Exam 1 - Lessons 1-9
Review Slides
Study Note
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Of equal importance are the slides leading up to these summaries.
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I wish you all the best of success!
Lesson 1
The Character of War
Definitions of War
war, n ., – organized, socially sanctioned armed
violence employed by opposing groups against
one another, normally for political, social or
economic purposes.
John F. Guilmartin
Ohio State University
This will be our working definition
Definitions
Strategy
A plan to match resources to objectives
[basic definition]
“Matching ends to means”
Instruments of National Power
All the means that are available for
employment in the pursuit of national
objectives.
DoD
Instruments of National Power
Examples:
• Resolve (will)
• Information
• Military
Economic
• Diplomatic
•
Instruments of National Power
Examples:
• Diplomatic
• Information
• Military
Economic
• Resolve (will)
•
Levels of War
FM 3-0
Levels of War
Strategic: grand plan for war
Operational: getting the forces to
the point of battle
Tactical: actually fighting the battle
Things You Need to
Remember
Characteristics of “war”
Instruments of national power
Levels of war
Lesson 2
Begin With The End in Mind:
Operation Desert Shield
12
Weinberger Doctrine
• The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas
unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our
national interest or that of our allies . . . .
• If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given
situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear
intention of winning . . . .
• If we do decide to commit forces to combat overseas, we should
have clearly defined political and military objectives . . . .
• The relationship between our objectives and the forces we have
committed -- their size, composition, and disposition -- must be
continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary . . . .
• Before the United States commits combat forces abroad, there
must be some reasonable assurance we will have the support of the
American people and their elected representatives in Congress . . . .
• The commitment of US forces to combat should be a last resort.
Reasons for Invasion
• Iraqi heavily indebted to Saudi Arabia & Kuwait
as a result of Iran-Iraq War
• Kuwait’s disregard for OPEC oil production
quotas severely impacted Iraqi economy
• Iraq alleged Kuwait was drilling into its oil fields
• Iraq did not accept Kuwaiti independence
• Iraq resented the restrictions on access to the
sea imposed by Kuwaiti control of the mouth of
the Euphrates River
Video
Guiding Principles of U.S. Policy
• The immediate, complete and unconditional
withdrawal of of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait
• The restoration of Kuwait’s legitimate government
to replace the puppet regime installed by Iraq
• A commitment to the security and stability of the
Persian Gulf
• The protection of the lives of American citizens
abroad
National Security Directive 45
US Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait
August 20, 1990
15
Operation Desert Shield
decision:
General Schwarzkopf’s dilemma:
With limited mobility resources, do you first:
• Deploy forces
fighting forces
to defend
SaudiArabia
Arabia?
Deploy
to defend
Saudi
• Deploy
logistics
to prepare for
… and
veryinfrastructure
aggressively!
a bigger fight?
16
or
Timeline of Events
• Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990
• Operation Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7
• First call-up of Selected Reservists to active duty for
90 days, by executive order, Aug. 22
• NSD 54, Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf,
authorized the use of military force, Jan. 15
• Operation Desert Storm air war phase begins,
3 a.m., Jan. 17, 1991 (Jan. 16, 7 p.m. EST)
17
Lesson 3
Begin With The End in Mind:
Operation Desert Storm
18
Timeline of Events
• President Bush authorizes the call-up of up to 1 million
National Guardsmen and Reservist for up to two years, Jan. 18.
• DoD announces deployment of Europe-based Patriot missiles
and crews to Israel, Jan. 19.
• Patriot missile first successful intercept of Scud claimed over
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Jan. 17.
• Iraq creates massive oil slick in gulf, Jan. 25.
• Iraqis ignite estimate 700 oil wells in Kuwait, Feb. 23.
• Allied ground assault begins, 4 a.m., Feb 24
(Feb. 23, 8 p.m. Eastern time).
19
Controversy
Why did we not go on to Baghdad?
20
Lesson 4
The Emergence of Total War
21
Total War
Total war: one in which the whole population
and all the resources of the combatants are
committed to complete victory
French Revolutionary Wars 1792-1802
• Levée en Masse - 1793
• “Nation in arms”
22
Total War
Total war: one in which the whole population
and all the resources of the combatants are
committed to complete victory
… and thus become legitimate military targets ...
U.S. Civil War
1861-1865
• Sheridan’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign - 1864-65
• Atlanta - 1864
• Sherman’s Georgia Campaign - 1864
23
Total War
Total war: one in which the whole population
and all the resources of the combatants are
committed to complete victory
… and thus become legitimate military targets ...
… and the laws of warfare are ignored.
20th Century Wars
• Aerial Bombardment
• WMD
• Submarine Warfare
24
Total War
Total war: one in which the whole population
and all the resources of the combatants are
committed to complete victory
… and thus become legitimate military targets ...
… and the laws of warfare are ignored.
Hugh Bicheno
Oxford Companion to Military History
25
Military Revolutions
Late 19th Century
Land Warfare Revolution
Naval Revolution
All the significant weapons of World War I were in place:
• Breech loading rifled artillery
• Machine gun
• Full power
•rifle
All big-gun battleship
• Submarine
26
Lesson 5
World War I:
The Lights Go Out Across Europe
Causes of WW I
Nationalism
Militarism
Interlocking Alliances
28
Alliances
1839: Treaty of London (Britain guaranteed Belgian
neutrality)
1879: Dual Alliance (Germany & Austria-Hungary)
1882: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)
• secret pact
1894: Dual Entente (France, Russia)
1904: Entente Cordiale (France, Britain)
1907: Triple Entente (France, Britain,
29
Russia)
Alliances of 1914
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• Italy did not go to war in 1914
• Germany - Austria-Hungary  Central Powers
Triple Entente
France, Britain, Russia
• Became core of the Allied Powers
30
Major Power
Strategic Goals
France
Revanche (revenge)
Natural Frontiers
Germany
“Place in the sun”
Austro-Hungary Expand into Balkans
Russia
Re-establish itself after 1905 defeat
Expand into Balkans
Great Britain
Maintain European balance of power
31
The Plans
German Schlieffen Plan (1905)
Designed to avoid a two-front war
Bold envelopment through Belgium
Assumptions:
• Russia would be slow to mobilize
• six weeks or more
• Britain would not support Belgium
• Belgium would not resist
• Quick, decisive victory (short war)
"When you march into France, let the last man
on the right brush the Channel with his sleeve"
German Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen
32
The Plans
German“Schlieffen
Schlieffen Plan”
Plan (1905)
German
(1906)
Modified by von Moltke the Younger
• Did not enter Holland
• Withheld 10 divisions in East Prussia
German army understrength in 1914
• Plan required 100 divisions
• Only 80 divisions available
Keepthe
theright
right strong
““Keep
strong””
Alleged to be von Schlieffen’s dying words, 1913
33
The Dominoes Fall
June 28 - Assassination in Sarajevo
• Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serb Nationalist
July 23 - Austria sent ultimatum to Serbia
July 25 - Serbia accepted all but one condition
July 28 - Austria-Hungary declared war upon Serbia.
July 29 - The Russian army mobilized.
Aug 1 - Germany declared war on Russia.
Aug 3 - Germany declared war on France.
Aug 4 - Germany declared war on and invaded Belgium.
Aug 4 - Britain declared war upon Germany.
Aug 6 - Austria declared war on Russia.
Aug 12 - France and Britain declared war on Austria.
34
Why Did the German Plan Fail?
Faulty assumptions
Belgian resistance
Communications
Logistics
Op Tempo
(fatigue)
Fog of War
No naval involvement in plan
35
Lesson 6
WW I: Tactics Technology & Attrition
Western Front
What caused the stalemate?
Firepower
Machine gun
Heavy artillery
Outmoded Tactics
Inability to Innovate
Breaking the Stalemate
What attempts were made to break the impasse?
Technology
• Poison gas
• Tank
• Light Machine Gun
Poison Gas
First used by the Germans (Ypres, April 1915)
• Initially chlorine gas
• Later mustard, phosgene
• Violated Geneva Conventions
of 1899 and 1907
Total War: A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the
territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially
one in which the laws of war are disregarded.
US Military Dictionary
Tanks
First significant use at Cambrai (November 1917)
400+ tanks
Breakthrough achieved
but …
No exploitation !
Breaking the Stalemate
What attempts were made to break the impasse?
Technology
Tactics
• Strumtruppen (Stormtroopers)
Breaking the Stalemate
What attempts were made to break the impasse?
Technology
Tactics
Strategy
• Dardanelles Campaign
• Maritime Blockade
• Strategic Distraction
( Gallipoli )
( both sides ) *
( Germany ) *
* Future Lessons
Lesson 7
WW I: 1916 – Attrition Warfare
The War in 1916
Feb - Dec 1916
Battle of Verdun
• German attempt to force French capitulation by
inflicting massive casualties * (Attrition Warfare)
• Targeted key position French could/would
not surrender (Verdun)
• French generals had all but abandoned Verdun
• Preferred to defend in plains to west
• Politicians said “Hold at all cost!”
* Controversial interpretation
Battle of Verdun
21 February - 18 December 1916
Significance
German losses were more telling
• Fighting two-front war
• Fighting alone on Western Front
The Battle of Verdun exhausted our forces like
a wound that never heals.
Field Marshall Paul von Hindenburg
Germany realized unrestricted submarine warfare
might be the only hope for ending the war
Germany’s Dilemma
German chancellor, Bethmann, appointed Hindenburg in hope the field
marshal would back peace
Hindenburg realized Germany could not win the war
• Advocated unrestricted submarine warfare as only hope
Bethmann feared this would bring US into war
Hindenburg advocated strong defense
• Hoped to wear down, knock out one of the Allied Powers
Prestige of Hindenburg prevailed over chancellor
Von Hindenberg’s Strategy
Germany needed to drive Britain from the war to have any chance
against France
Proposed to initiate unrestricted submarine warfare against Britain
to starve population, weaken military
 Realized this risked bringing US into the war
 Gambled that Britain could be defeated (6-12 months) before
US intervention would become effective
Built, then withdraw to strong defensive positions (Hindenberg Line)
to hold along Western Front until sub blockade become effective
Review of the War
August 3, 1914
Germany invades Belgium; war begins
Sept 5-10, 1914
“Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion halted
October 1914
Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front
1915
Sea blockades established around UK and Germany
Feb 1915-Jan 1916
Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli)
Beginning of 1916
Germans accept futility of breakthrough on
Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against
French at Verdun
1
Lesson 8
WW I: 1917 Desperation & Anticipation America Enters The War
The Victims
RMS Lusitania
May 7, 1915
Lost: 1,198 of 1,959 souls on board
Including 128 Americans, 49
children
Compared with daily casualty figures at the Front,
the Lusitania fatalities were tiny. But world reaction
to what had occurred off the Irish coast Friday 7
May 1915 was enormous.
Diane Preston
Lusitania: An Epic Tragedy
Zimmerman Telegram
Sent by German Foreign Secretary, Arthur Zimmerman
• To Embassy in Washington, January 16, 1917
Ambassador forwarded to Embassy in Mexico
British intercepted message, passed to US
Publication of message enflamed US!
Timetable to War
May 7, 1915
Lusitania sunk
Mar 15, 1916
Army Reorganization Act
Dec 1916
Wilson begins peace initiative
Jan 22, 1917
Wilson calls for peace without victory
Feb 1, 1917
Germany resumes unrestricted sub warfare
Feb 3, 1917
US breaks relations with German
Feb 24, 1917
Zimmerman Telegram revealed
Apr 2, 1917
Wilson asks for war declaration
Grand Strategy 101
Why did Great Britain go to war in 1914?
Maintain European balance of power
(Lesson 5)
1917:
Britain, France on the ropes
Russia in revolution, almost out of the war
Germany poised to knock Britain out of the war w/ subs
US chose to pursue
maintain balance
WhatBritish
shouldobjective:
the US do?
Why Did The US Enter the War?
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
The Zimmerman Telegram
Make the World Safe for Democracy
American “Non-Neutrality”
American Frustration
Protect US Economic Interests
Maintain European Balance of Power
Public
Building
Propaganda
Information
Support
Committee for Public Information
(Creel Commission)
Goal: To create "a passionate belief in the justice of
America's cause that would weld the American
people into one white hot mass instinct with fraternity,
devotion, courage and deathless determination."
George Creel, 1920
Wilson’s 14 Points
January 8, 1918
A statement of U.S. war objectives
… the first by any of the warring powers
Wilson’s 14 Points
January 8, 1918
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at
Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas
Establishment of an equality of trade conditions
National armaments will be reduced
Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims
Evacuation of all Russian territory
Belgium must be evacuated and restored
All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored
Readjustment of the frontiers of Italy
Peoples of Austria-Hungary should be accorded opportunity of
autonomous development
XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro are restored
XII. Turkish portions of Ottoman Empire should be assured sovereignty
XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected
XIV. A general association of nations must be formed
Lesson 8
World War I: End of the War,
Seeds of the Next
58
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
March 3, 1918
Ended war between Russia & Central Powers
Russia ceded large territory to
Germany
Most significant:
One million German
troops
released to Western
Front
59
Western Front 1917-1918
Spring Offensive
~500,000 US troops in
France by March 1918
… and increasing by
300,000/month
Last ditch effort
by Germany
German Spring Offensive March 21 - July 18,
Ludendorff Offensive
or Kaiserschlacht
1918
60
Western Front 1917-1918
Final Allied Offensive Aug-Nov 1918
61
Armistice
Armistice signed at Compiègne – November 11,
62
1918
Seeds of the Next War
Influences on World War II
Versailles Treaty
Lessons of World War I
Great Depression
63
Treaty of Versailles
Extremely harsh conditions
• Significant territorial concessions
• Huge reparations
• Severe limitations on military
• German admission of responsibility for
war
64
What Would Weinberger Do?
How would US decision to enter World War I have
stood up against the test of the Weinberger Doctrine?
Vital to our national interest?
Clear intent to win?
Clearly defined political & military objectives?
Objectives, forces committed continuously reassessed?
Support of the American people?
Last resort?
65
World War I: Chronology
Phases of World War I
1914 - Maneuver and Frustration
1915 - Search for New Solutions
1916 - Attrition
1917 - Desperation and Anticipation
1918 - Dénouement
Review of the War
August 3, 1914
Germany invades Belgium; war begins
Sept 5-10, 1914
“Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion halted
October 1914
Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front
1915
Feb 1915-Jan 1916
1916
Sea blockades established around UK and Germany
Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli)
Germans accept futility of breakthrough on
Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against
French at Verdun
1
Review of the War
Feb - Dec 1916
Battle of Verdun (German Offensive)
Jul - Nov 1916
Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive)
1 Feb 1917
German decision for unrestricted sub warfare
24 Feb 1917
Zimmerman Telegram revealed
Mar 1917
6 April 1917
Germans withdraw to Hindenburg Line
US declares war on Germany
2
Review of the War
June 1917
3 Mar 1918
First American troops arrive in France
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia out of the war)
21 Mar - 18 Jul 1918
Germans Spring Offensive
8 Aug - 11 Nov 1918
Allies’ Hundred Days Offensive
11 Nov 1918
Armistice
28 Jun 1919
Treaty of Versailles signed
3
Interwar Revolutions
1920’s – ’30’s
Perfected concepts introduced in WW I
• Mechanized warfare
• Aerial warfare
• Carrier aviation
• Amphibious warfare
• Radio-based command & control
Proliferation of new organizations
• Armored divisions,
• Carrier battle groups
• Strategic bombardment wings
End