• Social responsibilities:
– Employees
– Customers
– Other stakeholders
• Business ethics
• Technological change
• Environmental pressures and opportunities
• Political change
• Pressure group activity
• Social auditing

• Business should operate as good citizens who have duties towards their stakeholders
• Stakeholders are all individuals or groups that have a direct interest in an organisations performance
• These include employees, shareholders, the local community and the government

Businesses have the following responsibilities to different stakeholders:
• Shareholders – to generate profits and pay healthy dividends
• Customers – to provide good quality products at reasonable prices, to look after interests of customers
• Employees – to ensure health and safety at work, to provide job security and to pay them fairly, to provide training to develop employees skills
• Suppliers – to pay them on time and to pay a fair price for their goods, to place regular orders and offer long term contracts

• Local Community – to provide employment, to provide safe working environment, to minimise pollution and negative externalities, to use local suppliers where possible
• Government – to ensure that no laws are broken, to pay taxes
• Environment – to keep levels of pollution to a minimum, to try and ensure that the environment is protected

• Although some argue that by meeting social responsibilities profits are reduced in fact the converse is true if businesses accept their social responsibilities they are able to increase profit levels
• They allow a business to increase its profile
• Costs can be reduced
• It can work as a USP differentiating the businesses product

• Ethics are the shared attitudes and principles held by a businesses employees
• Moral code – what is ‘right’ and what is ‘wrong’?
• They are highly subjective in nature
• An ethical code of practice states how businesses believe its workers should respond to situations which challenge business values

There are conflicts that arise regarding ethics, these mainly stem from conflicting stakeholder requirements, e.g. :
• Profits (shareholders) vs. higher wages
(employees)
• Production (shareholders) versus pollution (local community, environmental)

• There are a number of steps which allow a business to create an ethical culture:
– Find a champion
– Discover ethical issues
– Benchmark
– Test the idea
– Develop a code of conduct
– Make it work

• Not only has technology helped to improve the performance of a business, it has also led to new products
• New technologies such as the internet and mobile technologies have changed the business environment
• CAM and CAD have changed how products are designed and manufactured

• New methods of production
• Lower Costs
• Higher profit margins
• Higher productivity
• Easier expansion/ diversification into new markets
• Automation
• New skills
• Flexibility

• Shorter product life cycles
• Higher R&D costs
• Monopolies and Barriers to Entry
• Mergers and takeovers of smaller firms
• Teething problems
• Unemployment – incapacity to do the job, job insecurity

• Businesses can have a negative impact on the environment
• Environmental audits assess the impact of a business on its environment
• Businesses create many external costs that affect the environment e.g. pollution

• External costs created by businesses can impact the environment in the following ways:
• Urban blight – excessive development and inappropriate developments mean the environment is visually less attractive, loss of farmland
• Production and disposal of waste – this could include an increase in litter and rubbish from packaging
• Use of energy
• Pollution:
– Noise – from cars, lorries, factories etc
– Air – emissions from cars and delivery vehicles
– Land
– Sea
– Water

• The Environmental Protection Act, 1991 and the
Environment Act, 1995 are designed to protect the environment
• Businesses can also help reduce harm to the environment by:
– Redesigning products to use less materials and making them biodegradable / recyclable
– Sourcing resources from sustainable supplies
– Finding ways to reduce pollution

• As well as external costs businesses can create external benefits
• External benefits are advantages a business brings to the local community when it locates its business in a particular area. These benefits will be positive for the local community.
• Examples:
• Employment
• Quality of life
• Providing a service
• Regeneration of land

• A change in political leadership can impact UK businesses
• UK Law : Competition Policy, Consumer Protection
• EU Law
• Enlargement of the EU
• Political stance – trading/ trade blocks/ Embargos

• A group seeking to influence government policy or business activity to secure the interests of their members and supporters.

• Environmental, Consumer, Welfare (animals), industries (TUs)
• Lobbying- where a pressure group campaigns through leaflets, petitions etc in order to raise public awareness or change the law

• Single Cause - Focus on a particular issue:
• Multi Cause - Focus attention on a wider range of issues often under a generalised heading
• Protective – Seek to protect interest of members
• Promotional - Seek to promote issues of interest to its members and supporters in relation to the particular topic

• Direct Action: Direct action can include:
•Lobbying
•Protest
•Boycotts
•Civil disobedience – e.g. causing obstruction – sit ins, lie downs, making noises, etc
•Terrorism – intimidation of workers or owners/management of a business, for example
•Violence – bombings, shootings, threats, attacks
•Criminal damage – damage to property, releasing animals into the wild – Animal Liberation Front

• Publicity
• Leaflets/adverts
• Petitions
• Providing research

• Successful campaigns can lead to legal and ethical changes in business practice e.g.
– The increasing practice of environmental audits by businesses
– The movement to the use of synthetic fur in the fashion industry
– The compulsory use of seat belts
– The decrease in the use of CFCs

Business might:
• Accept the arguments and change its practice
• Present its own arguments on the issue
• Take legal redress
• Seek to publicise its image and what it is doing to counter the damage pressure groups could cause

• Pressure Groups can be criticised if:
– They appear too powerful
– They are powerful enough to represent minority interests at the expense of the majority
– They focus on their own agenda at the expense of wider issues
– They take direct action that breaks the law

• Where a business assesses its social impacts and ethical behaviour in relation to its and the stakeholders aims
• E.g. recyclable packaging, avoiding the use of child labour and sweat shops, free trade products, brown field sites

• Social responsibilities are stakeholder views that a business can operate towards
• Stakeholders are anyone who has an interest in the business
• By trying to meet the views of different stakeholders businesses are operating in a more socially responsible manner
• Business ethics are the shared attitudes and principals shared by a business
• Businesses need to ensure that they try and behave in an ethical way as this has a positive impact on society and their employees
• Technological change impacts the way businesses operate
• Businesses create external costs due to their operation a lot of these costs are environmental e.g. increased pollution
• By decreasing the environmental impact of their business a firm is able to decrease their external costs and improve their image
• Political change can influence business operation through the creation of new laws or regulations
• Pressure groups aim to change business behaviour through direct and indirect actions
• Social auditing looks at the businesses social behaviour and impacts