A presentation on…..
FACTS
 FACTS DEVICES??
 BENEFITS OF FACTS
 MAINTENANCE OF FACTS
 OPERATION OF FACTS
 IDENTIFICATION OF FACTS
 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System
 FACTS as they are generally known, are new devices that improve
transmission systems.
1. Static VAR Compensators (SVC’s)
2. Thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSCs)
3. STATCOM
4. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Benefits of utilizing FACTS devices :
UPFC
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 Better utilization of existing transmission system assets
 Increased transmission system reliability and availability
 Increased dynamic and transient grid
 stability and reduction of loop flows
 Increased quality of supply for sensitive industries
 Environmental benefits
TECHNICAL BENEFITS OF MAIN FACT DEVICE
Voltage
Limits
Low Voltage at Supply Reactive Shunt capacitor, SVC,
TCSC,
heavy loads
Power
Series
STATCOM
Capacitor
High voltage at Remove
light load
Reactive
Power
supply
Switch
EHV SVC,
TCSC,
Line and\or
STATCOM
shunt
capacitor
Absorb
Reactive
Power
Switch
Shunt SVC,STATCOM
capacitor,
Shunt
Reactor
High
voltage Absorb
following
Reactive
outage
Power
Add
shunt SVC,STATCOM
reactor
Protect
Equipment
Add arrestor
SVC
Low
Voltage Supply reactive Switch
Shunt SVC,STATCOM
following
power
capacitor,
Outage
reactor,
series
capacitor
Prevent
Overload
Series Reactor, TCPAR,TCSC
PAR
Thermal
Limits
Line
or Reduce
Transformer
Overload
Overload
Add
line
or TCSC, UPFC, TCPAR
transformer
Add
series SVC, TCSC
reactor
Tripping
of Limit
Circuit Add
series UPFC, TCSC
Parallel
loading
reactor,
circuit (line)
capacitor
Loop flows
Parallel
line Adjust
series Add
series UPFC, TCSC
load sharing
reactance
capacitor/reac
tor
Adjust
phase Add PAR
angle
Post-fault
sharing
TCPAR,UPFC
Rearrange
PAR,
Series TCSC,UPFC,SVC,TCP
network or
Capacitor/
AR
use
Reactor
“Thermal
Limit”
actions
Flow Direction Adjust
Phase PAR
TCPAR,UPFC
Short Circuit Levels Excessive
breaker Limit
Short-circuit Add series Reactor, new
fault currents
currents
circuit breaker
Change
breaker
Sub Sync.
resonance
Potential Turbine
Circuit Add new circuit Breaker
Rearrange network
Split Bus
Mitigate Oscillations
Series Compensation
Investment costs of FACTS devices
a) The devices’ equipment costs, and
(b) The necessary infrastructure costs
160
160
140
120
140
120
STATCOM
100
80
100
80
SVC
60
60
40
20
40
20
100
200
300
400
500
UPFC
T CSC
FSC.
100
200
300
400
500
FINANCIAL BENEFITS:
1. Additional sales
2. Additional wheeling charges
3. Avoiding or delaying of investments
Maintenance of FACTS devices
 is minimal and similar to that required for shunt capacitors, reactors
and transformers
 The amount of maintenance ranges from 150 to 250 man-hours per
year
Operation of FACTS devices
 operated automatically
 can be done locally and remotely
Steps for the Identification of FACTS
 Projects:
 Performance Verification
Projects
 to conduct a detailed network study to investigate the critical
conditions of a grid
 For a stable grid, the optimized utilization of the transmission lines
could be investigated
 an economical study can be performed to compare costs of FACTS
devices or conventional solutions with the achievable benefits.
Performance Verification
 The
design of all FACTS devices should be tested
in a transient network analyzer (TNA)
 The results of the TNA tests should be consistent
with the results of the network study
Bibliography:
.
Electrical power systems by
C.L.Wadhawa, new age publishers
 www.abb.com
 www.siemens.com