Printing Technology
Faculty of Printing Engineering
Xi’an University of Technology
Prof.Cao Congjun曹从军
西安理工大学 Xi’an university of technology
印刷工程导
论
http://ybxy.xaut.edu.cn/ysgcdl/
国家级精品课程/省级双语示范课程
中英双语课程的几点说明
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英文基础(English level)
书本(Text book)
考勤(Attendance)
作业(Homework)
实验(Experiment)
课件中大量图片选自《印刷媒体手册》
“Handbook of Print Median”及网络,在此
致谢。
课程进程安排
• 学时安排：共56学时
其中课堂教学
实验教学
50学时
6学时
• 成绩考核方法：
闭卷考试
作业、平时表现、实验
70%
30%
Welcome to
“An Introduction
to Graphic art” !
• 课程性质：全面概要论述印刷工艺及相关基本知识和基本
原理的专业入门课，是进一步专业学习的基础。
• 目的：对印刷工业形成一个总体认识；
了解一个完整的印刷品基于什么原理，使用了哪些
方法、经过哪些工艺过程，如何得到。
• 课程内容框架：
印刷发展史
印刷综论
印前处理（图文处理、制版）
印刷（胶印、凹刷、柔印、丝印、
喷墨和数字印刷等）
印后加工（裁切、折页、装订）
印刷质量控制基础
1.Historical background and development of printing technology
2.Fundamental of printing Technology
8.Printing Press
3. Basic design and traditional preparation
9. Paper and ink
4. Traditional line and halftone photography
5.Color
10.Finishing operation
6.Traditional Image assemble and platemaking
7.Digital prepress
11.Quality control
CP.1 Historical background and
development of printing technology
The Definition of Printing
The invention of Printing Technology
The Evolution of Graphic Symbols
Introduction of Printing Technology & Industry
西安理工大学 Xi’an university of technology
§.1-1 The Definition of Printing
What is
“Printing”？
Examples？
And printing
elements?
一般而言
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印刷乃是以直接或间接方法，将图像或文
字原稿制为印版，在版上涂以色料印墨，
经加压将色料印墨转移于纸张或其他承印
物上，而迅速大量复制的一种工业工程。
• Conventional Definition
The original
(text/image)
direct
ink
plate
indirect
pressure
Printing products
Substrate
General definition：
prepress + press + postpress
Pressure is the essential condition of conventional printing.
BUT ! In some new special printing area
• No pressure
E.g : Electrostatic printing,
（Xerography ）, Ink jet printing
So !
• No plate
E.g : CTProof
Printing is the process of manufacturing
multiple copies of graphic images.
Printing is not limited to any particular
materials or inks.
§.1-2 The Invention of
Printing Technology
Historical Background
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Before the invention
The origin of printing technology
The development process
The movable type
The tao—ban and color printing
1.Before the invention
•Record Methods
Draw cord结绳
•Character
甲骨文
Drawing
Chiseling
Wood刻木
金文
小篆
隶书
Character
楷书
•Record Tools
Oracle bone， stone，
Paper（Cai Lun）
bronze utensil青铜器，
Bamboo sticks，thin silk
carving，brush pen (BC3-4）
Vermilion朱砂, black lead石墨
ink
The basic
substance
Draw cord in
Peru
Chiseling wood
结绳记事
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关于汉字的起源，古代典籍众说不一。
《周易·系辞·上》曰：“上古结绳而治，后
世易之为书契。” 《九家易》也说：“古
者无文字，其为约誓之事，事大大其绳，
事小小其绳。结之多少随物众寡，各执以
相考，亦足以相治也。”结绳记事为上古
记事的一种方法，毕竟不能全面地记载复
杂的事物，文明发展到一定程度时，必然
会被图画或文字取代。
刻木记事
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原始记事的一种方法。当人类没有发明文字，或
文字使用尚不普遍时，常用在木片、竹片或骨片
上刻痕的方法来记录数字、事件或传递信息，统
称为刻木记事。
在中国古代文献中，称木刻为“券契”、
“契”。《列子·说符》： “宋人有于道得人造契
者， 密数其齿……。”“齿”即木刻上的缺口或
刻痕。中国青海乐都柳湾新石器时代墓葬中出土
40枚骨片，两边刻有缺口，即是记事或记数用物。
木刻实物在敦煌汉简也有发现，其上写有文字，
这种带文字的木刻便称“书契”。
The Oracle bone
Oracle Bone
Inscriptions
Oracle Bone Inscriptions
(jiaguwen)
金文字的图片
钟鼎文或青
铜器铭文
The Evolution of Chinese Characters
Cai Lun Paper
2. The origination of Printing Technology
stamper： 400 BC（战国时期）
category：characters cut in intaglio,
characters cut in relief
method：impressing
Rubbing：400 AD
Characters cut in intaglio
Method: brushing
Engraving：700AD Tang Dynasty
The earliest printing
The basic
technology
The Stamper
Characters Cut in Relief
Characters Cut in Intaglio
The Rubbing
Rubbings
3. The development of Engraving
Beginning：Tang Dynasty（700AD）
Technics：
timber
paste
Attach the original
Back up
Carve out non-image
inking
paper
brush
products
Meanwhile：Generate general printing character format
binding：
Sheet Brochures
Process of Engraving
Plate-making
Engraving books
Roll binding
卷轴式
Bag binding
包背装订
The earliest newspaper in the world
《开元杂报》部分
目前发现最早的雕
版印刷成品是一单页
版梵文撰写的《陀罗
尼经》，该经是印在
亚麻纸上，于650年
至670年间出版，且
在1974年于西安附近
的唐代陵墓出土。
The earliest printing products in the
world with clear date ---《金刚经》
这一切说明印刷术发明于7世纪，也是唐朝经济文
化最发达的时期，这也符合科学技术的发展规律。
4. The invention of Movable type
Sung Dynasty: Bi Sheng invented mud-type
Technics: mud-type making , layout ,printing
Yuan Dynasty（1297-1298）Wang Zhen
Timber-type , cycle composing stick
Yuan Dynasty（1370’s） tin-type
1490’s copper-type (Korea 1403)
1500’s
lead-type (Korea 1436, Europe1450)
Bi Sheng and The mud-type
Wang Zhen （王祯）
timber-type, cycle composing
stick木制转轮排字盘
5. The Development of Tao-ban
Homochromous
Color printing (tao-ban, dou-ban)
Tao-ban 1300’s , 同一幅面上印两色以上的印刷方式（只套不叠）
用于印刷文字书籍
Dou-ban 1600’s：
根据原稿设色的深浅浓淡和阴阳背向不同分色，
刻成多块印版，依据色调套印或叠印。
用于复制图画
—— 是雕版印刷发展的高潮
Dou-ban《十竹斋画谱》
§.1-2 Evolution of Graphic
Symbols
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Development of Pictographs象形文字
Development of Ideographs表意文字
Development of Phonetic Symbols语音
符号
Look at P4.
Pictographs shown in (a)
and (b) were draw to
represent real objects.
They were gradually
simplified to
represent general
ideas and became
know as
ideographs(c).
§1-3 Printing Technology
1.The Development of Modern Printing Technology
Letterpress printing
Offset
Gravure printing
Gutenberg (Germany)
1. Letter type
2. Metal type, easy to layout
3. Invented wooden printing machine with impressing
principle
The Development：
Photomechanically
Film imagesetter
DTP
CTP
Homochromastism
color
HiFi
Speed/
Quality
Improved
Spread map
http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/civilization/printing/
evolve/evl111.html科普博览印刷博物馆
Korea
朝鲜1434年的铜活字印本
朝鲜最早的铅活字本，
1436年印的《通鉴纲目》，
其中大字为铅活字
Engraving books in Europe
The earliest printing products in
Japan
《陀罗尼经咒》
The earliest printing products in
Philippine
Color printing of Vietnam,
Guan Gong
Gutenberg and Metal-type
Gutenberg and his factory
§1-5 Major printing Process-P5
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Relief Printing
Intaglio printing
Screen Printing
Lithographic Printing
Electrostatic Printing
※The Relief printing process includes letter
press printing,flexographic printing and all
other methods of transferring an image from a
raised surface.
※ Intaglio printing is the reverse of relief
printing. An intaglio printing is transferred from
a sunken surface.Industrial intaglio printing is
called gravure.
※ Screen printing transfers an image by
allowing ink to pass through openings in a
stencil that has been applied to a screen mesh.
※ A lithographic image is transferred from a flat
surface.Certain areas on the surface are
chemically treated to accept ink while other areas
are left untreated so that they will repel ink.
※ Electrostatic printing involves creating an
image by electrostatically charging areas of a
special drum.As a result,the drum attracts a dye or
liquid toner.The toner is then transferred and
fused to a sheet of paper.
§1-6 Printing Cycle-P7
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The basic cycle of the printing industry includes
the following procedures:
Identifying a need
Creating an image design
Reproducing the image design
Distributing the printed message
§1-7 Sequence of Printing Process
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Regardless of the printing process used,there is a
sequence of production steps that all printing
follows.The sequence consists of the following steps:
Image design
Image generation
Image conversion
Image assembly
Image carrier Preparation
Image transfer
Finishing
Homework
P16 Review questions 4,5.
List the main persons and inventions contributing
to printing technology in China.
What’s main contributions of Gutenberg done for
the development of printing technology？