CFI Workshop 5
Core Topic 10
Risk
Management
for
Flight Instructors
October 1, 2011
Federal Aviation
Administration
A Crosswind Accident?
The pilot lost control after the aircraft
touched down on one wheel, swerved
sharply, hit several runway lights, left
the runway, and came to rest in the
airport boundary fence. The winds
were at 60-degree crosswind to the
runway at 32 kts with gusts to 40.
What caused this accident?
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
Federal Aviation
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2010 Joseph T. Nall Report
“Accidents occurring during
takeoff, climb, maneuvering,
descent, approach, and landing
tend to result more directly from
deficient airmanship, though it
may have been faulty decisionmaking that placed the pilots in
situations beyond their skills.”
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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NTSB CEN09FA393
Probable Cause:
The pilot’s poor judgment/decision making in
attempting the no-flap takeoff, his failure to
comply with weight limitations, and his failure
to calculate the airplane’s performance under
existing conditions.
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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Risk Management: A Definition
The part of the decisionmaking process that relies on
• Situational awareness
• Problem recognition, and
• Good judgment
to reduce risks associated
with each flight.
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October 1, 2011
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Teaching Risk Management
• Identifying hazards
• Assessing risk
• Understanding its
time-critical nature
• Including riskmanagement controls
in training
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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Teaching Judgment
We’re trying to answer the
enduring questions:
• “Can you teach judgment?”
• “If yes, how?”
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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Analogous to Checklists
Think of (and teach) risk-management as
another aircraft system or phase of flight with
a checklist/procedure to follow.
• 5 Ts
• GUMPS
Run the risk-management checklist at
important phases of flight (including preflight)
and whenever the situation changes or new
information arrives.
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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Risk Management
Before you make decisions, you must:
1. Identify risk factors (hazards)
2. Assess their likelihood
3. Evaluate their severity
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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Defining Terms: Hazard
• A present condition, event, object, or
circumstance that could lead to or
contribute to an unplanned or undesired
event such as an accident.
• Is it a source of danger?
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October 1, 2011
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Defining Terms: Risk
The future impact of a hazard that is not
controlled or eliminated.
1. Future uncertainty created by the hazard.
2. If it involves skill sets, the same situation
may yield different risks.
3. Could also be described as the “degree of
uncertainty.”
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October 1, 2011
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Types of Risk
• Total Risk: The sum of identified and unidentified
risks.
• Identified Risk: Risk that has been determined.
• Unidentified Risk: Often identified only after an
accident.
• Unacceptable Risk: Can’t be tolerated. Must be
eliminated or controlled.
• Acceptable Risk: Identified but managed.
• Residual Risk: Remains after mitigation attempts.
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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Risk Management
• The method used to control, eliminate, or
reduce hazards.
• Unique to each individual based on skills,
knowledge, training, and experience.
• A decision-making process designed to
systematically identify hazards, assess risk,
and determine the best course of action.
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October 1, 2011
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Risk Assessment Matrix
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5
October 26, 2009 chg 1
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Risk Thresholds
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Risk Assessment
3 SM visibility—is it a risk?
•
•
•
•
For a student pilot?
100 hr VFR-only private pilot?
500 hr IFR pilot flying in the mountains
1,000 hr IFR pilot with 5 hr experience in a glass
cockpit?
• 1,500 hr ATP pilot flying in busy airspace?
Photo AOPA Gallery
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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A Simple Test
Ask three basic questions:
• Is it safe?
• Is it legal?
• Does it make sense?
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Where to Land?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Flying west at 10,500MSL VFR-Only
200-hr private pilot
To Portland, Oregon
Cessna 172 (TAS 110 KIAS)
Snow showers and reduced visibility
5:35 pm local time
Fuel remaining is about 90 minutes.
What will you do?
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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10,500MSL
Cessna 172
5:35pm local time
90 minutes fuel
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October 1, 2011
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Time Critical Framework
5:35pm local time
60 minutes fuel
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What Would You Do?
5:35pm local time
90 minutes fuel
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October 1, 2011
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ADM DEFINED
Aeronautical Decision Making is a systematic
approach to the mental process use by
pilots to consistently determine the best
course of action in response to a given set
of circumstances.
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October 1, 2011
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Risk Management Controls
1. Identify hazardous attitudes.
2. Recognize and cope with
stress.
3. Develop risk-assessment
skills.
4. Use all available resources.
5. Evaluate effectiveness of
decisions.
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October 1, 2011
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Hazardous Attitudes and Antidotes
Anti-authority – Don’t tell me.
– Follow the rules, they are usually right
Impulsivity – Do something – do it now.
– Not so fast, think first
Invulnerability – It won’t happen to me.
– It could happen to me.
Macho – I can do it.
– Taking chances is foolish.
Resignation – What’s the use?
– I can make a difference.
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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Risk Identification
PAVE Checklist:
•Pilot
•Aircraft
•enVironment
•External Pressures
www.skyvector.com
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October 1, 2011
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Evaluating Pilot’s Risk Management
Assess the potential risk associated with planned
flight during preflight planning and in flight.
• Explain risk elements with the given scenario and
how each was assessed.
• Use a tool, such as PAVE to assess the risk
elements.
Pilot – Aircraft – enVironment – External Factors
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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D.E.C.I.D.E.
D = Detect
E = Estimate
C = Choose
I = Identify
D = Do
E = Evaluate
3P
Perceive
Process
Perform
(Continuous Loop)
Photo: Quest Kodiak 100
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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Evaluating Pilot’s Decision Making
• Use a decision-making process (such as the DECIDE
model) when making decisions that affect the outcome
of the flight. Pilot should be able to explain factors and
alternatives.
Detect – Estimate – Choose – Identify – Do – Evaluate
• Recognize and explain any hazardous attitudes that
may have influenced a decision.
• Decide and execute an appropriate course of action to
handle any situation and lead to a safe and successful
conclusion of the flight.
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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Including Risk Management in
Flight Training
• Situations to stimulate decision making
• Practice problem solving
• Create circumstances that make unsafe
judgments look appealing
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October 1, 2011
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Do You Teach ADM? Seen this?
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October 1, 2011
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Scenarios
According to the Aviation Instructor’s
Handbook (p. 2-26), a good scenario:
1. Has a clear set of objectives.
2. Is tailored to the needs of the student.
3. Capitalizes on the nuances of the local
environment.
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October 1, 2011
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Scenario Database
At 7:00PM, after an exhausting 3-day business meeting, you load the rental
plane and file VFR for a 2-hr flight. You discover your only pair of reading
glasses was left back at the hotel. You have no problem seeing distance but
can’t read panel gauges or a chart very well. Weather is 3,500 ceiling, 5SM
visibility with 15 kt crosswinds at your designation. If you depart in the next 20
minutes you can land before dark. You decide to:
A. Depart and fly to land before dark. Purchase a new pair of glasses at your
destination.
B. Call the hotel, if they have your glasses go get them and takeoff late this
evening.
C. Call the hotel, if they do not have your glasses, spend the night. Tomorrow
purchase a new pair and fly takeoff.
D. Call the hotel, if they have your glasses, go get them, spend the night and
takeoff in the morning.
From: www.avhf.com
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
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Sources of Scenarios
• FAA-Industry Training Standards (FITS)
• The generic syllabi at the FITS website
include a variety of scenarios for VFR and
IFR pilots.
• You can easily modify and adapt them for
your students and customers.
• http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/training/
fits/training/
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FITS Website
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I’M SAFE Checklist
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5
Risk Management
Questions?
Comments?
Ideas?
Quiz time
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5
October 26, 2009 chg 1
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Risk Management Question #1
Which of the following are hazardous attitudes?
a) Tormenter
b) Macho
c) Recluse
d) Quarrelsome
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Risk Management Question #2
Effective workload management ensures that
essential operations are accomplished by
planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks.
True or False?
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Risk Management Question #3
Is it a “Hazard” or a “Risk” that is a present
condition, event, object, or circumstance that
could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or
undesired event such as an accident?
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October 1, 2011
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Risk Management Question #4
An excellent tool in making good aeronautical decisions is
the D.E.C.I.D.E model. What are the six attributes of the
model?
a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate
b) Drop, Evacuate, Criticize, Indemnify, Decimate,
Exacerbate
c) Determine, Eliminate, Choose, Initiate, Divert, Evacuate
d) None of the above
Answers follow
~
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
Federal Aviation
Administration
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Risk Management Question #1
Which of the following are hazardous attitudes?
a) Tormenter
b) Macho
c) Recluse
d) Quarrelsome
Answer ~
b) Macho – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical
Knowledge
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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Risk Management Question #2
Effective workload management ensures that
essential operations are accomplished by
planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks.
True or False?
Answer ~
True – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical
Knowledge
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
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Risk Management Question #3
Is it a “Hazard” or a “Risk” that is a present
condition, event, object, or circumstance that
could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or
undesired event such as an accident?
Answer ~
“Hazard” – Risk Management Handbook
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
Federal Aviation
Administration
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Risk Management Question #4
An excellent tool in making good aeronautical decisions is
the D.E.C.I.D.E model. What are the six attributes of the
model?
a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate
b) Drop, Evacuate, Criticize, Indemnify, Decimate,
Exacerbate
c) Determine, Eliminate, Choose, Initiate, Divert, Evacuate
d) None of the above
Answer ~
a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate
FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10
October 1, 2011
Federal Aviation
Administration
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Regulatory, Policy, and
Publications Changes and
Updates
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FAASafety.gov
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Official Sources from FAA
FAA Website:
• Air Traffic Plans and Publications
– AIM
– Pilot/Controller Glossary
• Flight Standards Information Management
System (FSIMS)
– FAA inspector’s handbook with links to regs and
other documents
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AIM Updates
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AIM Updates
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FSIMS
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Industry Groups
• SAFE (Society of Aviation and Flight
Educators): www.safepilots.org
• NAFI (National Association of Flight
Instructors): www.nafinet.org
• AOPA Flight Training:
http://flighttraining.aopa.org/
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FIRC
• AC 61-83G, which outlines requirements for
FIRCs, is in the draft stage.
• Includes significant updates to the FIRC
process (including online courses) and content.
• Organizations like SAFE are working with FAA
to refine the FIRC process to make it more
effective and relevant.
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Updated FIRC Content (Draft)
Required Core Topics:
Navigating in the 21st Century:
Pilotage to GPS
Safety Trends in GA
Security-Related Special Use
Airspace
Pilot Deviations
Transportation Security
Administration (TSA) and CFIs
How to Make the Best Use of the
FAASTeam and the Pilot Proficiently
WINGS
Program
How to Teach Effectively and Build a
Culture of Safety
Regulatory, Policy, and Publications
Changes and Updates
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Administration
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This completes
CFI Workshop Module #5
See you for Module #6
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October 26, 2009 chg 1
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