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6.
• Bureau of Land
Management
• Department of
Defense
• Fish and
Wildlife
Service
• Forest Service
• National Park
Service
Timber Harvest Techniques
Harvesting forests
Clear Cutting
• Cut all of the trees in an area
• Promotes tree ssp. that need
lots of light
• Creates even age stands
• Monoculture—issues with that
• Negative-erosion, runoff,
habitat, ugly, recreation
• Positive increase light needing
trees, creates conditions like
primary succession and early
secondary succession
• Slash and burn—cutting and
burning forest to create
agriculture fields
Shelterwood
• Leave some of the
mature trees to protect
any new trees
• Creates mostly even-age
stands
• Negative-cost more than
clear cutting
• Positive-Mature trees
keep growing, shelter
young trees young
trees—looks better
Selective Cutting
• Remove single of small
number of trees
• Manage soils, improve
habitat, encourage
species regeneration and
species diversity
• Costs much more;
however looks very
pretty and natural.
• Negative – still need to create roads into forest,
can fragment forest, diversity change, impact soil
Ecological Sustainable Logging
• Most eco-friendly,
maintains all species.
• Negative – difficult to
compete with
mechanized logging
Harvesting forests
Check in!!!!!
1. Which of the following is a commercially used
method for harvesting trees and is most likely to
lead to a fragmented landscape with serious
impacts on biodiversity?
A. selective cutting
B. Clear cutting
C. Shelter-wood cutting
D. Slash and burn clearing
E. gleaning
2. Ecosystem-based timber harvesting uses
methods that ____
A. Are the most efficient in the short term
B. Are very popular with timber companies
C. Have the greatest impacts on forest
ecosystems
D. Leave seed-producing mature trees uncut to
provide for future forests
E. Are ecologically harmless
3. Second-growth forests can be described by all of
the following except
• a. result from primary succession.
• b. provide less species diversity than old-growth
forests.
• c. often developed after abandonment of farms.
d. may be tree farms.
• e. are the predominant forest form in the United
States.
•
4. Which of the following is not an economic
service provided by forests?
• a. purification of water and air
• c. lumber
• e. jobs
• b. fuelwood
• d. mining
5. Old-growth forests can be described by all of
the following except
a.
have not been disturbed for several
hundred years.
b. large numbers of snags and fallen logs.
c.
provide a variety of ecological niches.
d. a clear forest floor.
e. are the predominant forest form in the
tropics.
6. Which of the following is not a result of
deforestation?
a.
decreased soil fertility from erosion
b. premature extinction of species with
specialized niches
c.
runoff of eroded soil into aquatic systems
d. reduction of flooding
e. release of CO2 into the atmosphere
7. Forests remove ____ from and add ____ to
the atmosphere.
a.
oxygen . . . carbon dioxide
b. nitrogen . . . oxygen
c.
carbon dioxide . . . sulfur dioxide
d. carbon dioxide . . . oxygen
e. nitrogen . . . carbon dioxide
8. Selective cutting
a.
encourages crowding of trees.
b. encourages growth of more mature trees.
c.
maintains an uneven-aged stand of trees
of different species, ages, and sizes.
d. requires a special seed-distribution plan.
e. requires crop rotation.
9. The removal of all trees from a given area in a
single cutting to establish a new even-aged
stand is called
a.
selective cutting.
b. seed-tree cutting.
c.
clear-cutting.
d. shelterwood cutting.
e. strip-cutting.
10. Clear-cutting on a large scale leads to
a.
erosion and water pollution.
b. flooding.
c.
habitat fragmentation.
d. loss of biodiversity.
e. All of these answers.
1. Remove leaves and rubbish under doghouse and any
other structures.
2. Stack firewood at least 100 feet away and uphill from
the house.
3. Water and mow grass regularly to keep it green and
less flammable.
4. Rake flammable vegetation such as dead leaves,
limbs, branches, twigs, and grass clippings.
5. Have power company clear branches from lines.
6. Prune tree branches within 15 feet of a chimney
outlet.
7. Clean chimneys at least once a year.
8. Make sure roof uses fire-resistant materials such as
asphalt, fiberglass, concrete tile, clay tile, or metal.
9. Remove dead branches that extend over the rooftop.
10. Clean gutters regularly.
11. Remove vines from exterior walls.
12. Arrange trees so that there are gaps in the canopy.
13. Any part of property that includes wood, such as
fence, latticework, or facing should be changed.
Alternatives include a stone fence, brick or concrete
as a porch front and, concrete or clay tiles on the
house dormer.
14. Address should be clearly posted for firefighters to
see.
15. Never leave a flame burning unattended.
1. The Bad
2. The Good
3. How to help forests restore themselves.
Fire!!!!
• Explain 4 ecological roles wildfires provide
Ecological Role of Fire in Forest
Ecosystems
•
•
•
•
•
1. Reduces probability of catastrophic fire
2. Nutrient input into soils
3. Control of insect pests
4. Control of tree pathogens
5. Maintains species diversity
• What are the problems with wildfires today….
Compared to its historical patterns?
• Historically, wildfires occurred frequently and
burned for a long time at a low intensity.
• Today, wildfires start in areas where the amount of
fuel is exceedingly high due to fragmented natural
habitats, hazardous conditions created by increased
fuel loads and encroaching human development
(which can cause high intensity burns)
• Land managers actively seek to use controlled or
prescribed fire to achieve restoration goals
• Controversy:
• fire suppression removes the natural role fire plays
in healthy forests, drought, logging that removes
large, fire resistant trees,"
Managing with Fire
• Good-get rid of underbrush and dead trees and
this technique helps prevent out of control fires.
• Natural
• Increase diversity-opens up space and new
organisms get in.
• Decrease in population density of trees –Good!
• Decrease insect problems
• Negative
• Can get out of control—looks bad
• Can lead to damage of property and BIG COSTS
1. Fires kill all of the wildlife in the wetlands. T F
2. Some plants have adapted to survive and thrive with fire. T F
3. Prior to the settlement of North America, lightning caused most
fires. T F
4. High-intensity fires are less ecologically destructive than lowintensity fires. T F
5. When fires occur regularly, the heat sterilizes the soil and kills most
of the plants. T F
6. Fires can increase the diversity of the vegetative landscape and
foster a mosaic of habitats. T F
7. Fire recycles nutrients. T F
1. Fires kill all of the wildlife in the wetlands. T F
2. Some plants have adapted to survive and thrive with fire. T F
3. Prior to the settlement of North America, lightning caused most
fires. T F
4. High-intensity fires are less ecologically destructive than lowintensity fires. T F
5. When fires occur regularly, the heat sterilizes the soil and kills most
of the plants. T F
6. Fires can increase the diversity of the vegetative landscape and
foster a mosaic of habitats. T F
7. Fire recycles nutrients. T F
Exit Card
• 1. One concept you totally get.
• 2. One concept you have a question on.
• DON’T FORGET!!! – Thursday• Notes 271-277
• Study Guide 1-8