Flowering Plants
Chapter 25 Notes
Angiosperms
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Phylum Anthophyta
Anthus “flower” phyt “plant”
300,000+ species
Earth’s Dominant Plants
Flowering Plants
• Like gymnosperms:
– Flowering plants have vascular tissues
and produce seeds
– Heterosporous – megaspores and
microspores
• Unlike gymnosperms:
– Ovules of flowering plants are enclosed
within an ovary
KEY TERMS
• OVULE
– Structure in the ovary that contains a
female gametophyte and develops into a
seed after fertilization
• OVARY
– Base of a carpel or fused carpels that
contains ovules and develops into a fruit
after fertilization
Orange Fruit Development
The Function of Fruits
• Protects seeds as they grow and
mature
• Seed Dispersal
Flower Parts
Female Parts
The Pistil – 1+ Carpels
• Stigma - sticky
• Style – the neck
connecting stigma to
ovary
• Ovary – houses ovules
(each contains 1 egg)
Male Parts
The Stamen
• Anther – produces
pollen grains
• Filament - stalk
Ecology and Economy
• Our survival as a species depends on
flowering plants
– Major food crops
• Products
– Cork, rubber, tobacco, coffee, chocolate,
aromatic oils for perfumes
– Valuable lumber
– Fibers and medicines
– Clothing
Economic Botany
• Subdiscipline of botany that deals with
plants of economic importance
– Most of these are flowering plants
KEY TERMS
• COTYLEDON
– The seed leaf of a plant embryo, which
may contain food stored for germination
KEY TERMS
• MONOCOT
– Seeds contain a
single cotyledon
– Monocots have
floral parts in
threes
– Monocots include
grasses, orchids,
irises, onions, lilies,
palms
• Mostly Herbaceous
KEY TERMS
• EUDICOT
– Seeds contain two
cotyledons
– Eudicots have floral
parts in fours or
fives
– Eudicots include
oaks, roses,
mustards, cacti,
blueberries,
sunflowers
Life Cycle
• Flowering plants undergo an
alternation of generations:
– Sporophyte generation is larger and
nutritionally independent
– Gametophyte generation is reduced to
only a few microscopic cells
KEY TERMS
• DOUBLE FERTILIZATION
– A process in the flowering plant life cycle
in which there are two fertilizations
– One results in formation of a zygote
– Second results in formation of endosperm
KEY TERMS
• ENDOSPERM
– The 3n nutritive tissue formed at some
point in the development of all angiosperm
seeds
– Formed by double fertilization
• The two polar nuclei fuse with the second
sperm cell
Life Cycle: Flowering Plants
Pollen Grains
Adaptations of Flowering Plants
• Reproduce sexually by forming flowers
• Form seeds within fruits after double
fertilization
• Efficient water-conducting vessel
elements in xylem
• Efficient carbohydrate-conducting
sieve-tube elements in phloem
• Have pollen grains transported by
wind, water, insects, other animals
KEY TERMS
• APOMIXIS
– A type of reproduction
– Fruits and seeds are formed asexually
– No fusion of gametes
– Embryo is genetically similar to parent
– Plants that reproduce by apomixis:
dandelions, citrus trees, blackberries,
garlic, certain grasses.
Adaptability of Flowering Plants
KEY TERMS
• BASAL ANGIOSPERM
– Group of angiosperms thought to be
ancestral to all other flowering plants
• CORE ANGIOSPERM
– Group including most angiosperm species
– Divided into three subgroups: magnoliids,
monocots, and eudicots
KEY TERMS
• MAGNOLIID
– One of the groups of flowering plants
– Core angiosperms once classified as
“dicots,” but molecular evidence indicates
they are neither eudicots nor monocots
– Includes species in magnolia, laurel, and
black pepper families, several related
families
It’s Chart Time!
Woo Hoo!
Flowering Plant Families 1
• More than 300 families
• Magnolia family
– Important ornamentals and source of
timber
– Examples: southern magnolia, tuliptree
Magnolia Family
Flowering Plant Families 2
• Walnut family
– Provides nuts for food, wood for furniture
– Examples: English walnut, black walnut,
pecan
• Cactus family
– Important as ornamentals
– Examples: prickly pear, Christmas cactus
Walnut Family
Fig. 25-10b, p. 498
Fig. 25-10c, p. 498
Cactus Family
Flowering Plant Families 3
• Mustard family
– Many important food crops
– Examples: cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower,
turnip, mustard
• Rose family
– Commercially important fruits and
ornamentals
– Examples: apple, pear, plum, cherry,
apricot, peach, strawberry, raspberry, rose
Mustard Family
Mustard Family
Mustard Family
Mustard Family
Rose Family
Rose Family
Rose Family
Flowering Plant Families 4
• Pea family
– Important food crops
– Examples: garden pea, chick pea, green
bean, soybean, lima bean, peanut, red
clover, alfalfa
Pea Family
Pea Family
Pea Family
Flowering Plant Families 5
• Potato family
– Important food crops and chemicals used as
drugs
– Examples: potato, tomato, green pepper,
eggplant, petunia, deadly nightshade
(belladonna)
Potato Family
Flowering Plant Families 6
• Pumpkin family
– Food crops
– Examples: pumpkins, melons, squashes,
cucumbers, cantaloupe, honeydew,
muskmelon, cucumber, watermelon
Pumpkin Family
Pumpkin Family
Flowering Plant Families 7
• Sunflower family
– One of the largest families of flowering
plants
– Examples: chrysanthemums, marigolds,
sunflowers, daisies, and some food plants
such as lettuce, globe artichokes
Sunflower Family
Flowering Plant Families 8
• Grass family
– Most important family of flowering plants
from the human standpoint
– Examples: rice, wheat, corn, oats, barley,
rye, sugarcane, bamboo
Grass Family
Flowering Plant Families 9
• Orchid family
– One of the largest families of flowering
plants; contains a greater variety of flowers
than any other family
– Example: the vanilla orchid
• Agave family
– Best known for ornamentals
– Examples: century plant, sisal hemp,
bowstring hemp
Orchid Family