Cognitive Radio & Networks in Intelligent Vehicular
Systems (IVS) and High-Speed Rail (HSR)
Applications: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities
By
T. Russell Hsing (幸 多), PhD
Executive Director,
Telematics and M2M Communications Research Department
Telcordia Technologies, Inc. (A Ericsson company since Jan. 12, 2012)
Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
Email: thsing190@gmail.com
Friday, March 2, 2012, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)
Outline
 Introduction
 Connected
Vehicles & High-Speed Trains with
Communications Infrastructures
 Key Objectives for Intelligent Vehicular Networks
 Cognitive Radio: Definition and major functions
 Cognitive Radio Features vs Vehicular Telematics
Services
 Wireless Technologies for High-Speed Rail (HSR) App.
 Intelligent Vehicle Systems & Telematics Applications
 Major Challenges in both IVS and HSR Applications
To R. Hsing – 2
2000BCand
Transportation
Communications
3500BC
1769
1885
1965
MAGLEV
2000
2025
To R. Hsing – 3
Cellular Wireless Technologies Evolution
1G
2G
2.5G
3G
3.5G
4G
EDGE
LTE
(E-UTRAN
HSPA
NMT
GSM
GPRS
W-CDMA
(UMTS)
HSDPA
HSUPA
TACS
TD-SCDMA
(China)
3GPP
D-AMPS
(IS54/136)
AMPS
CDMA
(IS-95)
1xRTT
1xEV-D0
Rev 0/A/B
1xEV-D0
Rev C
3GPP2
1980
1990
2000
2010
To R. Hsing – 4
2011
The Connected Vehicle Paradigm
Data Analysis Center
Data Consumers
Internet
Satellite
Virtual
Private
Network
Network Operations
Center
Terrestrial
Entertainment
Portal
Peer
Networking
Content Providers
Hot Spots &
Roadside Equipment
Internet
To R. Hsing – 5
Key Objectives for Intelligent Vehicle Systems
- Safety
- Traffic Congestion & Environment (i.e. Energy)
- Mobility Applications
- Privacy-Preserving Secured Communication
Cognitive Radio (1 of 2)
 Cognitive
–
Radio ~ SDR + Cognitive Engine
Definition of Cognition:
the mental process involved in knowing, learning,
and understanding things. (from Collins Cobuild Dictionary)
 Fundamental
Problems:
Cognitive Procedures
– Technology Enablers
–
To R. Hsing – 7
Cognitive Radio (2 of 2)
 The
Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers (IEEE):
The IEEE-USA Board of Directors released a position
statement in 2003 that states the following:
“A cognitive radio is a radio frequency transmitter/receiver that is
designed to intelligently detect whether a particular segment of the
radio spectrum is currently in use, and to jump into (and out of, as
necessary) the temporarily-unused spectrum very rapidly, without
interfering with the transmissions of other authorized users. CR is a
relatively new technology, so we recognize that both technical
and policy questions must be answered before full CR
implementation can proceed.”
To R. Hsing – 8
Cognitive Radio Features and Vehicular Telematics Services
Vehicular Telematics Services

Safety, SPaT applications involving
V2V & V2R communicaiton

End-to-End Telematics including
V2I communication

Roadside services, Toll collections,
Information ,Entertainment, etc
Cognitive Radio Features



Spectral congestion avoidance,
power control, opportunistic
utilization
Dynamic spectrum access,
optimized modulation, rate,
beam pattern for improved
efficiency
Inter-operability among varing
communication devices
To R. Hsing – 9
Using Cognitive Radio for IVS and
Telematics Applications


Challenges:
– Enable reliable communications that would
allow to serve the variety of applications
– Provide support for diversified mobility
patterns and road environments
– Very short delays required (<100ms)
– Integration of in-car devices, V2V and V2I
communication devices
Open research topics:
– Cognitive Networking – self-organizing, adaptable protocol stacks,
network configuration and management in dynamically changing
environment
– Spectrum coordinationt to support high amount of high priority traffic for
safety communications
To R. Hsing – 10
– SDRs as a platform for V2V and V2I communications
LTE for Vehicle Communications
Making the Roads Safer and
Sooner
LTE for SPAT Applications
SPAT Server
MAP, SPAT,
and Vehicle
Movement
Information
over LTE
Wired or
Wireless
Network
MAP, SPAT,
and Vehicle
Movement
Information
over LTE
Traffic Signal
Controller
• No need for RSUs at most intersections
• Breaks the dilemma of “who is going to invest in the DSRC in
• Potentially lower costs (technology and devices shared for ot
12
To R. Hsing – 12
Potential Challenges
 Scalability,
–
reliability, and high availability
Support millions of vehicles or billions of devices
 Various
types of devices and applications
 Security
Authentication and access control
– Data protection and validation
– Privacy guarantee
–
 Automatics
service provisioning
 Numbering and addressing
To R. Hsing – 13
The role of wireless technologies in
High Speed Rail (HSR)
 Train
–
Control System
Data transmission

Required high reliability and
security
 Communication
–
Voice communication

–
Diagnostics, CCTV or etc.
Passenger service

(Amtrak, USA)
TGV
(SCNF, France)
Train crews and operation
center
Data transmission

–
System
Acela
Express
Tokaido
Shinkansen
(JRC, Japan)
Wi-Fi connecting to Internet
To R. Hsing – 14
Current status of HSR
Acela Express
(Amtrak, USA)
TGV
Tokaido
(SNCF, France) Shinkansen
(JRC, Japan)
Maximum Speed
150MPH
(=240km/h)
200MPH
(=320km/h)
170MPH
(=270km/h)
Train Control System
ACSES
(Advanced Civil
Speed Enforcement
System)
TVM
(Transmission
Voie - Machine)
ATC-NS
(Auto Train Control
- Non Step)
(900MHz, 160MHz)
(NA, 900MHz)
(NA, 400MHz)
Available
No payment required
Available
Payment required
€4.99/hour
Available
Payment required
*\500/day (=$6.50)
(TCS)
Radio frequency
bands for (TCS, Voice
communication)
Passenger service
(Wi-Fi connection
service in the train car)
How to connect Web
(exterior train cars)
*Without ISP contract
Cellular network
Satellite,
Fiber Optics
400MHz & LCX,
Fiber Optics
To R. Hsing – 15
*Potential Challenges of using
Wireless Access Technologies for HSR

Train Control
–
In a few decades or later, many train control systems in the world not
only for HSR may replace all radio transmission facilities, less cables
and less facilities along tracks

–
However, requires more intelligent radio software, in particular for HSR



USA, Europe: CBTC (Communication Based Train Control), refer to IEEE 1474
Requires further wide frequency bands and further securable and reliable
transmission for safety operation
For instance, Cognitive Radio or to use White space technologies
Passenger Service
–
Also requires intelligent radio software


Larger needs to connect Web in the trains, and also larger amount of
communication due to rich contents
Convenient for competing airplane

Requires satellite to connect Web in an airplane
*These are speakar’s (Shinichi Takeda) personal opinions only,
not the positions, strategies or opinions from Central Japan Railway
To R. Hsing – 16
Autonomic Cooperative
Networking for ITS/Telematics

Idea of the application of Autonomic Cooperative Networking to
Vehicular Systems
Physical Cooperative Transmission
with Relay Nodes
Example
Telematic
Application
Routing with Network
Layer Multi-Point
Relays
Multi-hop Cooperative Data Routing
over Virtual Antenna Arrays formed
by RNs (MPRs)
To R. Hsing – 17
Overall Major Challenges for
Both of IVS and HSR
- Technologies
-
Standards
-
Government Regulatory
-
New Business Model and Pricing Mechanism
Why Cognitive Radio (IEEE 802.22) and
Telematics Standards Are Important ?
 Deliver
standards for transportation connectivity
 Enable an interoperable ITS by cooperating with a
broad stakeholder community to ensure:
– Standards
development is a participatory process
– Resulting standards are
 Acceptable
 Relevant to marketplace
 Meeting public/consumer needs
To R. Hsing – 19
Cognitive Radio & Networks >>
>> IVS & HSR >> ITS/ Telematics Opp
.NET
Connectivity
& Services
.CAR & Train
Communications
Node & In-Car (Train)
Network
.ROAD
Critical Data
& Situational
Awareness
Ubiquitous Telematics Services
To R. Hsing – 21
To R. Hsing – 22
Gracias !
Dziekuje !
謝謝 !
Thank You !
To R. Hsing – 23