October 21st
 164 – that’s the actual # of fish in your pond –now
you can complete the calculations and questions.

I’ll collect the the lab tomorrow
 We’ll be reviewing today using the multiple choice
questions that are attached in renweb and classjump
1
 Why is identifying and protecting keystone species
a key goal of many conservation biologists?
Keystone species are economically beneficial
 Keystone species are critical to human survival
 Keystone species play critical ecological roles in the
community
 Keystone species are endangered species
 Keystone species are charismatic

2
 What kind of diversity allows organisms on earth
to adapt to and survive many changing
environmental conditions?
Genetic diversity
 Species diversity
 Ecosystem diversity
 Functional diversity
 Community biodiversity

3
 All are true of endemic species EXCEPT
 Highly susceptible to extinction
 Often generalists
 Often lie on islands
 Can be outcompeted by non-native invasive species which
share niche
 Are often indicator species
4
 A species ecological niche is
 Where it lives
 Its pattern and role in the ecosystem
 Its place on the trophic pyramid
 Its genetic resistance
 A measure of evenness
5
 Some specialist species provide early signs that
ecosystems are changed or damaged
Foundation species
 Indicator species
 Keystone species
 Non-native species
 Endemic species

6
 Which habitat has the highest number of species?
 Tropical rainforest
 Temperate forest
 Short-grass prairie
 Savannah
 Boreal forest
7
 Trout require clean water with high levels of
dissolved oxygen, so their presence tells researchers
that these conditions are present in a stream. For
this reason, trout are referred to as:





Native species
Invasive species
Foundation species
Keystone species
Indicator species
8
 A species such as zebra mussels move from one
water system to the other on the bottom of boats.
Upon arriving, their generalist adaptations allow
them to take over niches from local species and
modify ecosystems.
Native species
 Invasive species
 Foundation species
 Keystone species
 Indicator species

9
 The American alligator digs depressions which act
as sparse watering holes during the dry season in
the Everglades.
Native species
 Invasive species
 Foundation species
 Keystone species
 Indicator species

10
 A hawk which uses the crown of an oak tree as a
site to build a nest
Predation
 Commensalism
 Mutualism
 Parasitism
 Interspecific competition

11
 The relationship between a pollinating honey bee
and the almond tree
Predation
 Commensalism
 Mutualism
 Parasitism
 Interspecific competition

12
 A dolphin uses echo-location to capture fish
outside the reef
Predation
 Commensalism
 Mutualism
 Parasitism
 Interspecific competition

13
 Mahogany and la Ceiba trees both reaching for
limited light in the rainforest canopy.
Predation
 Commensalism
 Mutualism
 Parasitism
 Interspecific competition

14
 The capacity for growth of a population under ideal
conditions
Environmental resistance
 Intrinsic rate of increase
 Minimum viable population
 Biotic potential
 Logistical growth

15
 All the factors that act to limit the growth of a
population are summarized as the





Environmental resistance
Intrinsic rate of increase
Minimum viable population
Biotic potential
Logistical growth
16
 Used by scientists concerned about species decline
to estimate the numbers needed for long-term
survival
Environmental resistance
 Intrinsic rate of increase
 Minimum viable population
 Biotic potential
 Logistical growth

17
 Species with a(n) ____ reproductive pattern are
prone to extinction due to the long generation
times and low reproductive rates.
R-selected
 K-selected
 Irruptive
 Cyclical
 Irregular

18
 In an area which has just had a forest fire, one
would expect pioneer species to opportunistically
spring up in the area first. These species
demonstrate which reproductive pattern
R-selected
 K-selected
 Irruptive
 Cyclical
 Irregular

19
 A rainy spring increased the growth of grasses
allowing for a bottom up regulation of deer
population causing a boom year. However, 2 years
later the population inevitably crashed. The deer
exhibit a(n) ___ population pattern.
R-selected
 K-selected
 Irruptive
 Cyclical
 Irregular

20
 Chemical warfare in prey species includes all of the
following EXCEPT
Poisonous
 Foul smelling
 Temperature changing
 Bad tasting
 Irritating

21
 Some species of Acacia trees have a trait of hollow
thorns which excrete nectar. This adaptation
attracts a species of ant which set up nests in these
hollows. Whenever a potential browser tries to eat
the leaves of the Acacia the ant emerge and defend
the tree with acidic bites. This relationship is an
example of:





Interspecific competition
Commensalisms
Parasitism
Coevolution
succession
22
 All of the following are true of climax communities
EXCEPT
They are the end point of a series of competitive exclusion
patterns
 They are composed of a majority of K-selected species
 Dominated by a few long-lived plant communities
 Are considered mid-successional
 Remain in a relative balance unless there is a disturbance

23
 Competitive exclusion principle states that two
species cannot occupy the exact same niche. If one
species dominates, the other must:
I
Migrate to a new area
 II Modify its niche
 III Suffer population declines and possible extinction
II only
 III only
 I and II only
 I and III only
 I, II, and III

24
 A prey species which is not poisonous but borrows
a display which signifies that it is dangerous is
using the strategy of
Chemical warfare
 Stalking mimicry
 Cross coloration
 All of the above

25
 When lions and leopards live in the same area,
lions take mostly larger animals as prey and
leopards take smaller ones to avoid direct
competition. This is referred to as
Resource partitioning
 Symbiosis
 Commensalism
 Mutualism
 Predator-prey competition

26
 How does a predator play a beneficial role in the
evolution of its prey?
I
Predators teach prey to flee
 II Predators remove the sick, weak, and least fit individuals
 III Predators remove the dominant competitors
I only
 I and II only
 I and III only
 I, II, and III

27
 Which of these is NOT a method that predators use
to increase their chances of capturing prey?





Pursuit
Warning coloration
Chemical warfare
Ambush
Camouflage
28
 Which population distribution type would provide
the most protection from predators?
Uniform
 Exponential
 Random
 Logistic
 Clumped

29
 How do parasites differ from conventional
predators?
I Parasites are usually much smaller than their hosts
 II Parasites often live on or in their host for long periods of time
 IIII Parasites rarely kill their hosts

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

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I only
II only
I and II only
I and III only
I, II, and III
30
 The gradual establishment of biotic communities
in lifeless areas (such as a parking lot) where there
is no soil is
Degradative succession
 Primary succession
 Secondary succession
 Random succession
 Cyclical succession

31
 A tropical rainforest which has been cut down to make
way for a farm is abandoned 10 years later because the
soil has lost its productivity. However, the area does
not experience the re-growth of trees. Which of the
following explain the lack of secondary succession in
the area?





Rainforests are not resilient
Lack of transpiring plants has reduced the rainfall to below
range of tolerance
The ecosystem has reached a tipping point
The limiting factor of nutrients is too low
All of the above
32
 Population change can be determined by which of
the following equations?
Population change = (births + deaths) – (immigration +
emigration)
 Population change = (births + immigration) – (deaths +
emigration)
 Population change = (births + deaths) + (immigration +
emigration)
 Population change = (births – immigration) + (deaths –
emigration)

33
 The resilience of a community is defined as
 The ability of the community to repair damage after a
moderate disturbance
 The ability of a community to resist being disturbed
 The ability of a community to keep its population size
limited by its resources
 The ability of a community to tolerate exponential
population growth
 The ability of a community to alter its successional
processes
34
 In temperate climates insect populations grow
rapidly during the spring and summer and then
crash during winter. This pattern in population size
is referred to as





Stable
Cyclic
Uniform
Irregular
irruptive
35
 Some species have evolved a reproductive strategy in
which the population increases at an intrinsic rate.
Which of the following are characteristics of these rstrategists?
Have many reproductive events per life cycle
 Reproduce at a later age
 Have many offspring each time they reproduce






I only
II only
I and II only
I and III only
I, II, and III
36
 A population exhibiting ____ yield a J-shaped curve
when plotting number of individuals against time.





Logistic
Exponential
Biotic
Intrinsic
None of these
37
 How have humans increased the Earth’s carrying
capacity for our species?
We have utilized emigration
 We have developed adaptive traits that reduce
environmental resistance
 We have increased food production
 We have quickly degraded our natural capital
 None of the above

38
 Abiotic factors such as soil pH will affect a
population regardless of its overall size. These
factors are referred to as:
Density dependent
 Density independent
 Reproductive dependent
 Uniformly distributed
 Randomly distributed

39
 A population that is dominated by pre-
reproductive individuals is likely to
Decrease in population size
 Remain stable in population size
 Decrease in post-reproductive ages
 Increase in population size
 Decrease in reproductive ages

40
 Density-dependent population control occurs
when
Factors that limit population growth have a greater effect
as a population’s numbers increase
 Higher population densities help sexually reproducing
individuals find mates
 Population density is independent of population growth
 Excess individuals switch to a new resource and avoid a
population crash
 Environmental resistance does not occur at any
population density

41
 The whooping crane population, which once
numbered only 14 individuals has rebounded
through intense captive breeding programs.
However, genetic variability is greatly limited
because of
The Founder effect
 Mass extinctions
 Ecological succession
 Demographic bottleneck
 Reproductive isolation

42
 The study of how and why populations change in
their distribution, numbers, age structure, and
density in response to their environment is
Community ecology
 Species ecology
 Population dynamics
 Ecosystem dynamics
 Dispersion dynamics
