General Overview
by Dr. Barbara B. Tillett
Chief, Policy and Standards Division
Library of Congress
For Texas Library Association Conference
April 12, 2011
Overview
Influences on RDA
 Changing environment
 Why not AACR3?
 RDA goals and structure
 Examples of changes

2
Influences
Anglo-American cataloging tradition
 Paris Principles
 ISBD
 FRBR/FRAD
 Internet
 Toronto Conference 1997
 IME ICC  ICP
 Web environment collaborations

3
Influences Panizzi – 1841
(“91 rules”)
Not just finding list/inventory
 Full and complete data
 Collocation by authors
 References

4
Influences – Cutter
 Objects:
(1876-1904 eds.)
Find
 author,
title, subject
Show
 given
author, given
subject, kind of
literature
Assist
in choice
 edition,
literary of
topical character
5
IFLA’s Influence on
Cataloguing Codes
1961
“Paris
Principles”
(influenced by
Lubetzky and
Verona)
International Cataloguing
Principles (ICP) - 2009
 Principles
& Glossary
20
languages
http://www.ifla.org/en/public
ations/statement-ofinternational-cataloguingprinciples
7
1967
1941
1949
1876
1902
1904
1906
1908
1841
Anglo-American Tradition
8
More of IFLA’s Influence
1969 – ISBDs
•
•
International Standard Bibliographic
Description
2007
Consolidated
edition
8
AACR2
1978
1988
1998
2002
10
FRBR

IFLA’s Functional
Requirements for
Bibliographic Records
(FRBR)

User tasks
 Find
 Identify
 Select
 Obtain
Entities, Relationships,
Attributes
Mandatory elements for a
national level bibliographic
record


11
FRBR’s Entity-Relationship
Model



Entities
Relationships
Attributes (data elements)
relationship


One Entity
Another Entity
User tasks
National level required elements
12
Work
Person
FRBR’s Entity-Relationship
Model
created
was created by
Shakespeare
Hamlet
13
FRBR Entities
Group 1:Products of intellectual &
artistic endeavor = bibliographic
resources
 Work
 Expression
 Manifestation
 Item
14
Group 1
Work
is realized through
Expression
is embodied in
Manifestation
recursive
one
many
is exemplified by
Item
15
Elements to Describe Resources

Work









ID
Title
Date
etc.






Expression





ID
Form
Date
Language
etc.
Manifestation

ID
Title
Statement of
responsibility
Edition
Imprint (place, publisher,
date)
Form/extent of carrier
Terms of availability
Mode of access
etc.
Item




ID
Provenance
Location
etc.
16
Relationships
Work
Expression

Inherent among the
Group 1 entities

Content relationships
among
works/expressions
Structural relationships
Manifestation
Item
Whole-Part
Derivative
Sequential

Accompanying
17
FRBR Entities
Group 2: Those responsible for Group 1
entities
intellectual or artistic creation
realization of works
production/publishing/ distribution/manufacture
custodial responsibility,
Or are the subject of works
 Person
 Corporate
body
 Family
21
Group 2
Work
FRBR
Expression
Manifestation
Item
is owned by
is produced by
is realized by
is created by
Person
Family
Corporate Body
many
22
FRBR Entities
Group 3: Subjects of works
Groups
1 & 2 plus
Concept
Object
Event
Place
20
Work
Work
has as subject
Expression
Group 3
Manifestation
Item
has as subject
Person
FRBR
Family
Corporate Body
Concept
Object
has as subject
Event
Place
many
21
“User Tasks” - FRBR
Find (locate and
collocate)
 Identify
 Select
 Obtain


Relate/Navigate
22
Functional Requirements
for Authority Data (FRAD)



June 2009
Extends the FRBR
model to authority data
(Still to come is FRSAD
on subject authority
data)
27
British Museum 1841
(“full and accurate” book catalog)
ACOSTA (CHRISTOVAL).
Tractado de las drogas, y medicinas de las Indias
Orientales, con sus plantas.
Burgos, 1578. 4o
Another copy.
The same. Ital.
Venetia, 1585. 4o
Another copy.
Tractado en loor de las mugeres. Venetia, 1592. 4o
24
British Museum 1841
(“full and accurate” book catalog)
ACOSTA (CHRISTOVAL).
Tractado de las drogas, y medicinas de las Indias
Orientales, con sus plantas.
Burgos, 1578. 4o
Another copy.
The same. Ital.
Venetia, 1585. 4o
Another copy.
Tractado en loor de las mugeres. Venetia, 1592. 4o
Person Work Expression Manifestation Item
25
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet. French.
LC Control No.
LCCN Permalink
Type of Material
Personal Name
Main Title
Published/Created
Description
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
47023612
http://lccn.loc.gov/47023612
Book (Print, Microform, Electronic, etc.)
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
... Hamlet, traduit par André Gide.
[Paris] Gallimard [1946]
2 p. l., 7-237, [2] p. 17 cm.
CALL NUMBER : PR2779.H3 G5Copy 1
-- Request in : Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or
Area Studies Reading Rms
26
Person
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet. French.
LC Control No.
LCCN Permalink
Type of Material
Personal Name
Main Title
Published/Created
Description
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
47023612
Work
http://lccn.loc.gov/47023612
Book (Print, Microform, Electronic, etc.)
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
... Hamlet, traduit par André Gide.
[Paris] Gallimard [1946]
2 p. l., 7-237, [2] p. 17 cm.
CALL NUMBER : PR2779.H3 G5Copy 1
-- Request in : Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or
Area Studies Reading Rms
27
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet. French.
LC Control No.
LCCN Permalink
Type of Material
Personal Name
Main Title
Published/Created
Description
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
47023612 Expression
http://lccn.loc.gov/47023612
Book (Print, Microform, Electronic, etc.)
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
... Hamlet, traduit par André Gide.
[Paris] Gallimard [1946]
2 p. l., 7-237, [2] p. 17 cm.
CALL NUMBER : PR2779.H3 G5Copy 1
-- Request in : Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or
Area Studies Reading Rms
28
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet. French.
LC Control No.
LCCN Permalink
Type of Material
Personal Name
Main Title
Published/Created
Description
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
47023612
Manifestation
http://lccn.loc.gov/47023612
Book (Print, Microform, Electronic, etc.)
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
... Hamlet, traduit par André Gide.
[Paris] Gallimard [1946]
2 p. l., 7-237, [2] p. 17 cm.
CALL NUMBER : PR2779.H3 G5Copy 1
-- Request in : Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or
Area Studies Reading Rms
29
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet. French.
LC Control No.
LCCN Permalink
Type of Material
Personal Name
Main Title
Published/Created
Description
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
47023612
http://lccn.loc.gov/47023612
Book (Print, Microform, Electronic, etc.)
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
... Hamlet, traduit par André Gide.
[Paris] Gallimard [1946]
Item
2 p. l., 7-237, [2] p. 17 cm.
CALL NUMBER : PR2779.H3 G5Copy 1
-- Request in : Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or
Area Studies Reading Rms
30
Collocation
Cervantes




All the works
associated with a
person, etc.
All the expressions
of the same work
All the
manifestations of
the same
expression
All items/copies of
the same
manifestation
Don Quixote
English
Text
Objectives of a catalog:
display
Exemplary
novels
French
German
Spanish
Madrid, 1979
Library of Congress
Copy 1
Green leather binding
31
Relationships
Pathways to Related Works
Cervantes
Wasserman
Movies
…
English
Text
The Man of La Mancha
Don Quixote
Exemplary
novels
French
German
Spanish
Madrid, 1979
Library of Congress
Copy 1
Green leather binding
32

For Librarians
FRBR Benefits
Collocation
Better organization to catalog
Easier cataloging
Reduction in cataloging load
Work only cataloged once for all expressions under
it
Expression only cataloged once for all
manifestations under it
Item cataloging (already simple) remains the same
FRBR Benefits

Greater Benefits For Users
Collocation
Easier to find information
Single search retrieves all related materials even if
cataloged in different languages or different
subject headings
Easier to see the different expressions of a
single work
Gives a better global picture
Easier to find all manifestations
FRBR Benefits
Circulation: Place holds at “Work” or
“Expression” level rather than only at
manifestation level
Internet
Catalogs are no longer
the end points in isolation

 Global

access to data
Integrate bibliographic data with wider Internet
environment
 Share
data beyond institutions
36
Databases,
Repositories
VIAF
LCSH
Services
Web front
end
Internet
“Cloud”
37
Current Cataloging Environment

Web-based

Wide range of information carriers
 complexity

of content
Metadata (bibliographic information)
 Created
by a wider range of personnel in
and outside libraries
 Element-based metadata schemas

Dublin Core, ONIX, etc.
38
What’s wrong with AACR?

Increasingly complex

Lack of logical structure

Mixing content and carrier data

Hierarchical relationships missing

Anglo-American centric viewpoint

Written before FRBR

Not enough support for collocation

Before Internet and well-formed metadata
Based on slide from Ann Chapman, UKOLN
39
1997 International Conference on the
Principles and Future Development
of AACR
 Toronto, Canada  Principles
JSC invited
worldwide experts
 Issues leading to
RDA

Content vs. carrier
 Logical structure of
AACR
 Seriality
 Internationalization

40
AACR3
41
JSC Collaborations with other
Metadata Communities
 IFLA - Principles, Conceptual models, ISBD/ISSN
ONIX (Publishers) – types of content, media, carriers
 Dublin Core, IEEE/LOM, Semantic Web, W3C

“Data Modeling Meeting” - London 2007
 RDA/MARC
Working Group (MARBI)
42
Other Collaborations

Law Library community
 Treaties

Hebraica and Religion Teams at LC
 Bible

proposals
Mss/Archives experts at LC (Mss. Div., NUCMC,
American Folklife Center, Rare Books)
 DACS

Music Div and Motion Picture, Broadcasting and
Recorded Sound Div., MLA
 AMIM2

and Ch.6 proposals for music
Prints & Photographs Division
 CCO

Geography and Maps Divisions at LC
43
44
GOALS:
RDA will be …
A new standard for resource description
and access
 Designed for the digital world

•
Optimized for use as an online product
• Description and access of all resources
•
•
All types of content and media
Resulting records usable in the digital
environment (Internet, Web OPACs, etc.)
45
RDA – The Goals

Rules should be easy to use and interpret

Be applicable to an online, networked
environment

Provide effective bibliographic control for all types
of media

Encourage use beyond the library community

Be compatible with other similar standards

Have a logical structure based on internationally
agreed principles

Separate content and carrier data

Examples – more of them, more appropriate
slide Ann Chapman, UKOLN
46
RDA Structure


General introduction
Identifying (Entities and their attributes)
 Manifestations
and Items
 Works and Expressions
 Persons, Corporate Bodies, Families, etc.

Relationships
 Appendices
Capitalization, Abbreviations, Initial articles, etc.
 Presentation (ISBD, MARC, etc.)
 Relationship designators
 Etc.

 Glossary
 Index
48
General Principles (ICP)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Convenience of user
Representation
Common usage
Accuracy
Sufficiency and
necessity
Significance
Economy
• Consistency and
•
•
Standardization
Integration
Defensible, not
arbitrary
• If contradict, take a
defensible, practical
solution.
49
Transcription – Principle of
Representation in RDA

“Take what you see”
 Correction
of inaccuracies elsewhere
 No more abbreviating

Accept what you get
 Facilitating
automated data capture
50
Sample Changes from AACR2

Transcribed data (macros and templates)
 Option

to keep rule of 3
e.g., “[and five others]” – no more “… et. al.”
 First
place of publication is “core”
 “Place of publication not identified” – not “s.l.”
 “Publisher not identified” – not “s.n.”
 “Date of publication not identified”
51
51
RDA Element Analysis

RDA element (domain: manifestation)
 Title
element
 Title proper
 element sub-type
 Parallel title
 element sub-type
 Other title information  element sub-type
 Variant title
 element sub-type
 Earlier variant title
 element sub-type
 Later variant title
 element sub-type
 Key title
 element sub-type
 Abbreviated title
 element sub-type
 Devised title
 element sub-type

52
RDA elements
“Core”
 Media, Carrier, and Content Types to
replace GMDs
 Other examples of new elements:

 File
characteristics for digital materials
 Video format characteristics
 Custodial information for archival resources
 Braille characteristics
53
New Terminology
AACR2 terms
RDA terms
Heading
Access point
Added Entry
Access point
Authorized heading
Authorized access point
See references
Variant access point
54
New Terminology
AACR2 terms
Uniform title
RDA terms
Preferred title
Name of the work (to
include name of creator
when applicable)
55
http://www.rda-jsc.org/
56
Summary

User-oriented models (FRBR/FRAD)
 Collocate
works/expressions
 Identify resources through specific
elements (attributes) and relationships

Internationalization
 Cost
reduction through increased sharing
of data
 Across information communities
57
Summary

Principle-based rules (ICP)
 Cataloger’s
judgment (Best for users)
 Take what you see for transcribed data
(Representation)

Facilitate harvesting and sharing of
descriptive metadata
 Less

rigid, more flexible
Add controlled vocabularies for
precision of searching
58
Questions?
59
Acronyms and Links
DC – Dublin Core
• DCMI – Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
http://dublincore.org/
• DCAM – Dublin Core Abstract Model
http://dublincore.org/documents/2007/04/02/abstract-model/

FRAD – Functional Requirements for Authority Data
http://www.ifla.org/VII/d4/wg-franar.htm

FRBR – Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (this site
includes a Webliography)
http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm

IFLA – International Federation of Library Associations and
Institutions
http://www.infla.org

JSC – Joint Steering Committee for Development of RDA
http://www.rda-jsc.org/

RDA – Resource Description and Access
http://www.rda-jsc.org/rda.html

60
Acronyms and Links

ALA Publishing URL for RDA Toolkit:
http://www.rdatoolkit.org/

RDA Toolkit demo:
http://www.rdatoolkit.org/training/guidedtour

US RDA Test, General information:
http://www.loc.gov/bibliographic-future/rda/

Library of Congress Documentation for the RDA Test
(training materials and decisions for test on RDA options):
http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/RDAtest/rdatest.html
61
Terms
Attributes – Elements/data to identify an
entity (e.g., title; place of publication; date
of publication; etc.)
Carrier types – categories of the kinds of
packages to convey information (e.g.,
volume, microfiche, videocassette, globe)
Content types (e.g., text, image, sound,
cartographic content, notated movement)
Media types (e.g., audio, video, unmediated)
62