Ch 10 Sustaining Terrestrial
Biodiversity
THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH
November 20th
 TEST ch 10 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity The
Ecosystems Approach
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FRIDAY
Notes due day of test
 Format:
 43 M/C
 1 graph with 3 ?s
 1 FRQ – focus on Forests
1
 Which type of logging results in intermediate-aged
or mature trees in uneven-aged forests cut singly or
in small groups?
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Selective cutting
Clear cutting
Captive breeding
Strip cutting
Tree plantation
2
 Which type of logging results in the maximum
profits in the shortest time frame?
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Selective cutting
Clear cutting
Captive breeding
Strip cutting
Tree plantation
3
 Managed area of uniformly aged trees which are
grown until commercially viable.
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Selective cutting
Clear cutting
Captive breeding
Strip cutting
Tree plantation
4
 Undeveloped lands that have been set aside as
reserves by being roadless are limited to hikers and
campers that can visit but cannot stay
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Ecoregion
Biodiversity hot spot
Wilderness lands
Biosphere reserve
5
 Areas set up with a protected inner core for wildlife
surrounded by more multiuse buffer zones
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Ecoregion
Biodiversity hot spot
Wilderness lands
Biosphere reserve
6
 Areas identified by conservation biologists as having
high plant diversity and/or where ecological services
are being impaired.
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Ecoregion
Biodiversity hot spot
Wilderness lands
Biosphere reserve
7
 Tropical deforestation is caused by
 Logging
 Slash and burn for subsistence agriculture and cattle ranching
 Clearing for large soybean and oil plantations
 Clearing for fuel-wood and charcoal
 All of these
8
 Second-growth forests are:
 Stands of trees resulting from natural succession on disturbed
sites
 Stands of trees that have not been serious disturbed for at least
several hundred years
 Stands of trees of uniform age and species that have been
planted by humans
 Only found in rural areas in Canada, Brazil, and Russia
 Rapidly increasing in size and coastal areas
9
 Old-growth forest is defined as
 Forests which have never been cut or touched by humans
 Forests which have reached climax community and is relatively
undisturbed
 Forest which has been replanted after a clear-cut
 Forest in which all the trees are over 200 years old
 Forest which is inhabited by indigenous people
10
 Strip cutting is a logging method that
 I clear-cuts trees along a single contour of the land
 II leads to erosion of soil and nutrients
 III allows for natural regeneration
I only
II and III only
II only
I and III only
I, II, and III
11
 Fires that burn away flammable ground material and
help prevent more destructive fires are called
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Crown fires
Ground fires
Surface fires
High intensity fires
Low intensity fires
12
 Scientists argue that the 2003 Healthy Forests
Restoration Act actually increases the chance of
sever fires because
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Remove the large trees encourages growth of flammable young
trees and underbrush
Removing the large trees decreases the amount of flammable
slash
Removing the smaller trees decreases the ability of the forest
to regenerate
Removal of large trees can encourage bark beetles or other
pests which leave more dead material
All of these
13
 Allowing logging in US National Forests
 Promotes economic growth
 Builds more roads leading to habitat fragmentation
 Damages nearby rivers and fisheries
 Provides jobs in nearby communities
 All of these
14
 One factor that results in unnecessary waste of wood
in the US is
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Reduced packaging material
Reliance on kenaf to produce paper pulp
Overuse of junk mail
Use of steel instead of wood in construction
Increased percentages of households recycling
15
 The new science which focuses on maintaining
habitats and biodiversity in places shared with
human activities instead of as separate reserves is
called
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Restoration ecology
Reconciliation or applied ecology
Millennium ecosystem assessment
Public easement
Buffer zone concept
16
 Why is deforestation in tropical rainforests more
devastating to the global environment that
deforestation in temperate forests?
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Most temperate forests are not experiencing deforestation
Tropical rainforests provide less usable lumber
Temperate forests do not contribute to the reduction of carbon
dioxide
Tropical rainforests are inhabited by indigenous tribes who are
losing their way of life
Tropical rainforests have much higher biodiversity than
temperate forests
17
 Ecosystem services performed by forest include:
 I carbon sequestration
 II aid in aquifer recharge
 III provide wildlife habitat
I only
I and III
II only
III only
I, II, and III
18
 Which of the following are causes for tropical
deforestation?
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I to provide wood for fuel
II to clear land for mining
III to clear land crops and livestock grazing
I only
I and III
II only
III only
I, II, and III
19
 All of the following are sustainable practices for
forest use and maintenance EXCEPT
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Subsidize local ranching
Conservation concessions in which nations are paid for
preservation and a company is allowed to access to research
medicinal plants
Scientific Certification Systems for timber harvesting
The use of prescribed burns after selective cutting
Required reforestation projects
21
 One of the most common methods for sustainable
management or rangeland is
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Herbicide spraying to reduce invasives
Replanting barren areas that have been overgrazed
Mechanical removal of nonnative species
Rotational grazing of cattle
Fencing off reserved areas where grazing is never allowed
22
 What is the overall largest problem facing most US
national parks?
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Popularity and its impact
Inholdings
Poaching
Off-road vehicles
Water pollution
23
 Most conservation biologists argue that the best way
to preserve biodiversity is
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Create more comprehensive breeding programs at zoos
Reduce deforestation in the tropical rainforests through debtfor-nature swaps
Establish riparian zones along all primary waterways
Create a world-wide network of protected areas that consist of
a representative 20% or more of the earth’s land
List 50% of the global species on the Endangered Species List
24
 What is the benefit of creating a habitat corridor to
connect isolated reserves?
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It allows migration of exotic species
It allows migration of vertebrates that need large ranges
It increases the amount of edge habitat
It reduces the exposure of migrating species to human hunters
All of the above
25
 Ecological restoration is defined as:
 Creating an emergency action strategy to protect biodiversity
hot spots
 Protecting an inner core of a reserve by establishing two buffer
zones
 Identifying what places should be protected and connected by
corridors
 The process of repairing damage caused by humans to the
biodiversity of natural ecosystems
 Setting aside lands that cannot be developed and are limited o
only hikers and campers