Species Distributions
Biogeography (ENVR333)
9/10 & 9/12 2007
As the environment changes, species adapt to a moving target that can affect competitive situations.
Species Distributions
• Species Interactions
– Competition
– Coexistence
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Mututalism
Commensalism
Amensalism
Parasitism
Mimicry
– Predator-Prey
• Environmental Gradients
• Niches
Competition
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Interspecific competition
Intraspecific competition
Resource exploitation
Interference competition
Principle of Competitive Exclusion
Competitive Exclusion
Paramecium = single-celled, ciliated protozoan that feeds on bacteria.
European starling
Figure 4.4 MacDonald 2003
Figure 4.5 MacDonald 2003
Spatial niche partitioning
Morphology: Oystercatchers
stabber
hammerer
Morphology: Cichlids
Mutualism: Ants and Aphids
Mutualism: Lichenized Fungi
Commensalism: Rhino birds
Mutualism: Pollinators Pollinated
Mutualism: Jays and Oaks
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Commensalism: Epiphytes
Commensalism: Epiphytes
Forage lichens
Commensalism: Epiphytes
Cyanolichens
(n-fixers)
Commensalism:
Clown Fish/Sea Anemone
Commensalism:
Hitchhiking Seeds
Sweet Cisely
Commensalism:
Hitchhiking Seeds
Burdock
Allelopathy
Micro Parasites
Macro Parasites
Batesian Mimicry
Batesian Mimicry
red on yellow kill a fellow, red on black won’t hurt jack
Scarlet King Snake
Coral Snake
Batesian Mimicry
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TIFF ( Un co mpr es sed ) d eco mp res so r
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QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Quick Time™ a nd a
TIFF ( Un compr ess ed ) d eco mp res so r
ar e n eed ed to s ee this pi ctur e.
QuickT ime™ and a
T IFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see t his picture.
From left to right are the Common Wasp, Vespula vulgaris,
and some of its mimics - the Hornet Moth, Sesia apiformis,
the Wasp Beetle, Clytus arietis, and the Hoverfly, Syrphus
ribesii.
Figure 4.1 MacDonald 2003
Predator-Prey
Relationships
stenophagous
Chalhill Blue Butterfly
Predator-Prey Relationships
Figure 4.2 MacDonald 2003
Figure 4.3 MacDonald 2003
Figure 4.7 MacDonald 2003
Figure 4.9 MacDonald 2003
Ecocline or Ecotype?
Summary
• Interactions: many and varied
• Distributions: physical/biological factor
• Role of gradients and niches
• Not locked into place