DEPARTMENT OF
PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
Mango IPM Pests, beneficials and biological
control
Deanna Chin and Haidee Brown,
Entomology, Diagnostic Services
www.nt.gov.au
Chewing Insects
• Mango tip borers
• Flower caterpillars
• Mango stem miner
• Swarming beetles
• Longicorn borer
• Mango seed weevil
• Giant termite
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Large mango tip borer
• Mature larvae: 25 mm
• Life cycle: about 35 days (larval dev 8-10 days)
• Larvae feed at night
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Flower caterpillars
• Mature larvae: up to 15 mm
• Life cycle: 3-4 weeks
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Mango stem miner
• Larval length: a few mm
• Life cycle: 3-4 weeks
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Swarming beetles
Geloptera sp.
Rhyparida sp.
• Various swarming beetles: 3-6 mm in length
Monolepta sp.
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Longicorn borer
● Mature larvae: up to 40 mm ● Adult length: 20-30 mm ● One generation per year
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Mango seed weevil
Feeding damage to fruit
• Adult length 10 mm
• 1 generation per year
• Fruit are infested when they are
30 mm in diametre
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Giant termite
• Workers and soldiers: 10-12 mm
• Life cycle: up to 1 year
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Sap feeding insects
• Mango leafhopper
• Mealybugs and fluted scales
• Mango planthopper (flatids)
• Mango scale
• Fruit spotting bug
• Pink wax scale
• Tea mosquito bug
• Graptostethus
• Dimpling bug
• Redbanded thrips
• Flower thrips (these are also pollinators)
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Mango leafhopper
• Adult: 4-5 mm in length
• Complete life cycle: 12-20 days
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Mango planthopper
• Adult length: 10-15 mm
• Complete life cycle:12-16
days
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Fruit spotting bug
• Adult: 15 mm in
length
• About 5 generations
per year
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Tea mosquito bug
• Adult length: 6-7 mm
• Life cycle: 4 weeks
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Graptostethus
• Adult length: 7-9 mm
• Life cycle period unknown
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Dimpling bug
• Adult length: 2.5 mm
• Life cycle: 2 weeks
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Redbanded thrips
• Adult length: 1.3 mm
• Life cycle: 2-3 weeks
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Scirtothrips
•Adult length: about 1 mm
•Life cycle: about 21 days
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Fluted scales and mealybugs
Fluted scales
Mealybugs
• Adult length varies according to species e.g. Fluted scales 3-8 mm
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Mango scale
• Adult length: 1-2 mm
• 5 generations per year
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Pink wax scale
• Adult length: 3-4 mm
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Fruit flies
Bactrocera tryoni
Bactrocera jarvisi
• Adult length: 910 mm
• Life cycle: about
3-4 weeks
Fruit fly larva
Sting mark on fruit
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Mango bud mite
Other eriophyid mites
are associated with
silvery-white wax on
leaves
• Adult length: 0.25 mm
• Life cycle: 6 days
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Quarantine pests
Mango seed weevil
Mango pulp weevil
• Mango pulp weevil
Larvae tunnel into pulp
Present in SE Asia
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Quarantine pests
Red banded mango caterpillar
• Larvae tunnel through flesh and skin
and feed on seed
• Detected in the Torres Strait & the tip
of Cape York
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Quarantine pests
Mango gall midge
•
Damages fruit and leaves
•
Many species
•
Present in the Torres Strait
•
Major pest in some Asian
countries
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Quarantine pests
•
•
Exotic fruit flies
Various detections over the years
Mediterranean fruit fly
Philippines fruit fly
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Native beneficial insects
•
Pollinators
•
Praying mantises
•
Ladybird beetles
•
Spiders
•
Hoverfly larvae
•
Wasp parasites
•
Lacewings
•
Insect pathogens e.g. fungal
infections, viruses and bacteria
•
Epipyropid moth
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Pollinators
Blowfly
Honey bee
Bush fly
Hover fly
Bush bee
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
General Predator
Captures and feeds
on a large range of
insects.
Praying mantis
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Spiders - General Predators
Captures and feeds
on a large range of
insects.
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Natural enemies of planthoppers
Epipyropid moth and pupa
Fungal pathogen
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Hoverfly larva
Hover fly larva feeding on mango scale
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Commercially produced beneficials
•
The following predators have been released and observed in mango
orchards in the NT:
•
Mealybug ladybird, Cryptolaemus montrouzeri
-
this species is also native to the NT. The beetle can become well
established (if orchard is suitable) and is effective in controlling
mealybugs.
Cryptolaemus adults
Cryptolaemus adult and larva
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Commercially produced beneficials
Green lacewing larvae, Mallada signata
•
general predator, feeds on small insects or eggs e.g. scales,
mealybugs, moth eggs and caterpillars. May be difficult to monitor
after release. Check leaves for eggs on stalks.
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Commercially produced beneficials
Available from the supplier: Bugs for Bugs
www.bugsforbugs.com.au
Before releasing predators: Determine if your orchard has
suitable habitats for the predators to establish e.g. does it
have shade and access to water. Orchards 5 years or older
are generally more suitable than younger orchards. Also the
rate of release needs to be discussed with the supplier.
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au
Ants
Are they pests or beneficials?
DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
www.nt.gov.au