Chapter 14
Programming and
Languages
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Key Words & Terms
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application generator: 代码生成器
assembly language: 汇编语言
beta testing: beta 测试
code: 代码
coding: 编码
compiler: 编译器
computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools: 计算机辅助
软件工程工具
debugging: 调试
desk checking: 桌面检测
DO UNTIL structure: 一种循环结构DO UNTIL
DO WHILE structure:一种循环结构DO WHILE
documentation: 文档化
fifth-generation language (5GL): 第五代语言
formatting language: 格式化语言
fourth-generation language (4GL): 第四代语言
generation: 代，级
higher level: 高级
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Key Words & Terms
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IF-THEN-ELSE structure: 分支结构
IFPS (interactive financial planning system): 交互式财务策划系统
interpreter: 解释器
levels: 层次，级
logic error: 逻辑错
logic structure: 逻辑结构
loop structure: 循环结构
lower level: 低级
machine language: 机器语言
maintenance programmer: 维护程序员
markup language: 标记语言
module: 模块
natural language: 自然语言
object: 对象
object code: 对象代码
object-oriented programming (OOP): 面向对象程序设计
object-oriented software development: 面向对象软件开发
objectives: 目标，对象
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Key Words & Terms
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operators: 操作员
portable language: 可移植语言
problem-oriented language: 面向问题语言
procedural language: 过程语言
program: 程序
program analysis: 程序分析
program coder: 代码生成器
program definition: 程序定义
program design: 程序设计
program documentation: 程序文档
program flowchart: 程序流程图
program maintenance: 程序维护
program modules: 程序模块
program specification: 程序说明
programmer: 程序员
programming: 编程，程序设计
programming language: 程序设计语言
pseudo-code: 伪码
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Key Words & Terms
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query language: 查询语言
selection structure: 选择结构
sequence structure: 顺序结构
software development: 软件开发
software engineer: 软件工程
source code: 源代码
structured program: 结构化程序
structured programming techniques: 结构化程序设计技术
syntax error: 语法错
third generation language (3GL) : 第三代语言
top-down program design: 自上而下程序设计
user: 用户
very high level language: 超高级语言
visual programming language: 可视化程序设计语言
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Competencies (Page 1 of 2)
• Describe the six steps
of programming
• Discuss design tools
including top-down
design, pseudocode,
flowcharts, and logic
structures
• Describe program
testing and the tools for
finding and removing
errors
Page 4398
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Competencies (Page 2 of 2)
• Describe CASE tools and object-oriented
software development
• Explain the five generations of programming
languages
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Introduction
• In this chapter programming is described in
two parts: (1) the steps in the programming
process and (2) some of the programming
languages available.
• Programming is part of Phase 4, systems
development, in the systems life cycle.
• Competent end users need to understand the
relationship between systems development
and programming.
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Programs and Programming
• What is a Program?
• A problem-solving procedure
– A list of instructions
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Prewritten
Custom-written
Application software
System software
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What is Programming?
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Programming is software development
Six step procedure
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Program specification
Program design
Program code
Program test
Program documentation
Program maintenance
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Step 1: Program Specification
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Also called programs definition or program
analysis
5 Step Process
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Program Objectives
Desired Output
Input Data
Processing Requirements
Document Program Specifications
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Program Objectives
• Objectives are the problems that you are
trying to solve
• Programming requires a clear statement of
the problem that you are looking to address
Return
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Program Specification Steps
Continued
• Desired output
• Input Data
• Processing
Requirements
• Program
Specifications
Document
End user’s sketch of
desired output
Example of statement of
hours worked
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Step 2: Program Design
• Plan a solution
• Use structured programming techniques
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Top-down program design
Pseudocode
Flowcharts
Logic structures
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Step 3: Program Code
• Writing the program or coding
• The good program
– Reliable
– Catch input errors
– Understandable to other
programmers
– Structured programs best method
– Use the most appropriate
computer language
• Coding
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Coding
• Formatting or presentation language
• Programming language
Page 408
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Step 4: Program Test
• Debugging
– Testing
– Eliminating errors
• Syntax errors
• Logic errors
• Testing process
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Step 5: Program Documentation
• Written descriptions and procedures about a
program
• Important for people who will use the
program
– Users
– Operators
– Programmers
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Step 6: Program Maintenance
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75% of total lifetime cost
Error-free operations
Effective program
Two categories
– Operations
– Changing needs
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Case Tools
• Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
– Automate development process
• Designing
• Coding
• Testing activities
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Object-Oriented Software
Development
• Focuses less on procedures, more on
relationship between objects
• OOP: Object-oriented programming
• Object contains both the data and the
processing operations
Page 415
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Generations of Programming
Languages (Page 1 of 2)
• Occurring in “generations” or “levels”
– Levels-Machine languages to natural languages
• There are five generations :
– Lower level closer to machine language
– Higher level closer to human-like language
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Generations of Programming
Languages (Page 2 of 2)
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1st -- Machine languages
2nd -- Assembly languages
3rd -- High level procedural languages (3GL)
4th -- Problem-Oriented languages (4GL)
5th -- Natural Languages & Visual
programming languages (5GL)
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Language Translators
• compiler
compiling
linking
resource code========>.obj=======>.exe
• interpreter
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Discussion Questions (Page 1 of 2)
• Identify and discuss each of the six steps of
programming.
• Describe CASE tools and OOP. How does
CASE assist programmers?
• What is meant by “generation” in reference
to programming languages? What is the
difference between low-level and high-level
languages?
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Discussion Questions (Page 2 of 2)
• What is the difference between a compiler
and an interpreter?
• What are logic structures? Describe the
differences between the three logic types.
Page 428
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Crossword Puzzle Answers:
Across
Num.
Down
Clue
Answer
Num.
Clue
Answer
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Writing a program.
Coding
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Converts procedural language into
machine language code.
Compiler
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A list of instructions for the computer
to follow.
Program
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Error that is a violation of the rules of
a programming language.
Syntax
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Represent the steps needed to solve a
programming problem.
Program
flowchart
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The final step in testing a program.
Beta testing
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Programmer that ensures current
programs remain error free.
Maintenance
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Software engineer.
Programmer
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The problem a user is trying to solve.
Objective
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Sequence, selection, and loop.
Logic structure
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Structure that describes a process that
may be repeated while a
condition is true.
Loop
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Processing steps used in top-down
program design.
Module
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Logic
Testing and then eliminating errors.
Debugging
Error that occurs when an incorrect
calculation is used.
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Outline of the logic of the program
you will write.
Pseudocode
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Process by which a program is
organized into objects.
OOP
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Tools that provide some automation
in program design, coding, and
testing.
CASE
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Answers for Multiple Choice and Matching
Num
Multiple Choice Answers
Matching Answers
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A
I
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B
H
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C
G
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B
J
5
C
D
6
B
B
7
B
C
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C
E
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D
F
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B
A
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End of Chapter 14
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