CEU Event Eb Blakely, Ph.D., BCBA-D Download PowerPoint: www.fitaba.com Signs of Damage: Skinner From "Contingencies of Reinforcement" Page 51: "The principle also holds for aggressive behavior. At a time when men were often plundered and killed, by animals and other men, it was important that any behavior which harmed or frightened predators should be quickly learned and long sustained. Those who were most strongly reinforced by evidences of damage to others should have been most likely to survive." Page 129: "A person who is at the moment aggressive is one who, among other characteristics, shows a heightened probability of behaving verbally or nonverbally in such a way that someone is damaged..." Page 195: "Azrin, for example, has studied the stereotyped, mutually aggressive behavior evoked when two organisms receive brief electric shocks. But he and his associates have also demonstrated that the opportunity to engage in such behavior functions as a reinforcer and, as such, may be used to shape an indefinite number of "aggressive" operants of arbitrary topographies. Evidence of damage to others may be reinforcing for phylogenic reasons because it is associated with competitive survival. Competition in the current environment may make it reinforcing for ontogenic reasons." Signs of Damage: Stimuli What stimuli are involved? Visual stimuli – blood, bruising, scratches, “upset” expressions, damage to property Auditory stimuli – crying, screaming Response-produced stimuli involving body parts in attack – pressure on teeth, pressure on hands/feet Shock “elicited” fighting Subjects: Pairs of rats Procedure: Rats exposed to shock Measure: # of episodes of fighting Aggression was called “reflexive” Results: Most shocks evoked fighting Shock “elicited” biting of objects Subjects: Rats Procedure: Rats exposed to shock Measure: # of episodes of biting of metal, wood, or rubber targets Results Aggression Evoked by Reinf Schedules Subjects: Pigeons Procedure: Ss exposed to FR 50 Measure: # attacks to target pigeon Results: Most attacks occurred during PRP Results What Kind of Target? Subjects: Pigeons Procedure: Ss exposed to FR 80-120 Measure: # attacks to target (Mirror, Liveprotected, Stuffed) Biting is a Function of FR Size Subjects: Squirrel monkeys Procedure: Ss exposed to FR schedules of food delivery (FR 50-200) Measure: # bites of a rubber hose Results: 1) Most biting occurred in PRP as a function of ratio size 2) also occurred in Ext Results of FR Size Results in Ext Effort: FR vs MT Subjects: Pigeons Procedure: Ss exposed to FR and yoked schedules of free food (MT = matched time) Measure: # attacks Results Opp to Aggress: A Reinforcer? Subjects: Squirrel monkeys Procedure: Chain pulls rubber ball to bite Results: Presentation of ball reinforced/maintained chain pulls Results: Shock vs No Shock Results: Reversal of Contingency Opp to Aggress: A Reinforcer? Subjects: Pigeons Procedure: 1) FI schedule for food and 2) 2nd key pecks access to a target pigeon Results: # key pecks to produce target Opp to Aggress: A reinforcer? Subjects: Mice (handle with care!) Note: Mice were bred for aggression Procedure: Intruder mouse presented after completion of FR 8 vs Ext Results: The opportunity to aggress functioned as a form of reinforcement Results Summary Aversive stimuli will evoke aggression Shock Reinforcement offset Work requirements Heat Strikes to body The opportunity to aggress will function as a reinforcer for behavior Occurs when aversive stimuli are present, including schedules of positive reinforcement May occur in absence of such stimuli in some members of species Conclusions Aggression evoked by aversive stimuli is not a respondent If operant, what reinforces it? Signs of damage (cf Skinner): cowering, crying, blood, running away Pressure on body part used to attack (e.g., teeth, fists) How do we talk about this? Signs of damage and/or related stimuli may be naturally reinforcing in some species, or some members of a species EO s may be aversive events and schedules of reinforcement We should address this in assessment and Tx Implications Standard Functional Analyses Unclear results But naturalistic observations suggested that attention was a factor, but attention was given in loud, emotionally-charged bouts David M. Richman and Louis P. Hagopian Implications Idiosyncratic Conditions in Functional Analysis Exaggerated Attention: “dramatic reaction to Tim’s destructive behaviors that included a high level of voice intonation, verbal phrases such as “I can’t believe that you just did that,” and physical signs of displeasure such as waving his/her hands frantically. “ Functional Analyses Results Case #1 FA Throwing items/tipping chairs increased when mom reacted “frustrated” or “aggravated” compared to neutral reprimands. We put a recording of “upset” mom on iPad for him to access Functional Analyses Results Target behavior: Throwing & tipping chairs Functional Analyses Results Case #2 FA Higher rates of problem behavior when caregiver reacted “upset” than when caregiver provided a neutral reprimand, or during no attention conditions He also seeks out other kids crying He will grab lizards and tear in half Case Study #3 Descriptive assessment information Engages in SIB (arm scratching, and picking) during free time that produces blood Aggression is more likely in presence of aversive stimuli (e.g., denied access to items/activities, work requirements) Looks for bruising after aggression Property destruction when denied access – and would carefully look at the broken item Will mand for item to break! Preference Assessment Reinforcer Assessment Conc FR 1 (sight of finger w/blood) Ext (sight of finger) Program Design Tx elements Replacement skill: Select alternatives when denied access Waiting Fade in work requirements Mand for delay of reinforcer offset Calendar of when events will occur Extinction? Can signs of damage be withheld? Wear long sleeves during sessions Punishment – loss of items/activities/contingent exercise Program Design Average % of Session Engaged in Tantrum Contingent Exercise 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Implications for Tx and Assessment Behavior Assessment Preference assessments Standard preference assessments with signs of damage stimuli Preference assessments in presence of aversive stimuli Go Interviews should address this Go Go Functional analyses with signs of damage Cowering targets “Angry” caregivers Contingent property destruction Objects to hit/bite (safely!) Tx procedures Antecedent manipulations Replacement skills Go Concurrent schedules of reinforcement for appropriate behavior Reduction procedures Punishment? Sample Program Function: Signs of Damage Antecedent Manipulations Remove target - When sister hits Fred, separate Remove target during work requirements - Keep sister away from Fred when he is engaged in chores Frequent physical games Have potential targets do pairing Wear long sleeves during sessions? Acquisition Skills Mands for physical activity Select alternatives when denied access Be willing to use large magnitude reinforcers Waiting programs Slowly increase wait time Especially consider waiting in divided attention situations Sample Program Function: Signs of Damage Acquisition Skills (continued) Task completion Slowly increase response requirements Use large magnitude reinforcers Consider VR instead of FR schedules Reduction Procedures Removal of targets Extinction: Withhold damage if possible Punishment? Side effects! Punishment maybe an EO for further signs of damage maintained aggression Extensions Unexplained phenomena “Extinction-induced” aggression – is it “reflexive?” Extinction as EO for signs of damage and other concomitant stimuli Side effects of punishment: aggression! Punishment stimuli as EO for signs of damage and other concomitant stimuli Aggression as a Built-in Reinforcer Betta Splendens Aggression as a Built-in Reinforcer Round 1 The End