The Science of Life
Mrs. Armstrong
Biology I
Chapter 1
The Science of Life
Table of Contents
Section 1 The World of Biology
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Section 4 Tools and Techniques
Chapter 1
Section 1 The World of Biology
Objectives
• Relate the relevance of biology to a person’s daily life.
• Describe the importance of biology in human society.
• List the characteristics of living things.
• Summarize the hierarchy of organization within complex
multicellular organisms.
• Distinguish between homeostasis & metabolism and between
growth, development, & reproduction.
Chapter 1
Section 1 The World of Biology
Biology and You
• Biology and Society
Biology
– the study of life
– can be used to both
1. solve societal problems
2. explain aspects of our daily lives.
Section 1 The World of Biology
Chapter 1
Biology
Natural
Science
Biological
Science
Science of living
things
Zoology
Botany
Physical Science
Science of
matter & energy
Many
other
branches
Ecology
Physics
Forces &
Energy
Earth Science
Science of Earth
Many
other
branches
Chemistry
Matter & its
changes
Geology
Meteorology
Chapter 1
Section 1 The World of Biology
Characteristics of Life
• Living things share the same 7
characteristics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
organization & cells
response to stimuli
Homeostasis
Metabolism
growth and development
Reproduction
evolution.
Chapter 1
Section 1 The World of Biology
The Seven Properties of Life
1. Cellular organization
2. Reproduction
3. Metabolism
4. Homeostasis
5. Heredity
6. Responsiveness
7. Growth and development
Chapter 1
Section 1 The World of Biology
Characteristics of Life,
continued
1. Organization and Cells
– Organization
• the high degree of order within an organism’s
internal & external parts and in its interactions with
the living world.
– A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that
can perform all life’s processes.
– Multicellular organisms are made up of many
cells
• show a hierarchy of organization going from the
organism to the atom.
Chapter 1
Section 1 The World of Biology
Characteristics of Life,
continued
2. Response to Stimuli
– Another characteristic of life is that an
organism can respond to a stimulus
– a physical or chemical change in the
internal or external environment.
Chapter 1
Section 1 The World of Biology
Characteristics of Life,
continued
3. Homeostasis
– All living things have mechanisms that allow
them to maintain stable internal conditions.
–
Homeostasis
– the maintenance of a stable level of
internal conditions even though
environmental conditions are constantly
changing.
Chapter 1
Section 1 The World of Biology
Characteristics of Life,
continued
4. Metabolism
– Metabolism
– the sum of all the chemical reactions that
take in & transform energy and materials
from the environment.
Chapter 1
Section 1 The World of Biology
Characteristics of Life,
continued
5. Growth and Development
– The growth of living things results from the
division and enlargement of cells.
– Development
– the process by which an organism becomes
a mature adult.
Chapter 1
Section 1 The World of Biology
Characteristics of Life,
continued
6. Reproduction
– Living organisms pass on hereditary genetic
information from parents to offspring, also
called heredity.
Chapter 1
Section 1 The World of Biology
Heredity
Chapter 1
Section 1 The World of Biology
7. Change Through Time
– Populations of living organisms evolve or
change through time.
Chapter 1
Section 1 The World of Biology
Characteristics of Life,
Evolution
continued
Chapter 1
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Objectives
• Identify three important themes that help explain
the living world.
• Explain how life can be diverse, yet unified.
• Describe how living organisms are interdependent.
• Summarize why evolution is an important theme in
biology.
Chapter 1
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Diversity and Unity of Life
• Unity in the Diversity of Life
– Life is diverse, or full of variety.
– Life is also characterized by unity, or features
that all living things have in common.
– The tree of life shows that all living things have
descended with modification from a single
common ancestor.
– Yet, there are many different lineages, or
branches, representing different species.
Chapter 1
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Phylogenetic Diagram of Living Organisms
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Chapter 1
Diversity and Unity of Life,
• Three Domains of Life
– The 3 domains of life are
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya.
– The 6 kingdoms include
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Archaea
Bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia.
continued
Chapter 1
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Interdependence of Organisms
• Organisms
– live in interdependent communities
– interact with both organisms and the
environment.
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Chapter 1
Evolution of Life
• Evolution
– descent with modification
– the process in which the inherited
characteristics within populations change
over generations.
• Evolution helps to explain how species
– came to exist
– have changed over time
– adapt to their environment.
Chapter 1
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Evolution of Life,
continued
• Natural Selection
– Natural selection
– a process by which organisms that have
certain favorable traits are better able to
survive and reproduce successfully than
organisms that lack these traits.
– can lead to the evolution of populations.
Chapter 1
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Natural Selection
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Objectives
• Outline the main steps in the scientific method.
• Summarize how observations are used to form
hypotheses.
• List the elements of a controlled experiment.
• Describe how scientists use data to draw conclusions.
• Compare a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory.
• State how communication in science helps prevent
dishonesty and bias.
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Science as a Process
• Steps of the Scientific Method
– The scientific method involves making
observations, asking questions, forming
hypotheses, making predictions, designing
experiments, analyzing data, and drawing
conclusions.
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Scientific Processes
• Collecting
observations
• Asking questions
• Forming hypotheses
and making predictions
• Confirming predictions
(with experiments
when needed)
• Drawing conclusions
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Scientific Method
Ask a
Question
Form a
Hypothesis
Make
Observations
Analyze
the
Results
Test the
Hypothesis
Draw
Conclusions
Do they support
your hypothesis?
Yes
Communicate
Results
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Observing and Asking Questions
• The process of science begins with an
observation.
• An observation is the act of
perceiving a natural occurrence that
causes someone to pose a question.
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Forming a Hypothesis
• A hypothesis is a proposed
explanation for the way a particular
aspect of the natural world functions.
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Forming a Hypothesis,
continued
• Predicting
– To test a hypothesis, scientists make a
prediction that logically follows from the
hypothesis.
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Designing an Experiment
• Performing the Experiment
– A controlled experiment compares an
experimental group and a control group
and only has one variable.
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Controlled Experiment and Variable
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Designing an Experiment, continued
• Performing the Experiment
– The control group provides a normal standard
against which the biologist can compare results of
the experimental group.
– The experimental group is identical to the control
group except for one factor.
– The experimenter manipulates the independent
variable.
– The experimenter measures the dependent variable
because it is affected by the independent variable.
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Independent and Dependent Variables
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Designing an Experiment, continued
• Testing the Experiment
– Experiments should be conducted without
bias and they should be repeated.
• Collecting, Analyzing and Comparing Data
– Scientists analyze data to draw conclusions
about the experiment performed.
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Drawing Conclusions
• Making Inferences
– An inference is a conclusion made on the
basis of facts and previous knowledge rather
than on direct observations.
• Applying Results and Building Models
– Scientists often apply their findings about
the natural world to solve practical problems.
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Constructing a Theory
• A theory is a set of related hypotheses
confirmed to be true many times, and it can
explain a great amount of data.
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Communicating Ideas
• Publishing a Paper
– Scientists submit research papers to
scientific journals for publication.
– In peer review, the editors of a journal will
send submitted papers out to experts in the
field who anonymously read and critique the
paper.
Chapter 1
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Honesty and Bias
• Communication between scientists about their
methods and results helps prevent dishonesty
and bias in science.
• Conflict of Interest
– The threat of a potential scandal based on
misleading data or conclusions is a powerful
force in science that helps keep scientists
honest and fair.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools and Techniques
Objectives
• List the function of each of the major parts of
a compound microscope.
• Compare two kinds of electron microscopes.
• Describe the importance of having the SI
system of measurement.
• State some examples of good laboratory
practice.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools and Techniques
Microscopes as Tools
• Light Microscopes
– A compound light microscope is a
microscope that shines light through a
specimen and has two lenses to magnify
an image.
– Four major parts of a compound light
microscope are
1.
2.
3.
4.
the ocular lens
objective lens
stage
light source.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tool and Techniques
Microscopes as Tools
• Light Microscopes
– The eyepiece magnifies the image.
– The objective lens enlarges the
specimen.
– The stage is a platform that supports
slides with specimens.
– The light source is a light bulb that
provides light for viewing images.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools and Techniques
Microscopes as Tools, continued
• Magnification and Resolution
– Magnification is the increase of an
object’s apparent size.
– Resolution is the power to show details
clearly in an image.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools and Techniques
Object Size and Magnifying
Power of Microscopes
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools and Techniques
Microscopes as Tools, continued
• Electron Microscopes
– In an electron microscope, a beam of
electrons produces an enlarged image of the
specimen.
– Electron microscopes provide greater
magnification and resolution than light
microscopes.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools and Techniques
Microscopes as Tools, continued
• Electron Microscopes
– Scanning electron microscopes pass a beam of
electrons over the specimen’s surface for
better viewing the external surface of a
specimen.
– Transmission electron microscopes transmit a
beam of electrons through a thinly sliced
specimen for better viewing the internal
structures of a specimen.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools and Techniques
Units of Measurement
• Base and Other Units
– Scientists use a single, standard system of
measurement, called the metric system. The
official name of the metric system is Système
International d’Unités or SI.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools and Techniques
Units of Measurement
• Base and Other Units
– The metric system has seven base units.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools and Techniques
Safety
• Good Laboratory Practice
– Lab safety involves safe and common-sense
habits such as never working alone in a lab or
without proper supervision by the teacher.
Chapter 1
Chapter Test Review
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following does evolution
help explain?
A. how organisms reproduce
B. how organisms grow and develop
C. how organisms are related to each
other
D. how organisms obtain and
metabolize energy
Chapter 1
Chapter Test Review
Multiple Choice,
continued
2. Which of the following is the
hereditary material in most living
things?
F. DNA
G. lipids
H. oxygen
J. carbon dioxide
Chapter 1
Chapter Test Review
Multiple Choice,
continued
3. Which of the following does the
hierarchy of organization within an
organism describe?
A. metabolism
B. homeostasis
C. internal structures
D. relationship to the physical
environment
Chapter 1
Chapter Test Review
Multiple Choice, continued
4. To which of the following does the
resolution of a microscope refer?
F. its ability to show detail clearly
G. its power to scan the surface of an
object
H. its series of interchangeable
objective lenses
J. its power to increase an object’s
apparent size
Chapter 1
Chapter Test Review
Multiple Choice,
The graph below shows
the distance it takes an
owl to strike a mouse
under different
conditions. Use the graph
to answer the question
that follows.
continued
5. An owl strikes a
mouse more closely
and on target in
which of the
following rooms?
A. dark room
B. light room
C. heated room
D. dark and lighted
rooms
Chapter 1
Chapter Test Review
Multiple Choice, continued
6. compound light microscope : light ::
TEM :
F. tissues
G. electrons
H. organelles
J. organ systems
Chapter 1
Chapter Test Review
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below
shows a newspaper
clipping. Use the
figure to answer the
question that follows.
7. Which of the following
terms most accurately
reflects the use of the
term theory in the
newspaper headline?
A. law
B. fact
C. hypothesis
D. experiment
Chapter 1
Chapter Test Review
Short Response
Dolly was cloned from mammary cells
from an adult female sheep. She was an
exact genetic copy of her mother.
Explain whether Dolly represents a
product of sexual reproduction or
asexual reproduction.
Answer: Dolly is a product of asexual
reproduction because she is the
offspring of only one individual and a
clone of that individual’s DNA.
Chapter 1
Chapter Test Review
Extended Response
Life is so diverse, yet it is characterized by a
unity. The tree of life can relate life’s unity
and diversity.
Part A Describe the relationship between
animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and
archaea in the “tree of life.”
Part B Explain how the “tree of life”
represents and
relates both the unity and diversity of life.
Chapter 1
Chapter Test Review
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A Animals, plants, fungi, and protists
are members of the domain Eukarya.
Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea are the
three domains thought to have
descended with modification from a
single common ancestor.
Part B The living things on the tree are
unified by sharing a common ancestor
and having DNA with the same chemical
makeup. But, no two species have
exactly the same genetic makeup, which
allows for a diverse array of organisms on
Earth.
Chapter 1
Section 4 Tool and Techniques
Units of Measurement