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PROTECTIVE RELAYING FOR POWER SYSTEMS
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DISCRIPTION & OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OF DISTANCE RELAY TESTING
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CYBER NETICS IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
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FUNDAMENTALS OF SUPERVISORY CONTROL SYSTEMS:IEEE
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• INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS WITH
THOUSANDS OF KILOMETERS OF LINES
AND HUNDREDS OF GENERATORS
OPERATING WITH SPLIT SECOND
SYNCHRONISM IS THE GREATEST
SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENT OF THE
MILLENIUM
• THE LARGEST SINGLE MACHINE EVER
CREATED
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION
• IS IT AN ART?
• IST IT A TECHNOLOGY?
• IS IT SCIENCE?
• ………. IT IS A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY
SUBJECT!!!
POWER SYSTEM OPERATOR
• THE SYSTEM OPERATOR SHOULD
POSSESS THE
–
–
–
–
–
DISCIPLINE OF A MONK
INSTINCTS OF A FOX
EMOTIONS OF A ROCK
SKILLS OF A SURGEON
PATIENCE OF A FLAMINGO
• DO YOU HAVE IT IN YOU?
THE POWER SYSTEM
• POWER SYSTEM IS A
MANIFESTATION OF SOCIETY
• WE HAVE DONE LOTS OF
“LOAD FLOWS”
• NOW’S THE TIME TO DO
“COST FLOWS”.
CARDINAL RULES FOR A
SYSTEM OPERATOR
• UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE
–
–
–
–
PUBLIC GOODS
PRIVATE GOODS
PUBLIC SERVICE
PRIVATE SERVICE
• UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE
– PUBLIC HAT AND A PRIVATE HAT
FREQUENCY CONTROL
• FREQUENCY IS THE MESSENGERNOT THE MESSAGE
• FREQUENCY HAS TO BE
COLLECTIVELY CONTROLLED AND
DEMOCRATICALLY STABILISED
BEHAVIOUR IN AN
INTER-CONNECTED SYSTEM
• THE INTER CONNECTED OPERATION IS A
PRECARIOUS ENTERPRISE, RARELY
PERFECT, OFTEN FRAGILE AND
SOMETIMES YOU WONDER IF IT IS WORTH
THE EXPERIENCE
• A PRUDENT CONSTITUENT SHOULD TAKE
ACTION IMAGINING THAT HE IS ISLANDED
– THEN THE GRID WILL COME TO HIS
RESCUE
Where next?
A quarter century ago, Dr. R. Buckminister Fuller proposed
interconnecting regional Power System into a single,
continuous worldwide Electric Energy Grid as a number
one solution to solve many of the world's pressing
problems. While he envisioned creating economical Power
Systems, Fuller also saw power grid as the way to reduce
human suffering, preserve the environment and make war
obsolete. Expanding power grid has proved to be both
economically and environmentally desirable since the time
zone and seasonal diversity that exist between adjacent
Power Systems can postpone or eliminate the necessity of
building redundant generation.
BEYOND THE HORIZON…
• THE GAME THEORY
• THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS
A PASSING THOUGHT
• A PLAN IS NOTHING-PLANNING IS
EVERYTHING---WINSTON CHURCHILL
• YOU CANNOT SOLVE THE PROBLEM WITH
THE SAME KIND OF THINKING THAT
CREATED THE PROBLEM!-ALBERT
EINSTIEN
• KNOWLEDGE ITSELF IS POWER-FRANCIS
BACON
A PASSING THOUGHT
• Narain Hingorani says “The function of
transmission is not just to deliver power
from one place to another. It is much
broader than that. To Pool the generation
and load in a region and to maximise the
use of available generation and take
advantage of diversity in weather, timezones and fuel”.
WHAT THE WISE MEN SAY….
• “Two issues are worth consideration – (i) an
increasing number of transactions does not
introduce transmission congestion (the
congestion myth) – (ii) a system operator
has at his disposal line and equipment
installed as a result of planning”
• “Without an available, robust transmission
network, operators wage an endless losing
battle – protection schemes, application of
facts, devices and congestion management,
tools cannot replace capacity”
WHAT THE WISE MEN SAY….
• Interconnected power system has been a large
portion of continent and can be described as the
world’s largest machines. Interconnections make
economical use of the power , improve overall
reliability, but the complexity exacts the toll.
• “Large power systems are resilient machines.
Nevertheless when power is transferred from low
cost to high cost generation areas over long
transmission paths, the potential for failure
increases”
• “System inherent risk of failure depends on factors
such as magnitude of population and loads in
relation to generation resources.”
SOME QUOTES ON POWER
• POWER IS BUILT MORE EASILY ON LIES
THAN ON TRUTH.
• POWER ONLY TIRES THOSE WHO DON’T
EXERCISE IT.
• PEOPLE WHO SEEK POWER RIDING THE
BACK OF A TIGER END UP INSIDE IT.
• POWER IS NOT A MEANS, IT IS AN END.
• INFORMATION IS POWER.
THANK YOU