WP6 Performance: reproduction and growth
PIs:
Clemmesen, Catriona, IFM-GEOMAR
Piatkowski, Uwe, IFM-GEOMAR
Pörtner, Hans, AWI
Sommer, Frank, IFM-GEOMAR
Widdicombe, Steve, PML
EPOCA WP 6
WP6 Performance: reproduction and growth
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Objectives:
Identify critical stages in the life cycle (e.g. eggs, larvae) of functionally important
marine organisms based on performance measures as indicators of sensitivity
to ocean acidification
Analyse physiological mechanisms defining performance levels and sensitivity
Estimate acclimation capacity (gene expression capacity) for that mechanism as
the background of physiological plasticity
Quantify impact and tolerance thresholds (tipping points)
Assess interaction between ocean acidification (OA) and ocean warming
Compare responses and mechanisms in different populations of a species (e.g.
in a climate gradient) reflecting potential for evolutionary adaptation (genetic
differences)
Available funding EPOCA (PhD student equ.):
- 1 PhD student AWI
- 1 PhD student IFM GEOMAR
- 1 PhD student PML
Application for complementary national funding underway: e.g. Bioacid, NERC
…..as an integrating programme
WP6 Performance: reproduction and growth
Tasks
• T1: Sensitivity of critical and early life stages to OA will be assessed through
analyses of rates and normality of development, growth, reproductive
success, integrity of calcified structures, metabolic and acid-base regulation
• T2: pH regulation capacity in different body compartments of the animal will
be assessed as a potential mechanism shaping sensitivity
• T3: Regulation capacity will be related to changes in gene expression
• T4: Impact and tolerance thresholds will be quantified.
• T5: CO2 effects on tolerance to temperature will be analysed.
• T6: Responses to CO2 of different populations, e.g. in a latitudinal cline, will
be compared to investigate potential evolutionary adaptation.
Work has started at various levels, EPOCA and additional funding.
…..as an integrating programme
Impact of high CO2 on Early life Stages of fish and cephalopods
Preliminary results
Kiel CO2 Manipulationsystem
8.2
pH Values
8.0
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.2
0
2
4
380 ppm
560 ppm
870 ppm
1120 ppm
1400 ppm
6
8
Time
10
12
14
(days)
Experiments will be conducted with the Kiel CO2 manipulation
system and during the 2009 Arctic experiment to determine the
impact of high CO2 on fish and cephalopods eggs, larvae and juveniles.
EPOCA WP 6
C. Clemmesen, U. Piatkowski et al.
Impact of high CO2 on early life stages of fish and cephalopods
Histology
(PML)
SL
DW, Growth
pH regulation
Homogenate
capacity (AWI)
IFM-GEOMAR
Otolith
microstructure
RNA/DNA
ratio
5,0
4,5
Clemmesen & Franke in prep.
3,5
3,0
2,5
RNA/DNA
Decrease in condition and
protein synthesis capacity
with increase in pCO2
RNA/DNA ratio
4,0
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
r2 = 0,47; p < 0,01; y = 3,42 - 0,00019*x
0,0
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
pCO 2 [µatm ]
Performance Indicators
EPOCA WP 6
C. Clemmesen, U. Piatkowski et al.
Impact of high CO2 on the physiology of key benthic bioturbators.
Amphiura filiformis is an important benthic organism in
terms of nutrient cycling and benthic-pelagic coupling.
Recent work at PML has shown significant impacts of
high CO2 on this species (Wood et al., 2008 Proc Roy Soc B).
Exposure to low pH seawater causes:
increase in respiratory rate
increased growth
increased calcification
BUT at the cost of muscle wastage
Experiments will be conducted in the PML seawater acidification facility and during
the 2009 Arctic experiment to determine the impact of high CO2 on other key benthic
species.
A whole organism approach will be adopted to assess both the responses and the
costs.
EPOCA WP 6
S. Widdicombe et al.
acceleration
Hyas
araneus,
North Sea
vs
Svalbard
extension
n=171-322
EPOCA WP 6
PhD project Kathleen Walther
H. Pörtner et al.
Greenland smoothcock
(Serripes groenlandicu
modified after Ambrose et. al 2006
In situ enclosure
Goals
I. Develop a mechanistic understanding of the combined effects of ocean
warming and acidification (OA) on biomineralization/ calcification in high
latitude bivalves via whole organism physiology.
I. To evaluate the impact of simultaneous temperature rise and OA on
“biorecording” properties of bivalve shells, i.e. growth increment formation and
biogeochemical parameters
Field work - Spitzbergen (AWIPEV station, Ny-Alesund)
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current status: individuals marked with calcein in 2006, 2007
perspectives: 2008 - recapture specimens from 2006, 2007; mark new anima
2009 - mesocosm experiments (EPOCA)
NN, O. Heilmayer et al.
EPOCA WP 6
Antragsskizze BIOACID – Biological Impact of Ocean ACIDification Bonn, 10. Dezember 2007
Long term acclimation via gene expression of pH –
regulation mechanisms in fish gills
Expression (Real-time PCR) of essential gill transport proteins
Eelpout
(Z. viviparus)
Na+K+-ATPase
Na+HCO3-Cotransporter
6 weeks
EPOCA WP 6
K. Deigweiher, M.
Lucassen, H.O. Pörtner,
unpubl.
Impact of high CO2 and temperature on development
and reproduction of mesozooplankton (copepods)
To date, the sensitivity of juvenile stages to OA has not been assessed.
In the lab we will assess :
- growth and development
- egg hatching success
- respiratory costs and/or gene expression
2 temperatures
6 pCO2 levels (~380-4000 ppm)
Results will be compared with experiments using constant pCO2 and variable
food quality (microalgae grown under different CO2 levels; WP8)
In the 2009 Arctic mesocosm we will assess :
-copepod egg production, hatching success
and naupliar survival
F. Sommer et al.
EPOCA WP 6
CO2 and the concept of oxygen and capacity limited
thermal tolerance
Tp
100
% oxygen
limited
aerobic
scope
0
rate of
aerobic
performance
Tc
CO2, Tp : Pejus T‘s: Limitation of
aerobic performance
hypoxia
Tc : critical T‘s:
Anaerobic
metabolism
CO2,
hypoxia
0
Effects on
behaviour,
growth,
reproduction,
….fitness
Shifts in:
• geographical distribution
• Species interactions
• ….food web
structure
Temperature
Pörtner et al, 2005, Metzger et al. 2007, Pörtner and Knust, Science 2007
EPOCA WP 6
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D6.1: Methodologies used in long term CO2 incubations, presented at
meeting (month 9; O, PU)
D6.2-3: Internal reports on sensitivities of life stages in individual
species (months 12 and 24; R, PP)
D6.4: Concept of sensitivity in the life cycles of various groups of marine
animals (invertebrates and fish), dissemination as a viewpoint article
(month 36; O, PU)
D6.5: Conceptual model of mechanisms causing sensitivity and linking
organismic responses to ecosystem change (linking to WP 7, 9),
dissemination as a viewpoint article (month 36; R, PU)
D6.6: Conceptual model of mechanisms and potential for acclimation
and adaptation (month 48; R; PU)
D6.7: Contribution to mechanism-based model of OA effects at
ecosystem level (linking to WP7 and 9) (month 48; R; PU)
D6.8: Potentially dangerous thresholds in relevant species, naming
uncertainties and probabilities and perspectives on new ecosystem
states to PP, PU (linking to WP 13)
Addressing CO2 effects and sensitivities in
warming oceans
First lines of CO2 sensitivity (with ecological relevance) likely
depend on
• CO2 effects on temperature dependent performance in rel. to
compensation capacity for extracellular acid-base status.
• This includes disturbance of calcification through extracellular
acidification.
Implications to be considered:
• seasonal shifts in performance windows
• climate dependent functional specialization
• temperature dependent biogeography
• climate dependent growth, fecundity
• synergistic interactions with factors in addition to
temperature (hypoxia, pollutants, …)
Germany
United Kingdom
Principle considerations:
Role of time scales and levels for lethal effects of CO2 exposure
Upper median lethal CO2 level (LD50)
arbitrary
units
†Acute asphyxiation: squid, fish
Mortality
dependent
on CO2 level and
exposure time
Incipient lethal
CO2 level
(long term
critical
threshold)
Zone of
resistance
No such complete
data set exists
Mortality
independent
of exposure time
Zone of
tolerance
log exposure time (days, weeks, months, years)
Pörtner et al., 2005
Critical level and
mechanism unknown?
Tolerable organism and
ecosystem (?) responses
→
Impact of high CO2 on Early life Stages of fish and cephalopods
Control system
Kiel
CO2 Manipulation system
EPOCA WP 6
Valves and flowmeters
BIOACID – Biological Impact of Ocean
Bonn,2 air
10. Dezember
forACIDification
constant pCO
mixtures 2007
Alarm system
Antragsskizze
Impact of high CO2 and temperature on development
and reproduction of mesozooplankton
Timetable:
2008
0-3
Growth &
development
Egg hatching
respiration
food quality
(different
microalgae)
Arctic mesocosm
4-6
2009
7-9
1012
1115
2010
1618
1921
2224
25-27
2830
CO2 impact on calcification in marine bivalves:
a key to understand past, present and future climate records of polar ecosystem
Funding: DFG SPP 1158 (HE5753/1-1: 2008 - 2010)
Objectives:
• to develop a mechanistic understanding of the combined effects of
temperature rise and ocean acidification (OA) on biomineralization/
calcification in high latitude bivalves
• to evaluate the impact of simultaneous temperature rise and OA on
“biorecording” properties of bivalve shells, i.e. growth increment
formation and biogeochemical parameters
Greenland smoothcockle (Serripes groenlandicus)
• circum-arctic distribution
• subtidal down to 100m
• 80 - 100 mm within ten years
EPOCA WP 6