Ancient Greek for Everyone:
A New Digital Resource for
Beginning Greek
Unit 7 part 3:
consonant verb stems
2013 edition
Wilfred E. Major
wmajor@lsu.edu
Ancient Greek for Everyone
This class
AGE Unit 7 part 3: consonant verb stems
• This part of Unit 7 introduces more -ω verbs,
grouped according to their stems, so it is easier to
learn and remember their forms in the future tense.
Ancient Greek for Everyone
Review from Unit 1: The Trouble with Sigma
Greek is strange when it comes to pronouncing and writing words
with the “s” sound:
• The combinations πσ, βσ & φσ never appear.
Instead, ψ replaces them.
• τ, δ and θ disappear before a σ.
• The combinations κσ, γσ or χσ never appear.
Instead, ξ replaces them.
Ancient Greek for Everyone
Review from Unit 1:
CONSONANTS
Labial
πp
βb
φ ph
ψ ps
Dental
τt
δd
θ th
σs
Palatal
κ k = unvoiced
γ g = voiced
χ kh = aspirated
ξ ks = + σ
Ancient Greek for Everyone
VOCABULARY
• Because Greek verbs add a –σ to form the future tense,
the forms of the future often feature consonant
combinations with embedded sigmas.
• These combinations affect only the pronunciation, not the
meaning of the verb, but they do yield distinctive
spellings.
• This section introduces new verbs grouped by the type of
consonant that ends the stem, so that the forms of the
future all look similar, in order to help memorizing and
recalling this vocabulary.
Ancient Greek for Everyone
VOCABULARY
• Α verb with a stem ending in a labial (-β, -π, -φ) will
normally display a ψ in the future tense (β, π, φ + σ  ψ).
Ancient Greek for Everyone
Unit 7 part 3 Vocabulary: Classical
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γράφω -ψω write, draw
λείπω -ψω leave
πέμπω -ψω send
τρέπω -ψω turn
τρέφω, θρέψω nourish
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Unit 7 part 3 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament)
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ἅπτω, ἅψω touch
βλέπω -ψω see, look
γράφω -ψω write, draw
ἐπιστρέφω -ψω turn to, return
πέμπω -ψω send
ὑποστρέφω -ψω turn back, return
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VOCABULARY
• Α verb with a stem ending in a dental (-δ, -ζ, -θ) will normally
display a σ in the future tense (δ, ζ, θ + σ  σ).
Ancient Greek for Everyone
Unit 7 part 3 Vocabulary: Classical
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θαυμάζω -σω be amazed
κατασκευάζω -σω equip, supply
λανθάνω, λήσω escape notice of
ὀνομάζω -σω call by name
πείθω -σω persuade
σῴζω, σώσω save
φράζω -σω tell
Ancient Greek for Everyone
Unit 7 part 3 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament)
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βαπτίζω -σω baptize
δοξάζω -σω glorify
ἐτοιμάζω -σω prepare
θαυμάζω -σω be amazed
καθίζω -σω sit
πείθω -σω persuade
πειράζω -σω try, attempt
σῴζω, σώσω save
Ancient Greek for Everyone
VOCABULARY
• Α verb with a stem ending in a palatal (-γ, -κ, -χ) will
normally display a ξ in the future tense (γ, κ, χ + σ  ξ).
• Verbs with stems ending in -ττ/-σσ function the same way.
• Classical Attic used -ττ- but most other dialects, along with
Koine and later Greek, use -σσ-, but other than spelling and a
slight difference in pronunciation, the words are the same with
either spelling.
Ancient Greek for Everyone
Unit 7 part 3 Vocabulary: Classical
• ἄγω, ἄξω lead, bring, pass (time)
• ἁπαλλάττω -ξω release, deliver
• ἄρχω -ξω begin, lead, rule (+ gen.)
– ὑπάρχω exist, be, belong to
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δείκνυμι, δείξω show
διδάσκω, διδάξω teach
διώκω -ξω pursue
δοκέω, δόξω seem
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Unit 7 part 3 Vocabulary: Classical
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λέγω -ξω say, tell
μίγνυμι, μίξω mix
πράττω -ξω do
τάττω -ξω arrange
φυλάττω -ξω watch, guard, defend
Ancient Greek for Everyone
Unit 7 part 3 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament)
• ἄγω, ἄξω lead, bring, pass (time)
– συνάγω gather together, assemble
– ὑπάγω go away, depart
• ἀνοίγω -ξω open
• ἄρχω -ξω begin, lead, rule (+ gen.)
• ὑπάρχω exist, be, belong to
• διδάσκω, διδάξω teach
• διώκω -ξω pursue
• δοκέω, δόξω seem
Ancient Greek for Everyone
Unit 7 part 3 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament)
• κηρύσσω -ύξω proclaim
• κράζω, κράξω shout
• λέγω -ξω say, tell
• Biblical Greek uses ἐρῶ (see Unit 7.4) as the future of λέγω.
• πράσσω -ξω do
• ὑποτάσσω -ξω subordinate, subject
• φυλάσσω -ξω watch, guard, defend
Ancient Greek for Everyone
Unit 7 part 3 Vocabulary: Core
• ἄγω, ἄξω lead, bring, pass (time)
• ἄρχω -ξω begin, lead, rule (+ gen.)
– ὑπάρχω exist, be, belong to
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βλέπω -ψω see, look
γράφω -ψω write, draw
διδάσκω, διδάξω teach
διώκω -ξω pursue
δοκέω, δόξω seem
Ancient Greek for Everyone
Unit 7 part 3 Vocabulary: Core
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θαυμάζω -σω be amazed
λέγω -ξω say, tell
πείθω -σω persuade
πέμπω -ψω send
πράττω -ξω do
= πράσσω
• σῴζω, σώσω save
• φυλάττω -ξω watch, guard, defend
= φυλάσσω