogens or potential carriers of animal
pathogens. However, the principles of risk analysis are
equally applicable for border control measures for
both pathogens and IAS animals that are pathogens.
The OIE developed Guidelines for assessing the risk of
non-native animals becoming invasive as guidelines
complementary to the OIE standards on import risk
analysis, which can be applied to alien animals that
are not pathogens nor carrier of pathogens.
[source UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/8 annex]
53
Technical assistance for developing
countries
•
•
WTO-SPS Members agree to facilitate the provision of
technical assistance. Article 9 of SPS-Agreement indicates a
mechanism set under the WTO for developing and
particularly least-developed country Members to fulfill its
SPS requirement to permit the developing country Member
to maintain and expand its market access opportunities for
the product involved. Article 10 of SPS Agreement contains
provisions on “special and differential treatment” in SPS
measures for developing countries, which include funding
for capacity building in least-developed countries.
The Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF)
supports developing countries in building their capacity to
implement international SPS standards, including ISPMs and
OIE Animal Health Codes and Manuals to improve their
human, animal, and plant health status and ability to gain or
maintain access to markets.
 See also STDF web site on invasive alien species
 STDF publication on International Trade and Invasive Alien
Species
54
Tools for implementation of
international regulatory framework
related to invasive alien species
In the following slides tools that are developed
for implementation of international regulatory
framework (CBD, WTO-SPS Agreement, IPPC,
OIE framework, guidelines on Aquaculture and
guidelines under the International Maritime
Organization) are briefly explained.
55
What is Risk Analysis?
A risk analysis typically seeks to answer four questions:
• What can go wrong?
• How likely is it to go wrong?
• What would be the consequences of its going wrong?
• What can be done to reduce either the likelihood or the consequences of its going
wrong?
The general framework for risk analysis typically consists of four
major components:
• Hazard identification – the process of identifying hazards that could potentially
produce consequences;
• Risk assessment – the process of evaluating the likelihood that a potential hazard
will be realized and estimating the biological, social and/or economic consequences
of its realization;
• Risk management – the seeking of means to reduce either the likelihood or the
consequences of it going wrong; and
• Risk communication – the process by which stakeholders are consulted,
information and opinions gathered and risk analysis results and management measures
communicated.
[Source: Understanding and applying risk analysis in aquaculture]
56
Pest Risk Analysis
• Pest risk analysis (PRA) has been developed and
implemented in plant health community,
primarily under the International Plant Protection
Convention (IPPC).
• PRA can be applied to assess risk to agriculture,
biodiversity, and environment posed by a pest,
weed or an invasive alien plant. PRA standards
developed by the IPPC consider the risks on
biodiversity and the environment.
• To learn PRA access pest risk analysis training
materials (the IPPC phytosanitary resources)
57
The OIE guidelines for assessing the
risk of non-native animals becoming
invasive
Scope of the guidelines:
• In the framework of the international movement
of animals, it is important to analyse both the
risk of a non-native animal becoming invasive
and the risk of pathogens being introduced with
the animal. These different risks should be
assessed
as
separate,
sequential
and
complementary processes.
• The OIE standard for import risk analysis covers
the potential movement of pathogens. The
guidelines developed in this document are
intended to address the complementary process
of assessing the risk of non-native animals
becoming invasive.
 OIE guidelines for assessing risks of non-native
animals becoming invasive
58
Import Risk Analysis in Australia
• Import risk analyses identify and classify
potential quarantine risks and develop policies to
manage the risks posed by importation or
proposed importation of animals, plants or other
goods. Suspected invasive alien species can be
analyzed their risks prior to decision making on
their importation.
• Import risk analysis handbook 2011 developed
by the Government of Australia explains:
• Australia’s biosecurity framework consistent
with the WTO SPS Agreement
• Managing import proposals
• Import risk analysis process
• Policy determination
• Implementation of management measures
59
Weed Risk Assessment System
in Australia
The Weed Risk Assessment System (WRA system) is a
question-based assessment of the weed potential of
plants proposed for import.
Assessment involves answering up to 49 questions on
specific characteristics of a plant. The answers generate a
numerical score relating to the weed potential of that
plant. The score is used to determine an outcome: accept
the species for importation; reject the species for
importation; or reject pending further evaluation of the
species’ weed potential.
Visit WRA web page provided by the Government of
Australia and questions to assess weed risk is
downloadable on the page.
60
Guidelines on ballast water
management
•
•
•
•
The International Convention for the Control and
Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (the
Ballast Water Management Convention) was adopted by the
Conference February 2004; Entry into force will be 12
months after ratification by 30 States, representing 35 per
cent of world merchant shipping tonnage. As of August 2014
40 Parties ratified the BWM Convention representing 32.5
percent of the tonnage.
Several articles and regulations of the Ballast Water
Management Convention refer to guidelines to be
developed by the Organization.
It should be noted that due to the complexity and multidisciplinary nature of the problem posed by the aquatic
invasive species in ships ballast water, the work is in its
pioneering phase and knowledge is only now gathering in
this respect. The Guidelines are kept under review by the
MEPC and will be updated as new technologies emerge and
additional knowledge becomes available.
List of Guidelines for the uniform implementation of the
Ballast Water Management Convention
61
Guidelines on bio-fouling
set by the IMO
Biofouling is the accumulation of aquatic organisms such as
microorganisms, plants and animals, on surfaces and structures
immersed in or exposed to the aquatic environment. Biofouling
may also be known as hull fouling .
•
The IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee have
set out RESOLUTION MEPC.207(62) on Guidelines for the
Control and Management of Ships’ Biofouling to minimize
the transfer of invasive aquatic species (Adopted on 15 July
2011)
•
Guidance for minimizing the transfer of invasive aquatic
species as biofouling (hull fouling) for recreational craft
(MEPC.1/Circ. 792) provides guidance to minimize biofouling
for recreational craft less than 24 metres in length.
Guidance for evaluating the 2011 guidelines for the control
and management of ships’ biofouling to minimize the
transfer of invasive aquatic species (MEPC.1/Circ.811)
identifies the types of performance measures that could
help to assist in evaluating the different recommendations in
the Guidelines.
•
62
Economic Analysis
•
•
Invasive species have many unique and unusual
characteristics which set them apart from other
environmental and land use issues, meaning that analysis
does not lend itself easily to conventional economics
models.
Experts in biological invasion under the Global Invasive
Species Programme published A Toolkit for the Economic
Analysis of Invasive Species which provides information on:
invasive species as biological entities ; to understand the
economic reasons why alien species are introduced, and
become invasive ; to establish the scope and level of the
impacts of invasives and their management; to understand
and define the economic costs and benefits of invasives;
value the economic effects of invasives on ecosystems and
human wellbeing ; and support and inform decision-making
and identify economic and financial instruments which can
be used to address invasives.
63
Fact sheets on invasive
alien species
Fact sheets developed by experts, Governments or
networks provide useful information to understand the
feature of invasive alien species, taxonomic information,
ecology and how to address the issue.
The following shows accessible fact sheets on the
Internet, but not limited to them, to learn on species that
are recognized as invasive alien species at the regions.
• Agricultural Research Council (South Africa)
• Asia Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network Fact sheet
Archive (APFSIN)
• BioNET-EAFRINET Fact Sheets on Invasive Plants (East
Africa)
• Invasive Species in Australia (Australia)
• NOBANIS Invasive alien species fact sheets (Europe)
• Identification sheet of GB non-native species
secretariat (UK)
• USGS Non-indigenous Aquatic Species (USA)
64
Surveillance programme on
invasive alien species
•
There are voluntary web presenting sites on invasive alien species occurrences at the various
levels as below, but not limited to them. No official obligation on invasive alien species
monitoring, reporting or presenting systems currently exist under the CBD.
Global:
The Global Invasive Alien Species Partnership – GIASIP Information Gateway
CABI Invasive Species Compendium - ISC
Global Invasive Species Database - GISD
Global Invasive Species Information Network - GISIN
Regional:
ASEAN Center for Biodiversity –Invasive species in the ASEAN Region
Asia Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network –APFI SN country reports
Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe-DAISIE
East and South European Network for Invasive Alien Species -ESENIAS Alert
The IABIN Invasives Information Network - I3N
National :
Invasive Alien Plant Alert – SANBI, South Africa
•
•
•
•
Surveillance means official monitoring and reporting process on presence or absence of the
targeted hazards under the IPPC and OIE.
The IPPC guides its national or regional plant protection organizations to make information
on regulated pests available to the contracting parties and present pest reporting, pest status
and pest free area. See also pest reporting on the IPPC web site.
The OIE provides World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID) on:
– immediate notifications and follow-up reports submitted by Country / Territory
– Members notifying exceptional epidemiological events current in their territory sixmonthly reports stating the health status of OIE-listed diseases in each Country /
Territory.
– Annual reports providing health information and information on the veterinary staff,
laboratories and vaccines, etc.
The OIE WAHIS-Wild presents status of wild animal diseases that are not OIE-listed.
65
Surveillance programme on
pests and diseases
•
•
•
•
Surveillance means official monitoring and reporting
process on presence or absence of the targeted hazards
under the IPPC and OIE.
The IPPC guides its national or regional plant protection
organizations to make information on regulated pests
available to the contracting parties and present pest
reporting, pest status and pest free area. See also pest
reporting on the IPPC web site.
The OIE provides World Animal Health Information
Database (WAHID) on:
– immediate notifications and follow-up reports
submitted by Country / Territory
– Members notifying exceptional epidemiological events
current in their territory six-monthly reports stating
the health status of OIE-listed diseases in each
Country / Territory.
– Annual reports providing health information and
information on the veterinary staff, laboratories and
vaccines, etc.
The OIE WAHIS-Wild presents status of wild animal
diseases that are not OIE-listed.
66
Restoration and rehabilitation of ecosystems
degraded by the presence of invasive alien
species, including the socio-economic aspects
•
•
Risks in the restoration and rehabilitation of ecosystems are
multiple, affecting in many ways on the species used, their
associated communities and ecosystem functions. It is intentional
introduction and release pathway are involved.
IUCN Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation
Translocations provides principles for safe introduction of live plants
and animals for conservation purposes based on the risks associated
with their translocations.
67
Overall guidance on prevention and
management of invasive alien
species (GISP)
• A Toolkit of Best Prevention and
Management Practices developed by the
Global Invasive Species Programme explains
step by step process on management of
invasive alien species at a national level with
possible options.
68
Eradication and management of
invasive alien species on islands
Proceedings of the International Conference on Island
Invasives held in Auckland, New Zealand 2010, Island
Invasives :Eradication and Management provides up-todate information on:
– Overviews on planned and attempted eradications
on islands
– The technologies and approaches to eradications,
such as dealing with multiple invasive species
– The results and outcomes of eradications,
especially responses by native species
– The roles and approaches that involve people,
policy and invasion prevention (biosecurity)
69
Module 3
Examples of national
implementation
This module provides examples of national
implementation to achieve Aichi Biodiversity Target 9 on
invasive alien species – “By 2020, invasive alien species
and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority
species are controlled or eradicated and measures are in
place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction
and establishment”
70
Biosecurity Act 1993
New Zealand legislation
Biosecurity Act 1993 of New Zealand sets overarching policy on pests and
unwanted organisms across ministries and relevant actors. Biosecurity
measures in New Zealand are consistent with the WTO SPS Agreement
and guard against threats to agriculture and biodiversity with strict
border control measures, pathways and post-border managements
being taken to prevent unwanted organisms (i.e. invasive species) from
entering, establishing and spreading in the country.
Number of non-native mammal species in New Zealand between 1876 and 2005
(points), Grey line represents the fit with Loess fit, and the shade represents the
95% confidence interval. Data compiled by M. Clout, P. Genovesi from Simberloff et
al. (2012), updated by J. Russell.
[source: Global Biodiversity Outlook 4ed. Technical document chapter 9]
71
Invasive Alien Species Act 2004
Japan legislation
Invasive species act 2004 law No. 78 (enacted in 2005) under the announcement of national
policy by the Cabinet regarding implementation of relevant measures to prevent various
damages caused by invasive alien species. The lists of (i) designated invasive alien species (IAS);
(ii) Uncategorized Alien Species (UAS); and (iii) living organisms required to have a certificate
attached (LORCA) are produced in consultation with an expert panel. The public was invited to
provide comments on these lists, which were subsequently presented to WTO Members.
Measures to manage the listed invasive alien species are :
•
Breeding, planting, keeping, and carrying of the listed invasive alien species are prohibited
in Japan, unless permission from the competent authorities has been obtained. Specific
cases can be exempted from this requirement.
•
Import and transfer of the listed invasive alien species are also prohibited unless the
appropriate permission has been granted by the competent authorities.
•
Release of the listed species is prohibited under any condition.
Annual import of live reptiles (Left) and live birds (Right) 2004-2011 in Japan.
The Invasive Alien Species Act was enacted in 2005.
[source: UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/8 with modification]
72
Alien species in Norway
with the Norwegian Black list 2012
Alien species in Norway – with the Norwegian
Black List 2012 published by the Norwegian Biodiversity
Information Centre focuses exclusively on assessments of
ecological impact on 2595 species. 1180 species which are
considered alien species in Norway and reproduce or have
the potential to reproduce in the wild in Norway within the
next 50 years.
Causes of presence of alien species in Norway
73
REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of
invasive alien species (2014)
•
•
•
•
•
The REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL on the prevention and management of the introduction
and spread of invasive alien species lays down rules to prevent,
minimise and mitigate the adverse impacts of the introduction and
spread, both intentional and unintentional, of invasive alien species
on biodiversity and the related ecosystem services, as well as other
adverse impact on human health or the economy.
The Commission will adopt an open list of invasive alien species of
Union concern, which will be regularly updated and reviewed at
least every six years. Species on this list may not be intentionally
brought into the territory of the EU, nor may they be kept, bred,
transported to, from or within the Union, placed on the market,
grown or released into the environment.
The new regulation also addresses invasive alien species of regional
concern and of member state concern. It allows member states to
identify, from their national list of invasive alien species of member
state concern, species native or non-native to the Union that require
enhanced regional cooperation. Such regional cooperation will be
facilitated by the Commission.
The regulation also establishes a surveillance system for early
detection and measures for rapid eradication. Furthermore,
member states must provide for penalties if the regulation is not
correctly applied.
The regulation also provides for a system of authorizations and
permits to allow certain activities based on invasive alien species.
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Invasive alien plants and their
management in Africa
•
•
•
The GEF funded project – ‘Removing barriers to invasive Plant
Management in Africa’ conducted in Ethiopia, Ghana, Uganda and
Zambia 2005-2008 improved level of awareness on invasive alien
species and importance of preventive measures on blocking influx
and disparsal of known plant invadors. Yet challenges were also
identified after the four years project.
The synthesis report ‘Invasive Alien Plants and their management in
Africa’ describes that a national invasive species strategies and
action plans has been developed in each country. Web sites on
invasive alien species were developed in Ethiopia and others. Risk
analysis procedures were strengthened with Australian Weed Risk
Assessment system .
Recommendations arising from the project in the synthesis report
include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Extended time for implementation is needed to attain the required capacity
Baseline information on occurrence of invasive alien plant species is urged to
develop
Engagement of high level policy makers
Cost-benefit analysis and the link between biodiversity and socio economic welfare
could facilitate implementation of preventive measures which is often conflict with
immediate socio-economic impact
More emphasis need to be made on cost-effective management practices
More investment is needed from donor countries, aid agencies and NGOs
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Regionally harmonized strategies and
action plans on invasive alien species
in the Pacific island countries
•
Island ecosystems are known to be the most vulnerable to invasive
alien species. The National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans
in the Pacific island countries included invasive species strategies
and action plans in line of Guidelines for Species Management in the
Pacific .
•
A review of the national plans and current activities describes the
status of national implementation as of 2010 and recommended
continued strengthening of biosecurity across all Pacific Island to
reduce the spread of invasive species, including having in place
appropriate legislation and policies, strengthening of facilities,
development and implementation of control procedures, staff
capacity development and adequate human and financial resources.
It also highlighted the importance to determine the feasibility and
cost of different management options and to ensure the efficient
use of limited management resources available.
•
Useful resource kits for management of invasive alien species in
islands:
– Rodent and cat eradication (the Pacific Invasives Initiative)
– Invasive plants management (the Pacific Invasives Initiative)
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Successful invasive alien mongoose control and
recovery of an endangered species
Pentalagus furnessi in Japan
•
•
Mongooses, Herpestes javanicus were introduced in Okinawa
island and Amami-oshima island for the purpose of bio-control
on poisonous snakes Protobothrops flavoviridis. In Okinawa,
Herpestes javanicus expanded and preyed on endemic rabbit
Pentalagus furnessi, which resulted in significant decrease in its
population and distribution.
Eradication projects included collaborative actions of:
–
–
–
–
–
Pest control programme initiated by the local government
Development of customized traps and eradication planning by experts
Public awareness raising camgpain
Engagement of citizens (Mongoose busters) and trainings
Monitoring and analysis on cost and effectiveness by experts
The number of sites where mongooses were captured in the northern part of Amami
island. The number of captured mongooses reached zero in 2012 (Left). The number of
animals observed along a 41.1 km long forest road per survey at night (Right) showed
significant recovery of the threatened species (Pentalagus furnessi).
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Formulation and implementation of the
national strategy on invasive alien
species in Argentina 2014-2018
The GEF funded project “Strengthening of
Governance for the Protection of Biodiversity through
the Formulation and Implementation of the National
Strategy on Invasive Alien Species (NSIAS)” is
designed with the components of mainstreaming
biodiversity, application of payment mechanism for
ecosystem
services
and
corporate
social
responsibility, participatory approach, progress
monitoring and information dissemination.
A network system of the institutions involved will be
formed, allowing the exchange of information and
application of appropriate management strategies in
situations of risk, invasion and / or monitoring of
introduction of invasive alien species.
See Project identification Form of the approved
project
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Failure case of invasive alien species
management
Biological control agent Cactoblastis cactorum
extended range and impact on non-target native
cacti
Cactoblastis cactorum is a moth that preys
specifically on cacti species. It has been introduced in
various locations around the globe to provide
biological control of invasive cacti species and has
proved itself successful in Australia and some
Caribbean islands. However, from the Caribbean it
spread into Florida and has attacked non-target cacti
species. It is feared that it will cause large scale losses
of native cacti diversity in North America and
possibly have a large economic, social and ecological
impact in Opuntia rich areas of southwestern USA
and Mexico.
[source: IUCN-ISSG]
79
Acknowledgements
The Global Invasive Alien Species Information Partnership have disseminated
information that may support Parties to achieve Aichi Biodiversity Target 9 on
invasive alien species with generous financial support from the European Union.
Some of the information were disseminated at the 17th meeting of SBSTTA and
Capacity building workshops for Parties to achieve Aichi Biodiversity Target 9. The
feedback from the users of earlier dissemination and suggested information by the
GIASI Partnership were incorporated to this toolkit.
The reviewers of this toolkit (Prototype):
Mr. Donald Hobern, Global Biodiversity Information Facility
Ms. Shyama Pagad, IUCN-Invasive Species Specialists Group
Dr. Silvia Zellar, The Horus Institute for Environmental Conservation and
Development, Brazil
Information contributors to this toolkit(Prototype):
Ms. Christiane Wolf, the World Trade Organization
Dr. Masatsugu Okita, World Organization for Animal Health
Ms. Shyama Pagad, IUCN-Invasive Species Specialists Group
Dr. Silvia Zellar, The Horus Institute for Environmental Conservation and
Development, Brazil
All linked web sites that are publicly accessible.
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