 All
of Earth’s
energy comes
from the Sun.
Living organisms need energy
for growth and movement.

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed
it can only be converted from one form to
another.

All forms of energy can be converted into
other forms.
◦ The sun’s energy through solar cells can be
converted directly into electricity.
◦ Green plants convert the sun’s energy
(electromagnetic) into starches and sugars
(chemical energy).
 Process
where plants make
their own food.
6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2
Photosynthesis is a chemical
reaction that happens in the
leaf.
sunlight
What are the reactants?
carbon dioxide
Where do they
come from?
REACTANT
FROM AIR
What are the
products of the
reaction?
What happens to
the products?
TO AIR OR
USED FOR
RESPIRATION
PRODUCT
oxygen
photosynthesis
glucose
PRODUCT
USED BY PLANT
water
REACTANT
FROM SOIL
‘synthesis’ = BUILD
‘photo’ = LIGHT
Photosynthesis means building with Light
carbon dioxide + water
CO2
H2O
chlorophyll
glucose
oxygen
+
C6H12O6
O2
 Green plants can make their own food from ……..… and ………..…
 using energy in the form of ………………….
 which is absorbed by chlorophyll in the ………………...
 The end products of photosynthesis are ………. and ………….

What is photosynthesis?

Where does photosynthesis take place

What is the formula for photosynthesis


All living things
need energy
Energy in the form
of…
 Food=chemica

l energy
Cell
ATP
energy=
ATP


The process of converting food energy into ATP
energy
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP
 Takes
place in the
mitochondria
Angiosperms (Flowering
plants)
 Gymnosperms (Cone bearing
plants)
 Ferns
 Mosses

The branch of biology that
concerns interactions
between organisms and their
environments or habitats
Levels of Biological Organization
Biomolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Within the
purview of
ecology
Communities of organisms that interact with
one another and with their physical
environment, including sunlight, rainfall,
and soil nutrients.
These region are called biomes. Some
of these areas would be prairies,
tropical rainforests, and deserts.




Occupy large regions
Plants & animals
Have specific climate with similar plants and
animals
Species composition is not the same in
different areas






Tundra
Taiga
Grasslands
Deserts
Deciduous Forests
Tropical Rainforests
Biotic Factors
Biotic factors are living factors. Anything
living OR THAT WAS ONCE LIVING is
considered a biotic factor.
include plants, animals, fungi,
microorganisms
Abiotic Factors
Abiotic, meaning not alive, are nonliving
factors that affect living organisms.
include air, water, soil, temperature, wind,
source of energy (usually sun)


We can think about the
interactions and types of living
things by organizing them into
groups, smallest to largest.
A species includes only one type
of organism.
◦ Example: pigeon

A population includes all
members of one species that live
in the same area.
◦ Example: all the pigeons in Brockton

A community includes all of the different
species that live in the same area.
◦ Example: all the pigeons, ants, maple trees, dogs, etc.
that live in Brockton

An ecosystem includes both the community
and the abiotic factors.
◦ Example: the Brockton community plus the cars,
buildings, rocks, air…
ecosystem
species
population
community

Here are some important
terms that will help you
describe interactions in a
food web.
1. Producer (autotroph)
◦ can make its own food
◦ forms the base of the food
web
A producer is an
organism that
uses an outside
energy source
like the Sun to
make energyrich molecules.

A consumer is an
organism that
cannot make their
own energy-rich
molecules.
Consumers
obtain energy by
eating other
organisms.
Wolves can’t
make their own
food. They are
consumers.
The Cape Buffalo can’t
make its own food. It
is a consumer.
2. Consumer (heterotroph)
◦ cannot make its own food
There are several words that describe consumers…
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Prey: the hunted
Predator: the hunter
Herbivore: eats plants
Carnivore: eats animals
Omnivore: eats both plants and animals
There are 4 general types
of consumers:
 Herbivores
 Carnivores
 Omnivores
 Decomposers
Herbivores – Plant eaters
 Deer
 Rabbits
 Grasshoppers
Zebras eat grass.
They are
herbivores.
Cows are
herbivores.
Carnivores – Meat Eaters – Eat
other animals
 Frogs
 Spiders
 Cougars
Not all carnivores
have razor sharp
teeth.
Lions definitely eat meat!
Omnivores – Eat both plants
and animals
 Bears
 Pigs
 Humans
Raccoons are
omnivores. They
eat both plants and
animals.
While the panda’s
digestive system is
that of a carnivore,
their diet consists
of 99% bamboo.
Mushrooms and
other fungi breakdown dead decaying
matter.


All organisms need FOOD to survive!
Food webs show what eats what.
A food chain is a
simple model of
the feeding
relationship in an
ecosystem.
An energy pyramid from the Andrews
1 Kcal
10 Kcal
100 Kcal
1000 Kcal
10,000 Kcal
3rd level
consumers
mostly carnivores &
some omnivores
2nd level consumer
carnivores & omnivores
1st level
consumer
herbivores
Producers:
green plants make their
own energy from sunlight
1 Kcal
10 Kcal
100 Kcal
1000 Kcal
10,000 Kcal
When an owl eats a flying
squirrel it uses about 90%
0.01%
of the calories to live—
0.1%
move, digest, produce body
heat, reproduce and
escape from predators.
1%
When a frog eats a cricket
or a cricket eats a plant, they
use 90% of those calories
to move, digest, produce
body heat, reproduce and
escape from predators.
10%
100%
You might think that competition for
resources would make it impossible for
so many species to live in the same
habitat. However, each species has
different requirements for its survival.
As a result, each species has its own
niche. An organism’s niche is its role in
its environment – how it obtains food
and shelter, finds a mate, cares for its
young, and avoids danger.
An organism’s niche
includes how it avoids
being eaten and how it
finds or captures its
food. Predators are
consumers that capture
and eat other
consumers. The prey is
the organism that is
captured by the
predator.
Predator
Prey
What is Symbiosis?
I.) Symbiosis – 2 or more species live
together in a close, long-term
association.
MUTULISM
COMMENSALISM
PARASITISM
Mutualism

1.) Mutualism – both organisms benefit
 Ex. Shark & remora / herd animals &
birds. Attaches to sides of other fish and
turtles and eats food they drop.
Commensalism

2.) Commensalism – one organism benefits and the
other is neither harmed nor helped.
◦ Ex. Sea anemone & tropical fish
Parasitism

3.) Parasitism – one organism feeds on & usually
lives on or in another organism.
◦ Ex. Ticks, mosquitoes, tapeworm,
heartworm,
 +, -
• Wrote the book “The Origin of
Species”
• Research was conducted on the
Galapagos Islands where he studied
finches.
Darwin’s voyage aboard HMS Beagle.
• 1831-1836 trip around the world.
• Set out to document the “hand of God” in nature.
• Collected countless specimens and kept detailed notes.
Finches of
the
Galapagos
Islands
Natural
selection rests on three indisputable facts:
◦ • Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
◦ • Individuals vary in their characteristics.
◦ • Many characteristics are inherited by offspring from
their parents.


All living things have certain
adaptations to survive. If
they didn’t, they would die
and become extinct
eventually.
Here are some of the
different kinds of animal
adaptation:
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Migration
Hibernation
Camouflage
Mimicry
Metamorphosis
Unique Defenses
Special Adaptations
Camouflage is a Physical adaptation
Camouflage (use of color in a surrounding)
The chameleon can change its color to match its
surroundings. Can you do that?

Mimicry allows one
animal to look, sound,
or act like another
animal to fool
predators into thinking
it is poisonous or
dangerous.
Unique Defenses are
Physical Adaptation
Chemical defenses (like venom, ink,
sprays)




Evaporation – process by which water
changes from a liquid into an atmospheric
gas
Transpiration – loss pf water from a plant
through its leaves
Condensation – process by which water
changes from an atmospheric gas into a
liquid
Precipitation - rain, sleet, hail, snow and
other forms of water falling from the sky

Respiration
◦ CO2 is given off
◦ O2 is used
◦ Glucose (containing carbon) is used

Photosynthesis
◦ CO2 is used
◦ O2 is given off
◦ Glucose (containing carbon) is produced



Consumers eat plants → use glucose or sugars
(containing carbon) in respiration, which starts
again
Consumers die → decomposers give off CO2
Consumers die → heat, pressure, time →
become fossil fuel (coal, oil and natural gas)

N2 in air (80% of the atmosphere) animals
cannot use
◦ Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert N2 → NH3
(ammonia) → converted to nitrates/nitrites →plants
use to grow → LEGUMES (beans, alfalfa) nodules
contain bacteria that can take atmospheric N2 and
convert it to usable nitrogen
extrinsic
& abiotic
◦weather
◦drought
◦volcanoes
◦floods
◦landslides
tend
to be biotic & intrinsic
resource competition
intraspecific (within species)
◦when resources become limiting,
intensity of competition increases
◦quick, healthy, and strong individuals
will prevail
◦territoriality can control access to
resources
interspecific (between species)
competition ( -, -)
predator-prey
mutualism (+,+)
commensalism (+, 0)
parasitism (+,-)
 According
to the 6
Kingdom system of
classification.
 Animalia
 Plantae
 Fungi
 Protista
 Eubacteria
 Archaebacteria

Type of Cell prokaryotic/eukaryotic

# of Cells - unicellular/multicellular

Feeding - autotrophic/heterotrophic-
What is a
Eukaryotic Cell
No Nucleus
Nucleus
What is
Multicellular?
Only one cell
More than one
cell
What is a
Heterotroph?
Make their own food
Do NOT make their
own food
What is Classification?
•Grouping of objects or information
based on similarities.
•In Biology this is called Taxonomy.
What is Taxonomy?
The branch of biology
concerned with the grouping
and naming of organisms
Who is Linnaeus?
•Father of modern taxonomy
•Developed the method of classification
that is used today.
•Classified organisms based on physical
characteristics
•Created the 7 taxonomic categories:
What is Linnaeus’s System
of Classification
 King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti
 Taxon – each level within a naming system.
 Kingdom
 Phyllum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species
•Binomial
nomenclature used
•Genus
•Latin
Turdus migratorius
species
or Greek
•Italicized in print
•Capitalize genus, but
NOT species
•Underline when
writing
American Robin
83
84
•
•
•
Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category
into which related organisms are
placed
There is a hierarchy of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most
specific
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, species

85

King

Phillip

Came

Over

For


Gooseberr
y
Soup!
86
Used to identify organisms
• Characteristics given in pairs
• Read both characteristics
and either go to another set
of characteristics OR
identify the organism
•
87
1a
Tentacles present – Go to 2
1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3
2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
2b More than 8 tentacles – 3
3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4
3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
88
Archaea live in harsh environments and may
represent the first cells to have evolved.
Sewage
treatment
plants, thermal
vents, etc.
89
Thermophiles
Yellowstone N.P. Hot
Springs
Halophiles in
Great Salt Lake,
Utah
Eubacteria, some of which
cause human diseases, are
present in almost all habitats on
earth.
Live in the
intestines
of animals
Many bacteria are important
environmentally and commercially.
91
Nostoc
(photosynthetic)
E. coli
•
•
•
•
Protista (protozoans, algae…)
Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
Plantae (multicellular plants)
Animalia (multicellular
animals)

93
Euglena
Amoeba
•Most
are
unicellular
•Some are
multicellular
•Some are
autotrophic, while
others are
heterotrophic
95
Rhizopus
Ringworm
•
•
•
Multicellular,
except yeast
Absorptive
heterotrophs
(digest food
outside their
body & then
absorb it)
Cell walls made
of chitin
97
Plants ! The green stuff!
•Multicellular
•Autotrophic
•Absorb
sunlight to
make glucose –
Photosynthesis
•Cell walls made of
cellulose
99




Have unique reproductive organs
called flowers
Flowers contain ovaries, which
surround and protect the seeds.
Enclosed seed
Ovary develops into a fruit, which
protects the seed and helps on
dispersal.
A flowering plant has both male
and female parts.
The female
part is called
the pistil.
The male part
is called the
stamen.
Named for the number of
seed leaves, or cotyledons.
 Monocots
 Dicots

Look at leaf venation
Monocots
Parallel-veined
leaves
Dicots
Net-veined leaves




1 seed leaf
Flowering parts in multiples of 3.
Parallel veins
Ex. Corn and Lily




2 seed leaves
Flowering parts in multiples of 4 or 5
Branched veins
Ex. Bean, Rose, and Maple


Reproduce with seeds that are exposed
Pollen (Example Pine Trees/Conifers)
•
•
•
Multicellular
heterotrophs
(consume food
& digest it
inside their
bodies)
Feed on plants
or animals
10
8
Red Maple
Acer rubrum
Sugar Maple
Acer saccharum
Common
Dandelion
Taraxicum
officinale
Yellow Lady's
Slipper
Cypripedium
parviflorum
White Pine
Pinus strobus
Kingdom
Plantae
Plantae
Plantae
Plantae
Plantae
Phylum
Tracheophyta
Tracheophyta
Tracheophyta
Tracheophyta
Tracheophyta
Class
Angiospermae
Angiospermae
Angiospermae
Angiospermae
Gymnospermae
Subclass
Dicotyledonae
Dicotyledonae
Dicotyledonae
Monocotyledonae
Order
Sapindales
Sapindales
Campanulales
Orchidales
Coniferales
Family
Aceraceae
Aceraceae
Compositae
Orchidaceae
Pinaceae
Genus *
Acer *
Acer *
Taraxicum *
Cypripedium *
Pinus *
Species *
A. rubrum *
A. saccharum *
T. officinale *
C. parviflorum *
P. strobus *
Categories
10
9