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Products
Camillo FRANCO
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
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Summary
1. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
2. Green labels
2.1 Mandatory and voluntary labels (type I)
2.2 Environmental product declaration (EPD) (type
III declarations)
3. Green Public Procurement (GPP)
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1 – LCA: what is it?
• Energy consumption, raw materials inputs,
emissions, etc of a specific product are
analyzed, measured and quantified over the
product’s life cycle from “cradle to grave”.
• A scientific approach is requested to define
boundaries and rules (e.g. cut-off) for the study
and for the assessments.
• A lot of data and information are required:
product-specific and from the market
• Dedicated softwares and databanks are available
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1 – LCA: what is it?
Energy
Product Material
Inputs (including
reuse & recycle from
another stage)
Reuse/Recycle
Process Materials, Reagents,
Solvents & Catalysts (including
reuse & recycle from another stage)
Reuse/Recycle
Single Stage or Unit
Operation
Fugitive &
Untreated
Waste
Primary Product
Useful Co-product
Waste
Example of a LCA schema (US-EPA, 1992)
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1 – LCA: what is it?
LCA consists of four main activities:
1.
Goal definition (ISO 14040)
Objectives and scope of the LCA study are
defined
2.
Inventory Analysis (ISO 14044)
Mass and energy balances
3.
Impact Assessment (ISO 14044)
Emissions and consumptions are translated
into environmental effects
4.
Improvement Assessment/Interpretation
(ISO 14044)
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1 – LCA: why?
SME’s objectives that can be identified for a LCA:
• To support public policies
• To inform public and clients about environmental
performances of our products
• To address a correct USE of the product
• To identify environmental impacts of different steps of the
product life; address the product design for new or
improved products
• To compare two or more different products with the same
functions
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1 – LCA: legal and normative
references
• ISO 14040:06: Environmental management Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework
• 14044:06: Environmental management - Life
cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines
o contribute to the improvement of
environmental performances of SMEs in Europe
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1 – LCA: how much is it?
• Qualified consultancy is required to carry out the
LCA study: 5.000 – 20.000 Euro + VAT,
depending on the LCA objectives, boundaries,
scope and from the capability of the client to
support the consultant with data and
information
• Consultancy may also be useful to communicate
LCA results: it depends on what the client ask
for (editing, communication strategy, prints,
etc.)
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1 – LCA: who is interested in?
• SMEs interested in “greening” their products or
services
• SMEs wishing to compare environmental
performances of different products (their own
products or not)
• SMEs wishing to communicate their
environmental policies and results
• SMEs having to comply with tenders
requirements
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2 – Green labels – normative references
• ISO 14020 - Environmental labels and
declarations - General principles
• ISO 14021 - Self Declared Environmental Claims,
1999 (Type II labels / declarations)
• ISO 14024 - Type I Environmental Labelling –
Principles and Procedures, 1999
• ISO 14025 - Environmental labels and
declarations - Type III environmental
declarations - Principles and procedures
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2 – Green labels – why?
• Green Labels and Declarations (L§D) may be
useful:
• To exchange reliable information about
environmental performances of products
• To support the growth of the green market in the
EU
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2 – Green labels – general principles
• L§D shall be reliable and verifiable; based on
scientifically correct approach and studies
• L§D shall not create trading barriers
• Procedures, methodologies, criteria shall be public
• All life cycle aspects shall be considered
• Interested parties shall be involved
• Innovation shall be supported
• Administrative procedures for L§D awarding shall
be restricted to a technical assessment of the
compliance with awarding criteria
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2.1 – Green Labels / Type I Environmental
Labelling: what is it?
• Labels to be applied on products or on
packaging to declare environmental
performances or specific characteristics of the
product
• Verified by a third party
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2.1 – Green Labels: what is it?
• Mandatory labelling
• EU Energy Labelling
• Voluntary labelling
• EU Ecolabel
• EU Energy Star programme
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Energy Labelling
2.1 – Energy Labels: what is it?
Is a way to show energy efficiency in
household appliances, helping the consumer
to choose more efficient equipment and save
money
The label also shows other information
related to the use of energy or other
resources: e.g. water consumption
Energy labels are mandatory for all
appliances placed on the EU market and
should always be clearly displayed on each
appliance at the point of sale
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2.1 – Energy Labels: legal and normative references
Directive 2010/30/EU of 19 May 2010 on the indication by labelling
and standard product information of the consumption of energy and
other resources by energy-related products
The Directive covers any good having an impact on energy
consumption during use. These products do not consume energy but
"have a significant direct or indirect impact" on energy savings.
Examples are window glazing and outer doors.
The Energy Labelling Directive is what is known as a 'framework
directive‘; it does not specify any limit or performance levels. It
provides a legislative framework into which other directives can define
performance levels
On September 28th 2010 the Commisssion has proposed the
Regulations for TV’s, refrigerators, dishwashers and washing
machines.
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supplier’s name
or trade mark
Label
Information
model identifier
energy efficiency
class
Example for
washing
machines
weighted annual water
consumption
(litres per year)
rated capacity (kg)
spin-drying efficiency class
weighted annual
energy
consumption
(kWh per year)
airborne acoustical
noise emissions,
during the washing
and spinning phases
(in dB )
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Refrigerators and freezers
For the calculation of the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) of a household refrigerating
appliance model, the annual energy consumption of the household refrigerating
appliance is compared to its standard annual energy consumption.
The standard annual energy consumption takes into consideration the equivalent
volume of the household refrigerating appliance, the presence of a chill
compartment and other values depending on the appliance category ( for example:
0, 1, 2, 3 star compartments)
A+++
A++
A+
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
EEI<22
22  EEI
< 33
33  EEI
< 44
44 EEI
<55
55 EEI <75
75 EEI
<95
95 EEI
<110
110 EEI
<125
125 EEI <150
EEI 150
This is the scheme proposed by the Commission to apply until 30 June 2014
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Label
proposed for
household
refrigerating
appliances
classified in
energy
efficiency
classes A+++
to C
label for
proposed
household
refrigerating
appliances
classified in
energy
efficiency
classes D to
G
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Washing machines
For the calculation of the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) of a household washing machine
model, the weighted annual energy consumption of a household washing machine for
the standard 60°C cotton programme at full and partial load and for the standard 40°C
cotton programme at partial load is compared to its standard annual energy
consumption.
The annual energy consumption takes into consideration the weighted energy
consumption, the weighted power in ‘off-mode’, weighted power in the ‘left-on mode’,
weighted programme time and the total number of standard washing cycles per year.
“off-mode” means a condition where the household washing machine is switched off using appliance controls
or switches accessible to and intended for operation by the end-user during normal use to attain the lowest
power consumption that may persist for an indefinite time while the household washing machine is connected to
a power source and used in accordance with the supplier’s instructions; where there is no control or switch
accessible to the end-user, ‘off-mode’ means the condition reached after the household washing machine
reverts to a steady-state power consumption onits own;
“left-on mode” means the lowest power consumption mode that may persist for an indefinite time after
completion of the programme without any further intervention by the end-user besides unloading of the
household washing machine;
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Washing machines
A+++
A++
A+
A
B
C
D
EEI
<46
46 
EEI <
52
52 
EEI <
59
59
EEI
<68
68 EEI
<77
77 EEI
<87
EEI 87
This is the scheme
proposed by the
Commission to apply until
30 June 2014
label
proposed
for
household
washing
machines
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Dishwashers
For the calculation of the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) of a
household dishwasher model, the annual energy consumption of the
household dishwasher is compared to its standard annual energy
consumption.
The annual energy consumption takes into consideration the energy
consumption for the standard cycle, the power in ‘off-mode’ for the
standard cleaning cycle, the power in the ‘left-on mode’ for the
standard cleaning cycle, the programme time for the standard
cleaning cycle and the total number of standard cleaning cycles per
year.
“cycle” means a complete cleaning, rinsing, and drying process, as
defined for the selected programme.
“programme” means a series of operations that are pre-defined and
are declared as suitable by the supplier for specified levels of soil or
type of load, or both, and together form a complete cycle
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Dishwashers
A+++
A++
A+
A
B
C
D
EEI<50
50 
EEI <
56
56 
EEI <
63
63 EEI
<71
71 EEI
<80
80 EEI
<90
EEI 90
This is the scheme
proposed by the
Commission to
apply until 30 June
2014
label
proposed for
household
dishwashers
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Televisions
The Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) is defined as in Commission Regulation
(EC) No 642/2009, and mainly depends on the measured on-mode power
consumption of a television and its screen area.
A+++
A++
A+
A
B
C
D
E
F
F
EEI<0,10
0,10 
EEI
<
0,16
0,16 
EEI <
0,23
0,23
EEI
<0,30
0,30
EEI
<0,42
0,42
EEI
<0,60
0,60
EEI
<0,80
0,80
EEI
<0,90
0,90
EEI
<1,00
EEI
1,00
This is the scheme proposed by the Commission
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Televisions
Label proposed for
televisions classified in
energy efficiency classes
A, B, C, D, E, F, G
Label proposed for
televisions classified in
energy efficiency classes
A+
Label proposed for
televisions classified in
energy efficiency classes
A++
Label proposed for
televisions classified in
energy efficiency classes
A+++
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Energy Labelling
Commisssion’s proposed Regulations for TV’s, refrigerators, dishwashers and washing machines.
Directives and regulations summary
•
Directive 2010/30/EU of 19 May 2010 on the indication by labelling and standard product information of
the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related products
Implementing rules
•
Commission Directive 2003/66/EC of 3 July 2003 amending Directive 94/2/EC implementing Council Directive
92/75/EEC with regard to energy labelling of household electric refrigerators, freezers and their combinations
•
Commission Directive 2002/40/EC of 8 May 2002 implementing Council Directive 92/75/EEC with regard to
energy labelling of household electric ovens
•
Commission Directive 2002/31/EC of 22 March 2002 implementing Council Directive 92/75/EEC with regard to
energy labelling of household air-conditioners
•
Commission Directive 1999/9/EC of 26 February 1999 amending Directive 97/17/EC implementing Council
Directive 92/75/EEC with regard to energy labelling of household dishwashers
•
Commission Directive 98/11/EC of 27 January 1998 implementing Council Directive 92/75/EEC with regard to
energy labelling of household lamps
•
Commission Directive 96/89/EC of 17 December 1996 amending Directive 95/12/EC implementing Council
Directive 92/75/EEC with regard to energy labelling of household washing machines Commission Directive
96/60/EC of 19 September 1996 implementing Council Directive 92/75/EEC with regard to energy labelling of
household combined washer-driers
•
Commission Directive 95/13/EC of 23 May 1995 implementing Council Directive 92/75/EEC with regard to
energy labelling of household electric tumble driers
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2.1 – Ecolabel: what is it?
• The European Ecolabel is a voluntary
scheme, established in 1992 to encourage
market products kinder to the
environment.
• The flower logo allows consumers including public and private purchasers to identify them easilyTo get the logo
environmental criteria have to be
complied
• A complete LCA study supports to
establish the criteria
• The flower logo helps manufacturers,
retailers and service providers to gain
recognition for good standards, while
helping purchasers to make reliable
choices.
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2.1 – Ecolabel: what is it?
In determining Ecolabels criteria, the
following are considered:
 the most significant environmental
impacts, in particular the impact on
climate change
 the impact on nature and biodiversity
 energy and resource consumption
 generation of waste
 emissions to all environmental media
 pollution through physical effects
 use and release of hazardous substances
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2.1 – Ecolabel: what is it?
Example
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2.1 – Ecolabel: normative references
Reg (EC) No 66/2010
This voluntary Regulation lays down
rules for the establishment and
application of the voluntary EU
Ecolabel scheme.
ISO 14024:99
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Who does
what?
Source: THE EUROPEAN ECO-LABEL Better by Nature
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Who does
what?
Source: THE EUROPEAN ECO-LABEL Better by Nature
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http://ec.europa.
eu/environment/
ecolabel/ecolabell
ed_products/prod
uct_categories_e
n.htm
By 19 February
2011, the EUEB
and the
Commission shall
agree on a
working plan
including a
strategy and a
non-exhaustive
list of product
groups.
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2.1 – Who is interested in it?
 SMEs interested in improveing their green
market
 SMEs wishing to communicate their
environmentla policies and results / or
specific products
 SMEs asked to comply to public tenders
requirements including “ecolebelled”
products (e.g. cleaning services)
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2.1 – What is it?
Product groups with available awarding criteria
Relevant examples for buildings products
 Do it yourself - Paints and
varnishes
 Furniture - Wodden furniture
 Floor coverings – wodden coverings
 Floor coverings – Textile coverings
 Floor coverings – Hard floor
coverings
 Buildings (under development)
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2.1 – Ecolabel: how much is it?
 Costs for consultancy (if required): 2.000
– 4.000 Euro +VAT
 Costs for testing (if required): to be
quantified
 With regard to the "Cost of testing and verification "
(Annex V) the new Regulation states: « In drawing up
the assessment and regulation requirements, the
objective of keeping costs to a strict minimum must
be observed. This is particularly important in order to
facilitate the participation of SMEs in the Community
Eco-Label (...) »
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2.1 – Ecolabel: how much is it?
 Application and annual fees
• Application: fee of 300 and 1300 Euros
• For SMEs this application fee is reduced by
25%.
• Annual: fee of 500 and 25.000 Euros per
product group per applicant
• For SMEs this annual fee is reduced by 25%.
• A further reduction of 15% for the annual fee of
companies that have an EMAS registration
and/or an EN ISO 14.000 certification
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2.1 – Green Labels: what is the Energy Star programme?
• The ENERGY STAR is a voluntary
appliance specific label, identifying to
consumers appliances (office
equipment) that meet certain
standards regarding energy
efficiency.
•
•
It was orginally set up by the US EPA in 1992. In 2001 the European Union
signed an Agreement with US EPA to introduce the ENERGY STAR in Europe
as well (for office equipment) – agreement updated 2006
This allows potential partners in the European Union to sign up through the
European Commission, who is responsible for the EU ENERGY STAR
Programme
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2.1 – Green Labels: what is the Energy Star programme?
REGULATION (EC) No 106/2008
Energy-efficiency labelling programme for office equipment
For further information see
www.eu-energystar.org
TOOLS
 EU ENERGY STAR Database
http://www.eu-energystar.org/en/database.htm
 Energy calculators:
http://www.eu-energystar.org/en/en_calculator.shtml
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2.2 – EPD: what is it?
• Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) is a
document allowing to communicate objective
and reliable information regarding
environmental life- cycle performances of
products / services and to compare them
• No criteria to prefer a product to others are
expressed
• Products are classified in omogeneous
cathegories to allow comparisons among
products of the same cathegory (with the same
functions)
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2.2 – EPD: what is it?
Acronyms
LCA – Life Cycle Analysis
EPD – Environmental Product Declaration
Provides general information on the product, its
environmental performances and relevant additional
information
PCR – Product Category Rules
Establishes rules to prepare the EPD: the boundaries of
the LCA, information to be presented, etc.; published for
each product cathegory with participation of interested
parties
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2.2 – EPD: what is it?
How to prepare an “EPD”?
Yes
LCA based
on PCR
EPD
Is a “PCR”
available?
No
LCA
PCR
LCA based
on PCR
EPD
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2.2 – EPD: normative references
• EPD program has been
developed by the
Sweden Monistry of the
Environment /
Environdec, based on the
ISO 14025:06 standard
• www.environdec.com
• The EPD scheme has
been adopted in several
ISO countries
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2.2 – EPD: what is it?
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2.2 – EPD: what is it?
Example of information
comparing CO2 emissions of
different products
kg CO2 emessa
10
Example of information
describing the product
8
6
4
2
0
Vino liquoroso
Vino Rosso 1
Vino Rosso 2
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2.2 – EPD: how much is it?
• The LCA study and the EPD preparation requires
quite a significant technical and scientific
experience.
The company can ask for LCA and the EPD third
party certification
Consultancy costs: 5.000 – 25.000 Euro + VAT
Certification costs: 1.500 – 3.000 Euro + VAT
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2.2 – EPD: who is interested in
it?
 SMEs interested in
improving their green
market
 SMEs wishing to
communicate their
environmentla policies
and results / or specific
products
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3 – Green Public Procurement: what is it?
• “A process whereby public authorities seek to
procure goods, services and works with a reduced
environmental impact throughout their life cycle
when compared to goods, services and works with
the same primary function that would otherwise
be procured”
• GPP is a voluntary instrument, which means that
individual Member States and public authorities
can determine the extent to which they implement
it.
• Green purchasing is also about influencing the
market: public authorities can provide industry
with real incentives for developing green
products.
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3 – Green Public Procurement:
normative references
• Green Public Procurement (GPP) is defined in
the Communication (COM (2008) 400) “Public
procurement for a better environment”
• Public authorities are major consumers in
Europe: they spend approximately 2 trillion
euros annually, equivalent to some 17% of the
EU’s gross domestic product
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3- GPP: legal references
• Directive 2004/18/EC covers public works contracts, public
supply contracts and public service contracts.
• Directive 2004/17/EC covers the procurement procedures of
entities operating in the water, energy, transport and postal
services sectors
• 2004 Directives contain specific reference to the possibility of
including environmental considerations in the contract award
process
• More detailed provisions permit:
• the inclusion of environmental requirements in technical
specifications
• applying award criteria based on environmental characteristics
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3 – Green Public Procurement: why?
• To allow public authorities to buy products /
services / work with reduced environmental
impact
• To drive the market to develop cleaner
technologies and products
• To involve people in a more sustainable market
and to increase their wareness
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3 – Green Public Procurement:
who is interested in it?
• Public Authorities
• SMEs partecipating to GPP tenders
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Game 1: Ecolabel
• Question of the SME:
• My company imports chees from Russia in
UE countries; I would like to get the UE
Ecolabel for it. What shall I do?
• My company imports wodden parquets
from China in UE countries; I would like to
get the UE Ecolabel for it. What shall I do?
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Game 2: GPP
• Question of the SME:
• The Municipality of XXXX told me that my
company should be certified according to
ISO 14001 and to use ecolabelled product
to participate to the cleaning services
tender next month. Is this possibile? What
shall I do?
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How to reply?
• Applicable laws and standards
• Scope of laws and standards: who is
involved?
• Technical aspects
• Times
• Benefits
• Costs