NNFCC
Dr Jeremy Tomkinson
September 2011
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable
Energy, Fuels and Materials
An Independent ‘not for profit’ company
Mission
The NNFCC is committed to the sustainable development of markets for biorenewable products. We promote the benefits of biorenewable energy, liquid fuels and materials for enhancement of the bioeconomy, environment and society.
Company Activity
Advisor to UK Government
Commercial Consultancy
Member Information Service
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
EU Renewable Energy Directive
European Governments focussed on Bioenergy
Mandatory EU target of 20% renewable energy in overall energy consumption by 2020
UK Target – 15%
Electricity Heat Transport
20%
33%
47%
40
30
20
10
0
Electricity Heat Transport
2020
2006
2008/9
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
Biorenewable Chemicals and Polymers
Market size ~ 50 million tones
Chemical Derivatives
Natural Products
Biopolymers
Naval Stores
Oleochemicals
Amino Acids
Fermentation Products
54%
7%
4%
17%
1%
5%
20%
7%
1%
1%
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
Interest in bio-based chemicals - Why now?
Policy Support
Feedstock
Pressurereduce exposure to crude oil prices
Technology
Drive – reduce process energy costs
Market Demand – novel functionality,
Green premiums?
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

200
150
100
50
0
300
NNFCC
Relative feedstock pricing
250
Agricultural Raw Materials
Food
Crude Oil
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
Biorefineries hold the key to sustainable biobased product economics
Gudbrand Rødsrud, Director Business Development, Borregaard
Innovasjon Norge workshop, Tromsø juni 2010 :
”Profitability in biorefining is difficult to achieve without an integrated approach, where bulk products such as biofuel are produced side-by-side with highend chemicals.”
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
DOE’s Top 12 Bio-derived building blocks (2004)
O
H O
O
Succinic acid
OH
H O
O
O
O
OH
2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid
O
H O OH
3-Hydroxypropionic acid
NH
2
O
H O
OH
O
Aspartic acid
H O
O OH OH
OH OH
Glucaric acid
O
OH
H O
O
CH
2
O
OH
O
H O
O
Levulinic acid
CH
3
Itaconic acid
OH OH
OH
OH
H O OH
H O
Glycerol
OH
Sorbitol
OH
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials
H O
O O
NH
2
Glutamic acid
OH
H O
O O
3-Hydroxybutyrolactone
OH OH
H O OH
OH
Xylitol

NNFCC
Lignin
Syngas
Products
Hydrocarbons Phenols Oxidised
Products
Macromolecules
Methanol
DME
Ethanol
Mixed Alcohols
Fischer Tropsch
Liquids
C1-C7 Gasses
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Cyclohexane
Styrenes
Biphenyls
Phenol
Substituted
Phenols
Catchols
Cresols
Resorcinols
Eugenol
Syringols
Coniferols
Guaiacols
Vanilin
Vanilic Acid
DMSO
Aromatic
Acids
Aliphatic Acids
Syringaldyde
Aldehydes
Quinones
Cyclohexanol
Β-keto Adipate
Carbon Fibre
Fillers
Polymer Extenders
Substituted Lignins
Thermoset Resins
Composites
Adhesives
Binders
Preservatives
Pharmaceuticals
Polyols
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
Source: Mapping the Develop of UK biorefinery complexes (Tamutech Consultancy)
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials sugar beet processing factory. © British Sugar 2010

The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials sugar beet processing factory. © British Sugar 2010

NNFCC
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
Propylene glycol from glycerol
H O
OH
OH
H
2
, cat.
H O
OH
• ADM – Propylene glycol
• Plant location – Decatur
US
• Capacity 100,000 tons
DOW Chemical Company - Status unknown
Huntsman Corporation – Status unknown
Cargil/Ashland – Capacity 65,000 tonnes, location Europe
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
Epichlorohydrin from glycerol
Cl
2
H O
OH
OH
HCl catalyst
Cl
Cl
Cl
+
HCl
Cl
2
, H
2
O
Cl
+
OH
OH
+ HCl
Cl
NaOH
• Solvay Epicerol
® process
• Demonstration - Tavaux,
France
• Commercial
• Plant location - Map Ta Phut
• Capacity 100,000 tonnes
• Glycerine demand – 120,000 tonnes
• Start Up - Q1 2012
O
Cl
+ NaCl
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
Lactic acid
• Food and cosmetic ingredient
• Polylactic acid – First large scale bio-based synthetic polymer
• European demand predicted to rise from 25,000 per year to 650,000 tonnes by 2025
• Global lactic acid production capacity > 500,000 tonnes
• End Products from compostable packaging to textile fibres
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
Succinic Acid
Deicers/Coolent
Plasticisers
Fuel Additives
Succinic acid
1,4-Butanediol
Tetrahydrofuran
Polytetramethylene
Ether Glycol
Solvent g
-Butyrolactone
Fine & Speciality
Chemicals
N-Methyl -2-
Pyrrolidone
Fine & Speciality
Chemicals
2-Pyrrolidone
Fine & Speciality
Chemicals
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials
Polybutylene
Terephthalate
Copolyester Ethers
Thermoplastic
Polyurethanes
Spandex Fibres
N-Vinyl-2-
Pyrrolidone
Polyvinyl
Pyrrolidone

NNFCC
Les Sohette’s Biorefinery
Bazancourt –Pomacle,
France
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
Les Sohette’s Biorefinery Development
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

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The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

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PET - the other half?
• Butamax and Gevo have targeted isobutanol as fuel and chemical precursor
• Avantium are working on new furan platforms
• Anellotech developing fast pyrolysis process to produce BTX from biomass
OH
O
O
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

Ethanol
NNFCC
Ethylene Value Chain
Ethylene Polyethylenes
60%
7%
Styrene
Monomer
Ethylene
Oxide/Glycol
14%
12%
EDC
7%
Other
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials
Polymers/Rubbers
Polyester
PVC
Alpha Olefins
PVA
Source: Nexant ChemSystems

NNFCC
Bio-ethylene market activity
• Braskem (Brazil)
• ethylene plant commissioned Q4 2010
• Capacity 200,000 tonnes/year
– Further plants under study
• Dow (Brazil)
• Planned Polyolefin production
• Capacity 350,000 tonnes/year
•
Solvay (Brazil)
• Planned PVC and PVA
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

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Value Chain Activity
TETRA PAK PLANS BIOPLASTIC TRIALS
BRASKEM AND PROCTER & GAMBLE:
WORLD PARTNERS FOR THE GREEN
POLYETHYLENE SUPPLY
THE COCA-COLA COMPANY
INTRODUCES INNOVATIVE
BOTTLE MADE FROM
RENEWABLE, RECYCLABLE,
PLANT-BASED PLASTIC
THE CAR PRODUCER TOYOTA HAS ANNOUNCED
ITS INTENTION TO USE BIO-BASED PET FOR
VEHICLE LINER MATERIAL AND OTHER INTERIOR
SURFACES
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
GHG savings per unit of land
Bioethanol from wheat
LLDPE from wheat
Land unit
1 ha
1 ha
Output
66801 MJ
3181 litres
1.4 tonnes
GHG savings
2,472 kg CO
2 eq.
3,270 kg CO
2 eq.
Using wheat grain for polyethylene delivers an additional
32% GHG saving over fuel ethanol
LLDPE from sugar beet
Land unit
1 ha
Output
2.7 tonnes
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials
GHG savings
6,402 kg CO
2 eq.

NNFCC
Samsung Reclaim M560 Phone, Earth
Green (Sprint)
Contains 40% polylactic acid
According to the blogosphere - A biodegradable phone!
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
Origin of material Biodegradability Example The meaning of the prefix “bio-”
Renewable
Non-renewable
Renewable
Non-renewable
Biodegradable
Biodegradable
Polyhydroxyalkanoate
(PHA)
Polycaprolactone
(PCL)
Non-biodegradable Polyethylene (PE) from sugar cane
Non-biodegradable Polyetheretherketone
(PEEK) for biomedical applications
Biodegradable and bio-based
Biodegradable
Bio-based
Biocompatible
Adapted from: Taking bio-based from promise to market, EU Commission
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
• Biodegradability - material function
– Plastic products can provide proof of their compostability by successfully meeting the harmonised European standard, EN 13432
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

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Bio-based content define by C14 levels
Vinçotte announces proudly the first OK biobased certificates of a whole range of raw materials .
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

Cultivation
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Carbon recycling and policy development
Cultivation
CO
2
Combustion Base material
Functional material
Raw material
Food and
Material Cycles
Recycle
Energy Cycle
Solid/Liquid/Gaseous
Biofuel
Base
Material
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
• RO (Electricity)
– 1 tonne of dry biomass at 30% energy efficiency will yield about 1.6 MWh of electricity
• £65-£72 approx sale price (£40 - £45 per MWh)
• £80 ROC price (£ 50 approx per ROC) - multiply this by 1, 1.5 or
2 depending on feedstock and technology used
• RTFO (Fuel)
– 1 tonne of dry biomass at 45% energy efficiency will yield about 270 litres of synthetic diesel (equivalent 2.4 MWh)
• £137 approx sale price (51 p/L at £1.35/L pump price)
• £65 RTFC price – could multiply by 2 for advanced biofuels
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

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Gasification direct combustion syngas chemical synthesis
Furnace/Boiler
Methane
(bioSNG)
Engine/Turbine
Fuel cell
Fischer Tropsch
Ethanol
(fermentation)
Mixed alcohols synthesis
Hydrogen
DiMethylEther
(DME)
Methanol synthesis
Carbon monoxide
Ammonia
Diesel / jet fuel n-paraffins
MTO/MOGD
Formaldehyde
Acetyls
Fertilisers
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
• Bioethanol, power and heat from biowastes - Ineos Bio
(Seal Sands) – due to be operational from 2012
• Aviation fuel from waste wood - British Airways / Solena
(London) – due to be operational from 2014
• Bio SNG from wood and wastes – Progressive
Energy/National Grid – in project finance planning
• Biomethanol from wood and wastes – Choren and N East
Consortia – in project finance planning
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
Biomass to Liquids - Ineos Bio Process to produce ethanol via gasification is about to be demonstrated at commercial scale on Teesside.
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
Distillation
Fermentation
Power generation
Gasification
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

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• 144 kt pa bioethanol
• 43 MW of gross renewable power
• Greater than 1 Mt pa of wastes diverted from Landfill
• Greater than 500 kt pa CO
2 avoided
Phase A
Phase B
Integrated
Facility
Ethanol
(kt pa)
24
120
144
Gross Power
(MW)
Exported
Power (MW)
7 3
Feedstock
Required (kt pa)
124
36
43
20
23
621
745
Start-Up
2012
2015
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
• > 90% greenhouse gas savings vs. petrol / gasoline
• Potential for bioethanol to be cheaper than petrol
• Provides energy in addition to fuel
• High diversion of biodegradable wastes from landfill
• Wastes generated locally converted to clean fuel for local use
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

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Gasification
Syngas cleaning & conditioning
Fischer
Tropsch
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials
Wax upgrading

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100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
48
53
94 94
29
70
87
92
73
88
Petrol substitutes
Diesel substitutes
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

NNFCC
Bio-based chemicals – growth potential
Chemicals from Renewable Materials
5 000 000
4 500 000
4 000 000
3 500 000
3 000 000
2 500 000
2 000 000
1 500 000
1 000 000
500 000
-
2010 2015 2020 2025
Production Capacity
Excludes traditional chemicals e.g. amino acids, oleochemicals
Acetic Acid
Acrylic Acid
Adipic Acid
Butanol
Cellulose
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylene
Isoprene
Lactic Acid
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Propanediol (1,3)
Propylene
Propylene Glycol
Starch (in bioplastic)
Succinic Acid
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials
Source: NNFCC

NNFCC
Summary
Bio-based product opportunities are being driven by:
Technology development
Feedstock pricing
Market pull
Considerable industry activity, however some issues:
Access to feedstock
Access to finance
Biorefinery development is key to the long term success of biobased products
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

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Email: I.1234567891@nnfcc.co.uk
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials

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Website: www.nnfcc.co.uk
Email: a.higson@nnfcc.co.uk
The UK’s National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials