UIS activities in the collection and
analysis of STI indicators and
overview of data for Arab States
SUB-REGIONAL HANDS-ON TRAINING ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION INDICATORS
Damascus, Syria
18-20 September 2010
www.uis.unesco.org
Objectives of this presentation
 Present the work that UIS does to support the
collection and analysis of STI indicators in
developing countries
 Provide an overview of the availability of STI
indicators worldwide and in the region
www.uis.unesco.org
UIS is the UN lead agency for S&T
statistics
Official S&T data source for:
 UN Statistical Division: UN Statistical Year Book
 UNDP: Human Development Report
 World Bank: World Development Indicators
 UNESCO Reports:
• UNESCO Science Report
• UNESCO World Report - Towards Knowledge Societies
• International Report on S&T and Gender
www.uis.unesco.org
UIS Strategy on S&T statistics
International Review of S&T Statistics & Indicators 2002-03
Resulting priorities:
 Immediate term:
• R&D personnel & expenditure
• Human resources devoted to S&T
• Science education & Higher education
• International mobility
• Gender
 Medium term: Innovation data
• Just started!
 Longer term: Output & Impact
www.uis.unesco.org
Lines of action
1. S&T survey operation and data guardianship
2. Training in S&T statistics: workshops & other
training activities
3. Standard setting and methodological
developments
4. Analysis and publications
www.uis.unesco.org
1. S&T Survey operation and data
guardianship
 Global survey on statistics of science & technology
 Global database on S&T Statistics
 Data dissemination: on the UIS website and
through contributions to other agencies
 2011: pilot survey of innovation data
www.uis.unesco.org
Survey on Statistics of Science &
Technology
 Biennially.
 2004, 2006 and 2008 S&T surveys completed.
 4th round launched in June 2010.
 Results released on UIS website
(http://stats.uis.unesco.org).
 OECD and Eurostat provide data for their Member
States. RICYT provides data for Latin America.
 UIS keeps direct contact with national S&T
statisticians.
www.uis.unesco.org
Data collection
R&D Personnel
 By sector of employment,
occupation, qualification, and
field of science
 In headcount and FTE
 By gender
R&D Expenditure
 By sector of performance and
source of funds
 New: by type of activity and
field of science
www.uis.unesco.org
UIS 2006 and 2008 Surveys on R&D:
response rates & published data
Responses
Q 2006
Regions
(Countries and Territories covered)
Responses
Q 2008
Sub-Saharan Africa (46)
27
59%
Arab States-Africa (8)
6
75%
Asia (31, excl. Arab States & OECD)
21
68%
Arab States - Asia (12)
7
58%
Americas (19, excl. RICYT & OECD)
4
21%
4
21%
4
21%
Europe (16, excl. OECD & Eurostat)
9
56%
11
69%
10
63%
Oceania (17, excl. OECD)
0
0%
4
24%
3
18%
74
50%
71
48%
78
52%
43
100%
19
83%
140
65%
Sub-total (149)
61%
65%
21
46%
4
50%
21
68%
6
50%
Published data
46%
63%
27
59%
6
75%
24
77%
4
33%
61%
65%
Data from other sources:
OECD + Eurostat (43)
Total coverage
Total coverage
RICYT (23)
Total (215)
140
65%
137
64%
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Respondents to the UIS S&T 2006-08-10
questionnaires from Arab States
Country
2006 S&T Survey
2008 S&T Survey
2010 S&T Survey
Algeria
Data provided
Data not provided
Bahrain
Data not provided
Data not provided
Djibouti
Data not provided
Data not provided
Egypt
Data not provided
Data provided
Received
Iraq
Data not provided
Data provided
Received
Jordan
Data provided
Data not provided
Received
Kuwait
Data provided
Data provided
Received
Lebanon
Data not provided
Data not provided
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Data not provided
Data provided
Mauritania
Data not provided
Data not provided
Partial response
www.uis.unesco.org
Respondents to the UIS S&T 2006-08-10
questionnaires from Arab States – cont’d
Country
2006 S&T Survey
2008 S&T Survey
Morocco
Data provided
Data provided
Oman
Data not provided
Data not provided
Palestinian Aut. Territories
Data provided
Data not provided
Qatar
Data not provided
Data not provided
Saudi Arabia
Data not provided
Data provided
Sudan
Data provided
Data not provided
Syrian Arab Republic
Data not provided
Data not provided
Tunisia
Data provided
Data provided
United Arab Emirates
Data not provided
Data not provided
Yemen
Data not provided
Data not provided
2010 S&T survey
Received
Received
Received
Received
www.uis.unesco.org
Number of researchers worldwide
2002
2007
5,000
Researchers (in thousands)
4,478
4,500
4,047
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,731
2,500
2,000
1,763
1,500
1,000
500
Developed countries
Source: UIS estimates, August 2010
Developing countries
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Which countries host the greatest number of researchers?
Number of researchers, 2007 or latest available year
215,755
154,827
139,011
1,425,550
221,928
261,406
290,853
451,213
709,974
1,423,380
United States -1
China
Japan
Russian Fed. +1
Germany
United Kingdom +1
Rep. of Korea
France
India -2
Canada -1
Source: UIS, August 2010
Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005. Data in this graph are based www.uis.unesco.org
on FTE data.
What are the national research densities?
Researchers per million inhabitants, 2007 or
latest available year
0–100 per million
101–300 per million
301–1000 per million
1001–2000 per million
2001 per million and above
Data not available
Source: UIS, August 2010
Note: Data in this map are based on FTE. However, figures in headcounts (HC) were considered for the following countries since
the FTE figures were not available: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bangladesh; Belarus; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Cameroon;
Central African Rep.; Cuba; Dem. Rep. of the Congo; El Salvador; Gabon; Gambia; Georgia; Guinea; Honduras; Jordan;
Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Libya; Mauritius; Mongolia; Montenegro; Nauru; Nicaragua; Nigeria; Peru; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Tajikistan; Trinidad and Tobago; Uganda; U.S. Virgin Islands; and Zambia. This has to
be taken into account when interpreting the data.
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The gender gap in science.
Women as a share of total researchers, 2007 or
latest available year
0%–30%
30.1%–45%
45.1%–55%
55.1%–70%
70.1%–100%
Data not available
Source: UIS, August 2010
Note: Data in this map are based on HC, except for Congo and www.uis.unesco.org
India (based on FTE).
R&D Personnel, Arab countries, 2007 or
last available year
Country
Algeria
Year
2005*
Researchers per million
inhabitants (FTE)
Researchers (FTE)
5,593
170
Bahrain
…
…
…
Djibouti
…
…
…
49,363
617
…
…
15,891
3,030
472
166
…
…
373
60
…
…
19,972
647
Egypt
2007
…
Iraq
Jordan
2003* (HC)
Kuwait
2007*
…
Lebanon
2007* (HC)
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
…
Mauritania
Morocco
2006*
Source: UIS S&T Database, 2009.
FTE: Full-time equivalents, HC: Head count instead of Full-time equivalent, * Based on partial data www.uis.unesco.org
R&D Personnel, Arab countries, 2007 or
last available year
Country
Year
Researchers per million
inhabitants (FTE)
Researchers (FTE)
Oman
…
…
…
Palestinian Autonomous
Territories
…
…
…
Qatar
…
…
…
Saudi Arabia
2007* (HC)
1,024
41
Sudan
2005 (HC)
11,208
290
…
…
15,833
1,588
…
Syrian Arab Republic
Tunisia
2006
United Arab Emirates
…
…
…
Yemen
…
…
…
Source: UIS S&T Database, 2009.
FTE: Full-time equivalents, HC: Head count instead of Full-time equivalent, * Based on partial data www.uis.unesco.org
Researchers per million inhabitants, 2005
or latest available year – Arab States
0–100 per million
101–300 per million
301–1000 per million
1001–2000 per million
2001 per million and above
Data not available
Source: UIS, September 2007
www.uis.unesco.org
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D
(GERD) worldwide
2002
2007
1,000
873
GERD (in billions PPP$)
900
800
700
653
600
500
400
273
300
200
137
100
Developed countries
Source: UIS estimates, August 2010
Developing countries
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GERD by region
GERD in billions PPP$ by regions
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1990
Americas
2002
Europe
Africa
2007
Asia
Oceania
www.uis.unesco.org
World’s top 10 leaders in R&D investment
GERD (‘000 PPP$), 2007 or latest available year
23,961,471
24,792,602
23,382,745
398,086,000
41,043,072
41,339,086
42,892,759
72,241,917
102,428,349
147,938,883
United States +1
Japan
China
Germany
France +1
Rep. of Korea
United Kingdom +1
India
Canada +1
Russian Fed. +1
Source: UIS, August 2010
Note: +1 = 2008.
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A snap-shot of R&D intensity.
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a
percentage of GDP, 2007 or latest available year
0.00%–0.25%
0.26%–0.50%
0.51%–1.00%
1.01%–2.00%
2.01% and above
Data not available
Source: UIS, August 2010
www.uis.unesco.org
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD)
indicators in Arab States, 2007 or latest
available year
Year
GERD
(millions) –
Local currency
GERD PPP$
(millions)
GERD –
as % of
GDP
GERD per
inhabitant
(PPP$)
Algeria
2005*
4,994
157
0.07%
4.8
Egypt
2007*
1,680
911
0.23%
11.4
Kuwait
2007*
28
110
0.09%
38.7
Morocco
2006*
3,670
765
0.64%
25.0
Saudi Arabia
2007*
705
271
0.05%
11.0
Sudan
2005
193
179
0.29%
4.6
Tunisia
2005
384
661
1.02%
66.9
Country
Source: UIS S&T Database, 2009
* Based on partial data
www.uis.unesco.org
GERD as a percentage of GDP, 2005 or latest
available year - Arab States
0.00%–0.25%
0.26%–0.50%
0.51%–1.00%
1.01%–2.00%
2.01% and above
Data not available
Source: UIS, September 2007
www.uis.unesco.org
A breakdown of R&D investment in the Americas.
GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest
available year
Business enterprise
Government
Private non-profit
Unknown
Higher education
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Source: UIS, August 2010
Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002.
Paraguay -2
Panama -2
Guatemala
Uruguay +1
Ecuador
Colombia
Bolivia -5
Trinidad & Tobago -1
Peru -3
Argentina
Costa Rica
Brazil -3
Chile -3
Mexico
Canada +1
United States +1
0%
www.uis.unesco.org
Source: UIS, August 2010
Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -3 = 2004.
www.uis.unesco.org
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Serbia
Montenegro
Macedonia (FYR) -1
Rep. of Moldova
Cyprus +1
Lithuania +1
Latvia +1
Greece
Private non-profit
Romania +1
Poland +1
Bulgaria +1
Turkey
Slovakia +1
Estonia +1
Croatia +1
Higher education
Portugal +1
Hungary
Italy +1
Norway +1
Iceland +1
Spain +1
Government
Netherlands +1
Ukraine
Belarus
Czech Rep. +1
Russian Fed. +1
Business enterprise
France +1
United Kingdom +1
Slovenia +1
Ireland +1
Malta +1
Belgium +1
Germany
Denmark +1
Austria
Finland +1
Switzerland -3
Sweden +1
Luxembourg +1
A breakdown of R&D investment in Europe.
GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest
available year
100%
Unknown
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Source: UIS, August 2010
0%
Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002.
www.uis.unesco.org
New Zealand
Australia -1
Georgia -2
Pakistan
Brunei -3
Tajikistan -2
Armenia
Mongolia
Private non-profit
Indonesia -2
Cambodia -5
Iran -1
Viet Nam -5
Sri Lanka -1
Azerbaijan
Kyrgyzstan
Higher education
India
Lao PDR -5
Thailand -2
Kazakhstan +1
Hong Kong -1
Philippines -2
Singapore
Government
China
Rep. of Korea
Japan
Israel +1
Business enterprise
Malaysia -1
Senegal -2
Madagascar
Burkina Faso
Ethiopia
Seychelles -2
Uganda
Zambia -2
Tunisia -2
Botswana -2
Morocco -1
Sudan -2
South Africa
A breakdown of R&D investment in Africa, Asia and the
Pacific. GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest
available year
100%
Unknown
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
A breakdown of researchers in the Americas.
Researchers by sector of employment, 2007 or
latest available year
Business enterprise
Government
Private non-profit
Unknown
Higher education
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Source: UIS, August 2010
Nicaragua* -3
Paraguay -2
Costa Rica*
Panama
Guatemala
Colombia
Trinidad & Tobago*
Venezuela +1
Uruguay +1
El Salvador* +1
Bolivia -5
Argentina
Honduras* -4
Ecuador*
Brazil +1
Mexico
Chile -3
Canada -1
United States -1
0%
Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -4 = 2003, -5 = 2002. Data in this graph
www.uis.unesco.org
are based on FTE data (* based on HC data).
Source: UIS, August 2010
Serbia
Montenegro*
Macedonia (FYR) -1
Latvia +1
Slovakia +1
Bulgaria +1
Lithuania +1
Rep. of Moldova
Poland +1
Private non-profit
Croatia +1
Cyprus +1
Portugal +1
Greece
Turkey
Estonia +1
Higher education
Romania +1
Spain +1
United Kingdom +1
Italy +1
Hungary
Ukraine
Government
Slovenia +1
Czech Rep. +1
Belarus*
Malta +1
Iceland +1
Business enterprise
Belgium +1
Switzerland -3
Russian Fed. +1
Norway +1
Netherlands +1
Ireland +1
France
Finland +1
Germany
Austria +1
Denmark +1
Luxembourg +1
Sweden +1
A breakdown of researchers in Europe.
Researchers by sector of employment, 2007 or
latest available year
100%
Unknown
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -3 = 2004. Data in this graph are based on FTE data (* based on
www.uis.unesco.org
HC data).
Source: UIS, August 2010
Government
Higher education
Private non-profit
Australia -1
New Zealand
Business enterprise
Rep. of Korea
Japan
China
Singapore
Hong Kong -1
Philippines -2
India -2
Malaysia -1
Jordan* -4
Lao PDR -5
Kazakhstan* +1
Thailand -2
Kyrgyzstan*
Brunei -4
Azerbaijan*
Iran -1
Cambodia -5
Sri Lanka -1
Viet Nam -5
Mongolia*
Indonesia -6
Armenia*
Tajikistan* -1
Bangladesh* Georgia* -2
Pakistan
Macao, China -2
South Africa
Morocco -1
Botswana* -2
Uganda*
Sudan* -2
Zambia* -2
Burkina Faso*
Ethiopia
Seychelles -2
Egypt
Lesotho -3
Guinea* -7
Mali -1
Madagascar
Algeria -2
Senegal
Togo
Tunisia -1
Congo DR* -2
Nigeria* -2
Côte d'Ivoire -2
A breakdown of researchers in Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
Researchers by sector of employment, 2007 or latest
available year
100%
Unknown
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -4 = 2003, -5 = 2002, -6 = 2001, -7 = 2000, - 10
www.uis.unesco.org
= 1997. Data in this graph are based on FTE data (* based on HC data).
Funding in the Americas.
GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest
available year
Business enterprise
Government
Higher education
Private non-profit
Abroad
Unknown
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Source: UIS, August 2010
Notes: +1 = 2008, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002.
Guatemala
Paraguay -2
Panama -2
El Salvador
Bolivia -5
Cuba +1
Ecuador
Uruguay +1
Colombia
Argentina
Brazil
Mexico
Chile -3
Canada +1
United States +1
0%
www.uis.unesco.org
Source: UIS, August 2010
Note: +1 = 2008, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -4 = 2003, -5 = 2002
www.uis.unesco.org
Rep. of Moldova
Macedonia (FYR) -5
Cyprus
Lithuania +1
Abroad
Romania +1
Latvia +1
Russian Fed. +1
Ukraine
Private non-profit
Poland +1
Greece -2
Estonia +1
Bulgaria
Slovakia +1
Croatia +1
Higher education
Italy
Hungary
Belarus
Norway
Spain
Austria +1
Government
Portugal
United Kingdom +1
Turkey
Ireland
Iceland +1
Business enterprise
France +1
Malta +1
Netherlands -4
Czech Rep. +1
Denmark +1
Belgium
Slovenia +1
Sweden
Germany
Finland
Switzerland -3
Luxembourg
Funding in Europe.
GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest
available year
Unknown
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Source: UIS, August 2010
Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002, -6 www.uis.unesco.org
= 2001.
New Zealand
Australia -1
Cambodia -5
Armenia
Abroad
Pakistan
Brunei -3
Tajikistan -2
Kuwait
Private non-profit
Mongolia
Iran -1
Indonesia -6
Viet Nam -5
Sri Lanka -1
Azerbaijan
Higher education
India
Lao PDR -5
Kyrgyzstan -2
Thailand -2
Kazakhstan +1
Hong Kong -1
Government
Singapore
Philippines -2
China
Rep. of Korea
Israel -1
Business enterprise
Japan
Malaysia -1
Mozambique -5
Madagascar
Ethiopia
Burkina Faso
Uganda
Tunisia -2
Morocco -1
South Africa -1
Funding in Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest
available year
100%
Unknown
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Quality of data
Efficient use of
resources
Consistency over
time and space
Accessibility and
affordability
Validity
and reliability
Relevance to
policy
Potential for
disaggregation
Comparability
through
standards
Clarity and
transparency
Currency and
punctuality
Coherence
across sources
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2. Capacity building
There are many problems:
 Lack of understanding of importance of S&T
(indicators)
 Lack of political will and action
 Lack of coordination
 Lack of trained personnel
 High staff turnover
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Capacity building (2)
Measurement problems:
 Measuring “real effort” (full-time equivalents)
 Private sector R&D
 Budget data vs. surveys
 Role of foreign entities
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S&T statistics workshops
 Increase the number of countries regularly producing quality
S&T indicators.
 Create local capacities and establish sustainable local S&T
statistics systems.
 Promote the use of S&T indicators for evidence-based S&T
policy making.
 Share experiences with other developing countries and
address problems.
 Gain knowledge about the particular characteristics of S&T
statistics data.
 Demonstrate good practices in other countries of the region.
www.uis.unesco.org
UIS S&T Statistics workshops
2005: Uganda, India
2006: Indonesia, Senegal, Kazakhstan
2007: Tunisia, FYR of Macedonia, Jordan, Brazil,
Russia, Cameroon
2008: Oman, Cambodia, Botswana
2009: Kenya, Egypt
2010: Mali, Syria, Uzbekistan, Nepal
But also contributing to similar workshops of
partner organisations (e.g. RICYT, NEPAD)
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Countries that have participated in UNESCO
S&T statistics workshops 2005-2009
Countries and territories covered
Countries and territories covered but absent
Countries and territories not yet covered
Countries and territories not targeted
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Results of workshops
 Increased response rate – non-responding
countries learn how to do it from UIS and
neighbours.
 Immediate problems solved.
 Increased data quality – improved understanding
of application of international standards.
 Face to face contacts = more effective networking.
 Inputs to UIS programme development.
www.uis.unesco.org
3. Standard setting/methodological
developments
 Careers of Doctoral Holders – CDH (since 2004)
 Measuring Innovation in Developing countries:
Annex to the Oslo Manual (2005)
• Will be presented separately
 Measuring R&D in Developing Countries:
Technical Guide and Annex to the Frascati Manual
(2010)
• Will be presented separately
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The careers of doctorate holders
survey (CDH)
 A joint project with the OECD and Eurostat.
 Methodology developed “from scratch”.
 Aimed both at developed and developing
countries.
 With participation from experts from both
developed and developing countries.
 Promoting the methodology by encouraging
developing countries to conduct such surveys and
produce cross-nationally comparable statistics on
careers of doctorate holders.
www.uis.unesco.org
Relevance of the CDH project
 Focus on the crucial role of highly qualified
individuals who represent a key to the production,
application and transmission of knowledge.
 Statistics on the global trends in human resources
for Science and Technology (HRST) very weak.
 Quality and comparability of international data on
migration is particularly weak.
 Diversity of data collection methods hinders
international comparability, and does not provide
information on career paths and mobility patterns.
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Objectives of CDH
Objectives:
 To design an internationally comparable tool for
tracking the careers of doctorates holders and
highly qualified people in different countries.
 To collect and exchange information on the career
paths of holders of doctorates from existing data
sources and the new survey tool.
www.uis.unesco.org
CDH toolkit
Components:
 Model questionnaire and Instruction Manual
 Output tables and variables definitions
 Methodological guidelines
 Bridge table model questionnaire - output tables
See:
http://www.uis.unesco.org/ev.php?URL_ID=5219&
URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201
and www.oecd.org/sti/cdh
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CDH modules
 Doctoral Education (EDU)
 Early Career Research positions (ECR)
 Employment situation (EMP)
 International mobility (MOB)
 Career-related experience (CAR)
 Personal characteristics (PER)
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4. Some publications
 Data publicly available at: www.uis.unesco.org
 UIS Publications (can be downloaded from the UIS website):
• S&T Bulletin 1 – Investment in R&D;
• S&T Bulletin 2 – Bibliometric Indicators;
• S&T Bulletin 3 – Women in Science
• Fact sheet: R&D statistics (recently updated)
 UNESCO Science Report 2010 (out in November)
 International Report on Science, Technology and Gender 2007
 UNESCO World Report
 History of Science Statistics at UNESCO
 Paper on ‘current status of International Science statistics for Africa’ in
African Statistical Journal
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Collaborations / Partnerships
 UNESCO HQs
 UNESCO offices worldwide
 World Bank
 OECD
 Eurostat
 RICYT (Latin America)
 AU-NEPAD
 ALECSO
 ADB
 Arab Academy of Science
 ATPS
 ISESCO
 ISDB
 Inter-Academy Council
 EU-Medibtikar
 INRS (Quebec, Canada)
 IDRC (Canada)
 ASEAN
 IRD (France)
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Way forward
 There is still a lot to do!
 UIS needs to keep direct contact with statisticians:
Quality and relevance.
 Countries to establish sustainable S&T statistics
systems, involving line ministries (S&T Ministries or
Research Councils) and National Statistical Offices.
 Looking forward to further cooperation.
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Thank you!
http://www.uis.unesco.org
m.schaaper@uis.unesco.org
www.uis.unesco.org