Dr. Jean-Martin Charcot
aka
Dr. Jean-Martin Charcot
Background:
Date of Birth: November 29, 1825
Date of Passing: August 16, 1893
Age of Death: 68
Place of Birth: Paris, France
Profession: Neurologists and Professor of Anatomical Pathology
Accomplishments
•Named and described M.S.
•Discovered Charcot Arthropathy
•Breakthroughs in the role of arteries in Cerebral
Hemorrhaging
•Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT)
•1861-62, Charcot and Alfred Valpian added to and
dubbed the term “Parkinson’s Disease”
MOST ENDURING WORK ON
“H & H”
Hypnosis and Hysteria
What is Hysteria?
Believed it was a hereditary neurological disorder
involved with the nervous system.
Relation to Hypnosis?
Used to induce a state of hysteria in patients,
studying the results.
What is Hypnosis?
“A trance-like state that resembles sleep but
is induced by a person whose suggestions
are readily accepted by the subject”
How does it Work?
Hypnosis is thought to work by altering our state of consciousness in such a way that the
analytical left-hand side of the brain is turned off, while the non-analytical right-hand side
is made more alert. The conscious control of the mind is inhibited, and the subconscious
mind awoken. Since the subconscious mind is a deeper-seated, more instinctive force
than the conscious mind, this is the part which has to change for the patient's behaviour
and physical state to alter.
Can YOU be Hypnotized?
QuickTime™ and a
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Medical Impacts
Many skeptics
Hippolyte Bernheim ( a leading neurologist at the time) was known as one
of the greatest enthusiasts toward “medical hypnosis”.
Axel Munthe (Charcot’s former scientific assistant) even disagreed with
such studies.
Many were often baffled by any type of science, and with the use of Charcot’s
lectures, which were mini-theatrical plays, they fell head over heels for such
abstract hypotheses presented.
Paved the way for several of his students, including the “Father of Psychology”
Sigmund Freud.
Developed new form of Psychiatry.
Impacts on Society
At first, he was scrutinized by churches for playing the role of god, and not
letting one live without fear.
Since not initially accepted by fellow physicians, society followed.
As time past, he developed more and more uses for hypnosis. It became more
accepted as he used fundamental science (i.e. neurons, etc.) to explain his
studies.
Assisted by his “lectures”, many individuals were strongly influenced
Uses of Hypnosis
Phobias
Stop Smoking
Weight Control
Confidence, Self Esteem, and Authority
Performance Anxiety
Sports Performance
Anxiety
Insomnia
Psoriasis
•Surgical Anesthetic
•Criminal Investigations
ALL REGARD SOME SORT OF PHYCHOLOGICAL BERRIER!
DO YOU BELIEVE IN
HYPNOTISM?
vs.
Janet Tse
• What is Face Transplant?
• How is a traditional Face Transplant performed?
• How was Isabelle Dinoire’s transplant different
and how was it performed?
• What is the ethics behind this new form of
transplant?
• How did the media “promote” this transplant?
• Face transplant is a surgery for patients with
deformed faces from burns, traumatic experiences,
or birth defects
• Traditional methods used skin grafts from
patient’s own body
• Used skin from body parts such as buttocks,
back or thighs
• Many surgeries are required before a patient
regains limited function of facial muscles
• Isabelle Dinoire had the first modern face
transplant
• Had another donor’s face transplanted onto
her own
• Required using immunosuppressant to avoid
rejection of the facial tissues
• How was it performed? And by whom?
• 7 Considerations:
• Rejection rates and risks
• Facial tissue donor
• Patient selection and compliance
• Exit strategy
• Functional Recovery
• Societal Implications
• Psychological implications
• News reports
• News conferences
• Youtube
• Pictures
• Documentary
Tuberculosis and the BCG
Vaccine
How the work of Calmette and
Guérin changed society and its
perspective
of TB
Neill Mears
Tuberculosis prior to BCG
 In France, 300 deaths/100000 people/yr at
turn of the 20th century
 One of the most persistent diseases: Greeks
called it “phthisis”
 From 1800-1850 in the US, it was responsible
for 20% of all deaths
 A surge in deaths as well as the uncertain
path of the disease in the 19th century
characterized TB thoroughly with mystery,
apprehension and bewilderment
Mentality towards TB
 Fear of TB and its
victims
 Contagion of Germ
theory fueled
paranoia (Koch and
Pasteur)
 “Phthisiophobia” and
“Bacillophobia”
 Folklore
Bacille Calmette Guérin Vaccine
 Vaccine finally first used in July 1921, providing
mainly children with protection
 Derivative of virulent Mycobacterium bovis
 1/10000 of 1 mg of M. bovis killed a 400g guinea pig
 With a protective waxy coating and resistant to
many physical and chemical agents, the slowgrowing deadly strain was tamed by Calmette
and Guérin in Lille, France
 Used transplantation every 3 weeks in potato-beef
bile medium
Initial Reaction
 Eagerly received worldwide except for
hesitation by scientific authorities in the US
 “Everybody knows how well the new formula
for protection against tuberculosis was
received in France and abroad. It flourished,
and the dispensary is still the basis of the
prophylaxis of tuberculosis.” - Camille Guérin
 Lübeck disaster
 Death of 75 infants by M. tuberculosis contaminant
 Fears heightened of vaccine, but disproved
Basis for Later Treatments
 Natural change to
form new vaccines
 Engineering live
bacterial vaccines
BCG Phylogeny
 Resemblance to M.
tuberculosis
 Prolonged
Persistence
 Enhancing the
immune response by
BCG
Tuberculosis after BCG
 In France, only 12 deaths/100000 people/yr in
2004, with BCG as a main contributor
 BCG appears to have saved millions of children
from progressive TB disease
 In contrast to the past, the protection from and
diminishment of TB has established negligent
behaviour in developed nations
 Use of social mobilization to empower individuals
and as means to reduce the transmission of TB
An Insufficient Reach
 Having calmed public suspicion and fear and
instilling protection, the BCG vaccine has
prevented many child fatalities
 However, BCG has been insufficient as a
universal effective vaccine
 No protection for adults
 Resistant strains of M. tuberculosis
 8 million cases worldwide (2 million deaths annually)
 Can its modification provide a solution?
Introduction to AIDS and HIV
Difference between AIDS
and HIV
How is HIV transmitted?
Where did it originate?
Animation of HIV
QuickTime™ and a
YUV420 codec decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
French research on AIDS
Therapeutic dendritic-cell vaccine for
chronic HIV-1 infection
 What is the advantage of this vaccine
compared to the previous ones?
 What are the disadvantages?
 Where was this research done and who
were the leading researchers?
How it works
 Dendritic cells break dead virus into pieces and display
the little proteins from the virus on its surface
 Then the dendritic cell allows your white blood cell to
“recognize” the virus and sends a signal to your
lymphoid tissue to mass produce white blood cells
 Since the white blood cells now recognize the virus, they
seek and destroy it
Effects?
 Vaccine was tested in Brazil on 19 volunteers who
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
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were already infected with HIV, the virus that
causes AIDS.
After four months the level of HIV in their
bloodstreams were reduced an average of 80
percent
After a year, 90 percent reduction in virus particles
in their bloodstream
Four of them had virus levels so low that they were
called “long-term non-progressors” which are a rare
group of people infected with HIV who never seem
to get sick.
The only side effect was the swelling of lymph
nodes
Impact on the French society
 If a vaccine like this is produced with
improvement, it will help France to
build up its reputation in medical
researach and Finance.
 If this drug is produced, then it would
be well sold
Other French research in AIDS
 ANRS (Agence Nationale de
Recherches sur le Sida)
 Pasteur institute
 Luc Montagnier